Fruit Quality and Nitrogen, Potassium, and Calcium Content of Apple as Influenced by Nitrate: Ammonium Ratios in Tree Nutrition

REFERENCES

• Alan, R. 1989. The effect of nitrogen nutrition on growth, chemical composition and response of cucumber Cucumis sativius L. to nitrogen forms in solution culture. Journal of Horticultural Science 64: 467–474.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bar-Tal, A., B. Aloni, L. Karni, and R. Rosenberg. 2001. Nitrogen nutrition of greenhouse pepper. II. Effects of nitrogen concentration and NO3:NH4 ratio on growth, transpiration, and nutrient uptake. HortScience 36: 1252–1259.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barker, A.V., and H.A. Mills. 1980. Ammonium and nitrate nutrition of horticultural crops. Horticultural Reviews 2: 395–423.
   Google Scholar
• Britto, D.T., and H.J. Kronzucker. 2002. NH4+ toxicity in higher plants: A critical review. Journal of Plant Physiology 159: 567–584.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buchanan, B., W. Gruissem, and R. Jones. 2002. Natural Products (Secondary Metabolites). Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plants. Beijing: Science Press.
   Google Scholar
• Chen, W., J.K. Lou, and Q.R. Shen. 2005. Effect of NH4-N/NO3-N ratios on growth and some physiological parameters of Chinese cabbage cultivars. Pedosphere 15: 310–318.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coltman, R.R. 1988. Yield of greenhouse tomatoes managed to maintain specific petiole sap nitrate levels. HortScience 223: 148–151.
   Google Scholar
• Cousson, A., and K. Tran Thanh Van. 1993. Influence of ionic composition of the culture medium on de novo flower formation in tobacco thin cell layers. Canadian Journal of Botany 71: 506–511.
   Google Scholar
• Darnell, R., and G.W. Stutte. 2001. Nitrate concentration effects on NO3-N uptake and reduction. Growth and fruit yield in strawberry. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 125: 560–563.
   Google Scholar
• Delshad, M., M. Babalar, and A. Kashi. 2000. Effect of NH4/NH4+NO3 ratio of nutrient solution on greenhouse tomato cultivars in hydroponic systems. Iranian Journal of Agriculture Science 36: 939–946.
   Google Scholar
• Dong, C.X., Y.Y. Dong, J. Wang, Q.R. Shen, and G. Wang. 2005. Determination of the contents of twelve organic acids and vitamin C in plants with one mobile phase by HPLC. Acta Pedologica Sinica 42: 331–335.
   Google Scholar
• Dong, C.X., Q.R. Shen, and G. Wang. 2004. Tomato growth and organic acid changes in response to partial replacement of NO3−-N by NH4+-N. Pedosphere 14: 159–164.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Errebhi, M., and G.E. Wilcox. 1990. Plant species response to ammonium:nitrate concentration ratios. Journal of Plant Nutrition 13: 1017–1029.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gutschick, V.P. 1981. Evolved strategies in nitrogen acquisition by plants. The American Naturalist 118: 607–637.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haghighatafshar, M., M. Babalar, A. Kashi, A. Ebadi, and M.A. Askari. 2006. The effect of different ammonium/nitrate ratio on growth and yield of same strawberry cultivars. Journal of Science and Technology of Agriculture and Natural Resources 10: 321–335.
   Google Scholar
• Hosseini Farahi, M., A. Aboutalebi, and K. PanahiKordlaghari. 2008. Study on the changes of post harvest red and golden delicious apple flesh firmness in relation with rootstock, cultivar and calcium chloride treatments. Pajouhesh & Sazandegi 78: 74–79.
   Google Scholar
• Ismael, M.R., and A.A. Othman. 1995. Ammonium:nitrate ratio and its relation to the changes is solution pH, growth, mineral nutrition and yield of tomatoes growth in nutrient film technique. Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science 18: 149–157.
   Google Scholar
• Javanpoor Haravi, R., M. Babalar, A. Kashi, M. Mir Abdolbaghi, and M.A. Askari. 2005. The effect of some nutrient solution and substrate in soilless culture on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of Lycopersicon lycopersicum cv “Hamra”. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Science 36: 939–946.
   Google Scholar
• Kalra, Y.P. 1998. Handbook of Reference Methods for Plant Analysis. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
   Google Scholar
• Khoshgoftarmanesh, A.H. 2007. Plant Nutrition Principles. Isfahan, Iran: Industrial University of Isfahan Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kotsiras, A., C.M. Olympios, J. Drosopoulos, and H.C. Passam. 2002. Effect of nitrogen form and concentration on the distribution of ions within cucumber fruit. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 95: 175–183.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lips, S.H., E.O. Leidi, M. Silberbush, M.I. M. Soares, and O.E. M. Lewis. 1990. Physiological aspects of ammonium and nitrate fertilization. Journal of Plant Nutrition 13: 1271–1289.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lorenzo, H., M. Caballero, J.M. Siverio, and M.C. Cid. 2000. Influence of additional ammonium supply on some nutritional aspects in hydroponic rose plants. Journal of Agricultural Science 134: 421–425.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mengel, K., and E.A. Kirkby. 1987. Principles of Plant Nutrition. Bern, Switzerland: International Potash Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Miller, R.W., and R.L. Donahue. 1990. Soils: An Introduction to Soils and Plant Growth. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall International.
   Google Scholar
• Najafi, N., M. Parsazadeh, S.J. Tabatabaei, and S. Avestan. 2010. Effect of nutrient solution pH and nitrate/ammonium ratio on growth and yield in spinach. Iranian Journal of Water and Soil Research 2: 273–282.
   Google Scholar
• Olfati Chirani, J.A., M. Babalar, A. Kashi, A. Dadashipoor, and K.H. Shahmoradi. 2008. The effects of ammonium and molybdenum on nitrate concentration in two cultivars (species) of greenhouse cucumbers. Journal of Agriculture Sciences and Technology 22: 69–77.
   Google Scholar
• Peet, M.M. 1985. Tomato responses to ammonium and nitrate nutrition under controlled root-zone pH. Journal of Plant Nutrition 8: 787–798.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Redinbaugh, M.G., and W.H. Campbell. 1993. Glutamine-synthetase and ferredoxin-dependent glutamate synthase expression in the maize ( Zea mays) root primary response to nitrate. Evidence for an organ-specific response. Plant Physiology 101: 1249–1255.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roosta, H.R., A. Sajjadinia, A. Rahimi, and J.K. Schjoerring. 2009. Responses of cucumber plant to NH4+ and NO3− nutrition: The relative addition rate technique vs. cultivation at constant nitrogen concentration. Scientia Horticulturae 121: 397–403.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rothstein, D., and B.M. Cregg. 2005. Effect of nitrogen form on nutrient uptake and physiology of fraser fir ( Abies fraseri). Forest Ecology and Management 219: 69–80.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salehi, F., M. Kafi, M. Babalar, and A. Ahmadi. 2011. Effect of phosphorus from different Iran apatite sources in the long period cultivation on rose bloom characteristics in zeoponic culture. Iranian Journal of Agriculture Science 42: 41–52.
   Google Scholar
• Santamario, P., and A. Elia. 1997. Effect of nitrogen form on growth, yield and ion composition of endive. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 122: 140–145.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simone, E.H., H.A. Mills, and D.A. Smitte. 1992. Ammonium reduces growth, fruit yield and fruit quality of watermelon. Journal of Plant Nutrition 15: 2727–2741.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steel, R.G. D., and J.A. Torrie. 1980. Principles and Procedures of Statistics. New York: McGraw Hill.
   Google Scholar
• Skrzynski, J. 2007. Growth and productivity of apple trees and fruit quality at harvest as affected by rootstocks. Acta Horticulturae 732: 151–154.
   Google Scholar
• Tabatabaei, S.J., L.S. Fatemi, and E. Fallahi. 2006. Effect of ammonium:nitrate ratio on yield, calcium concentration, and photosynthesis rate in strawberry. Journal of Plant Nutrition 29: 1273–1285.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tehran Times. 2001. Iran: Iran seventh largest world apple producer. August 1, 2001 edition.
   Google Scholar
• Van Beusichem, M.L., E.A. Kirkby, and R. Bass. 1988. Influence of nitrate and ammonium nutrition on the uptake, assimilation and distribution of nutrients in Ricinus communis. Plant Physiology 86: 914–921.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilcox, G.E., J.R. Magalheas, and F.L. I. M. Silve. 1985. Ammonium and nitrate concentration factors in tomato growth and nutrient uptake. Journal of Plant Nutrition 8: 989–998.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yi Zhou, J.W., C.D. Qirong Shen, and R. Putheti. 2009. Effects of NH4+-N/NO3−-N ratios on growth, nitrate uptake and organic acid levels of spinach ( Spinacia oleracea L.). African Journal of Biotechnology 8: 3597–3602.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, X.K., and Z. Rengel. 1999. Gradients of pH and ammonium and phosphorus concentration between the banded fertilizer and wheat roots. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 50: 365–373.
   Google Scholar