REFERENCES
- Ball-Coelho , B. R. and Roy , R. C. 1999 . Enhanced ammonium sources to reduce nitrate leaching . Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems , 54 : 73 – 80 .
- Cai , G. X. , Peng , G. H. , Wang , X. Z. , Zhu , J. W. and Zhu , Z. L. 1992 . Ammonia volatilization from urea applied to acid paddy soil in southern China and its control . Pedosphere , 2 : 345 – 354 .
- Cassman , K. G. , Peng , S. , Olk , D. C. , Ladha , J. K. , Reichardt , W. and Dobermann , A. 1998 . Opportunities for increased N-use efficiency from improved resource management in irrigated rice systems . Field Crops Research , 56 : 7 – 39 .
- Douglas , L. A , Riazi , A. and Smith , C. J. 1980 . A semi-micro method for determining total N in soils and plant material containing nitrite and nitrate . Soil Science Society of America Journal , 44 : 431 – 433 .
- Ghosh , B. C. and Bhat , R. 1998 . Environmental hazards of nitrogen loading in wetland rice fields . Environmental Pollution , 102 : 123 – 126 .
- Kaneta , Y. , Awasaki , H. and Murai , T. 1994 . The non-tillage rice culture by single application of fertilizer in a nursery box with controlled-release fertilizer . Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition , 65 : 385 – 391 .
- Kentaro , H. and Seiichi , K. 2008 . Ammonia volatilization from a paddy field following applications of urea: Rice plants are both an absorber and an emitter for atmospheric ammonia . Science of the Total Environment , 390 : 485 – 494 .
- Landis , T. D , Tinus , R. W. , McDonald , S. E. and Barnet , J. P. 1989 . “ The Container Tree Nursery Manual: Volume 4, Seedling Nutrition and Irrigation ” . In USDA Forest Service Agriculture Handbook , Washington , DC : USDA .
- Mahapatra , P. , Panda , D. and Mohanty , S. K. 1990 . Efficiency of urea based fertilizers for wetland rice Oryza sativa . Journal of Agricultural Science , 113 : 187 – 191 .
- Mohanty , S. K. , Singh , U. , Balasubramanian , V. and Jha , K. P. 1999 . Nitrogen deep-placement technologies for productivity, profitability, and environmental quality of rainfed lowland rice systems . Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems , 53 : 43 – 57 .
- Piw , D. , Sa , J. , Kim , K. and Jeon , E. 2009 . Effect of fertilizer application on ammonia emission and concentration levels of ammonium, nitrate, and nitrite ions in a rice field . Environmental Monitoring and Assessment , 154 : 275 – 282 .
- Rao , D. L. N. 1987 . Slow-release urea fertilizers- effect on floodwater chemistry, ammonia volatilization and rice growth in an alkali soil . Fertilizer Research , 13 : 209 – 221 .
- Sadao , S. and Kanno , H. 1994 . Use of polyolefin-coated fertilizers for increasing fertilizer efficiency and reducing nitrate leaching and nitrous oxide emissions . Fertilizer Research , 39 : 147 – 152 .
- Sato , T. and Shibuya , K. 1991 . One time application of total nitrogen fertilizer at nursery stage in rice culture . Crop Science Society of America , 34 : 15 – 16 .
- Shaviv , A. and Mikkelsen , R. L. 1993 . Controlled-release fertilizer to increase efficiency of nutrient use and minimize environmental degradation - A review . Fertilizer Research , 35 : 1 – 12 .
- Shukla , R. K. , Sharma , R. S. and Chipde , S. J. 1993 . Improvement of N-use efficiency in transplanted rice . Oryza , 30 : 259 – 261 .
- Singh’ , U. , Cassman , K. G. , Ladha , J. K. and Bronson , K. F. Innovative nitrogen management strategies for lowland rice systems . Fragile Lives in Fragile Ecosystems , Proceedings of the International Rice Research Conference, eds. G. J. D. Kirk and J. K. Ladha, pp. 30–254. Manila, Philippines: International Rice Research Institute
- Yang , Y. , Geng , Y. , Zhang , M. , Chen , J. and Chen , H. 2007 . Effects of coating properties of controlled-release fertilizers on nutrient release characteristics . Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering , 23 : 23 – 30 .
- Zhu , Z. L. 1992 . Efficient management of nitrogen fertilizers for flooded rice in relation to nitrogen transformations in flooded soils . Pedosphere , 2 : 97 – 114 .
- Zhu , Z. L. and Chen , D. L. 2002 . Nitrogen fertilizer use in China – Contributions to food production, impacts on the environment and best management strategies . Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems , 63 : 117 – 127 .