AMF association and their effect on metabolite mobilization, mineral nutrition and nitrogen assimilating enzymes in saffron (Crocus sativus) plant

References

• Agarwal, S., K. K. Koul, and R. Lone. 2009. Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi- Essential; Partners in Sustainable Plant Growth. New Delhi: M.D Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Aimo, S., F. Gosetti, G. D. Agostino, E. Gamalero, V. Gianotti, M. Bottaro, M. C. Gennaro, and G. Berta. 2013. Use of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and beneficial soil bacteria to improve yield and quality of saffron (Crocus sativus L.). ISHS Acta Horticulturae 850: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2010.850.25.
   Google Scholar
• Allen, M. F. 1991. The Ecology of Mycorrhizae. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Benkeblia, N., P. Varoquaux, N. Shiomi, and H. Sakai. 2002. Effect of irradiation, MH and CIP treatments on respiration rate and oligosaccharide variations in onion bulbs in store. International Journal of Food Science & Technology 37: 169–176.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhat, R. P., and K. M. Kaveriappa. 1997. Occurrence of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the tubers of Colocasia esculanta (L.) Schott. Mycorrhiza News 9: 12–13.
   Google Scholar
• Biermann, B., and R. G. Lindermann. 1981. Quantifying vesicular mycorrhizae: A proposed method towards standardization. New Phytology 87: 63–67.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brundrett, M. 1991. Mycorrhizas in natural ecosystem. In: Advances in Ecological Research, eds. B. M. Macfayden, and A. H. Fitter, pp. 171–173. London, Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Cruz, C., H. Egsgaard, C. Trujillo, P. Ambus, N. Requena, M. A. Martins-Loucao, and I. Jacobsen. 2007. Enzymatic evidence for the key role of arginine in nitrogen translocation by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Plant Physiology 144: 782–792.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darbyshire, B., and R. J. Henry. 1981. Differences in fructan content and synthesis in some Allium species. New Phytology 87: 249–256.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fitter, A. H., and B. Moyersoen. 1996. Evolutionary trends in root microbes symbioses. Phil. Trans. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 351: 1367–1375.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerdemann, J. W., and T. H. Nicolson. 1963. Spores of mycorrhizal Endogone species extracted from soil by wet sieving and decanting. Transactions of the British Mycological Society 46: 235–244.
   Google Scholar
• Gharineh, M. H., M. Haydari, and H. Nadian. 2012. Interactive effects of salinity and mycorrhizal colonization on some heavy metals uptake by saffron plant (Crocus sativus L.). (ICACES'2012). Dubai: International Conference on Agriculture, Chemical and Environmental Sciences.
   Google Scholar
• Govindarajulu, M., P. E. Pfeffer, H. R. Jin, J. Abubaker, D. D. Douds, J. W. Allen, H. Bucking, P. J. Lammers, and Y. Shachar-Hill. 2005. Nitrogen transfer in the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. Nature 435: 819–823.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hageman, R. H., and A. J. Reed. 1980. Nitrogen reductase. In: Methods in Enzymology, vol. 69, Part C, ed. A. San Pietro, pp. 102-104. New York: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Harley, J. L., and S. E. Smith. 1983. Mycorrhizal Symbiosis. London: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hedge, J. E., and B. T. Hofreiter. 1962. Determination of total carbohydrates by Anthrone method. In: Carbohydrate Chemistry, eds. R. L. Whistler, and J. N. Miller, pp. 8–9. New York: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hodge, A., C. D. Campbell, and A. H. Fitter. 2001. An arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus accelerates decomposition and acquires nitrogen directly from organic material. Nature 413: 297–299.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, J. F., C. P. Vance, and D. L. Allan. 1996. Phosphorus deficiency in Lupinus albus. Altered lateral root development and enhanced expression of phosphoenol pyruvate carboxylase. Plant Physiology 112: 31–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamienski, F. 1881. Die Vegetation sorgane der Monotropa hypopitys L. Bot. Zeitschr. 39: 225–234.
   Google Scholar
• Khade, S. W., and B. F. Rodrigues. 2003. Incidence of arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization in tubers of Gloriosa superba L. Mycorrhiza News 15: 14–16.
   Google Scholar
• Koul, K. K. 1980. Studies on growth and development of saffron (Crocus sativus L.). Ph.D thesis, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India.
   Google Scholar
• Koul, K. K., and S. Farooq. 1984. Growth and differentiation in the shoot apical meristem of the saffron plant (Crocus sativus L.). Journal of the Indian Botanical Society 63: 164–171.
   Google Scholar
• Kunwar, I. K., P. J. M. Reddy, and C. Manoharachary. 1999. Occurrence and distribution of AMF associated with garlic rhizosphere soil. Mycorrhiza News 11: 4–6.
   Google Scholar
• Lindsay, W. L., and W. A. Norvell. 1978. Development of a DTPA soil test for zinc, iron, manganese, and copper. Soil Science Society of America Journal 42: 421–428.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lone, R. 2014. Effect on certain biochemical parameters of plants having underground stem propagules due to mycorrhizal association. Ph. D thesis, Jiwaji University, Gwalior, India.
   Google Scholar
• Lowry, O. H., N. J. Rosenbrough, A. L. Farr, and R. J. Randall. 1951. Protein measurement with the Folin-phenol reagent. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 193: 265.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mallick, C. P., and M. B. Singh. 1980. Phenols. In: Plant Enzymology and Histoenzymology, eds. S. Sadasivam, and Manickam, pp. 193–194. New Delhi: Kalyani Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Morton, J. B. 1988. Taxonomy of VA mycorrhizal fungi: Classification, nomenclature and identification. Mycotaxon 32: 267–324.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morton, J. B., and G. L. Benny. 1990. Revised classification of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal fungi (Zygomycetes): A new order Glomales, two new suborders, Glomineae and Gigasporineae and two new families, Aculosporaceae and Gigasporaceae, with an emendation of Glomaceae. Mycotaxon 37: 47–491.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mutalik, V. K., J. G. Baragi, S. B. Mekali, C. V. Gouda, and N. B. Vardhaman. 2011. Determination of estimation of potassium ion in dry fruits by flame photometry and their proximate analysis. Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research 3: 1097–1102.
   Google Scholar
• Nasim, G. 1990. Vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza in portions other than roots.In: Current Trends in Mycorrhizal Research, eds. B. L. Jalali and H. Chand, pp. 4–6. Hisar, India: Sankat Mochan Art Press.
   Google Scholar
• Nelson, D. W., and L. E. Sommers. 1973. Determination of total nitrogen in plant material. Agronomy Journal 65: 109–112.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olsen, S. R., and L. E. Sommers. 1982. Phosphorus. In: Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 2, eds. A. L. Page, R. H. Miller, and D. R. Keeney, pp. 403–430. Madison, WI: ASA and SSSA.
   Google Scholar
• Omar, M. B., L. Bolland, and W. A. Heather. 1979. P.V.A. (Polyvinyl alcohol). permanent mounting medium for fungi. Bulletin of the British Mycological Society 13: 31–32.
   Google Scholar
• Parkinson, J. A., and S. E. Allen. 1975. A wet oxidation procedure suitable for the determination of nitrogen and mineral nutrients in biological materials. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 6: 1–11.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pateman, J. A. 1969. Regulation of synthesis of glutamate dehydrogenase and glutamine synthetase in micro-organisms. Biochemical Journal 115: 769.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips, J. M., and D. S. Hayman. 1970. Improved procedures for clearing roots and staining parasitic and vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi for rapid assessment of infection. Transactions of the British Mycological Society 55: 157–160.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodrigues, B. F. 1995. The occurrence of VAM fungi in the corms of Amorphophallus commutatus Engler. Mycorrhiza News 7: 5.
   Google Scholar
• Rodrigues, B. F. 1996. The occurrence of VAM fungi in the tubers of Pueraria tuberosa (Willd.) DC. Mycorrhiza News 8: 9.
   Google Scholar
• Russell, J., and S. Bulman. 2005. The liverworts Marchantia foliaceae forms a specialized symbiosis with AM fungi in the genus Glomus. New Phytologist 165: 567–579.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sadasivam, S., and G. Gowri. 1981. Ammonia assimilatory enzymes in a nif-III mutant of Azotobacter chroococcum. Experietia 37: 552–553.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sampath, P., and S. B. Sullia. 1992. The occurrence of VAM fungi in the scale leaves of turmeric. Mycorrhiza News 14: 5.
   Google Scholar
• Schenck, M. C., and Y. Perez. 1990. Manual for the identification of VA Mycorrhizal fungi (INVAM). Gainesville, FL: University of Florida.
   Google Scholar
• Sieverding, E. 1991. Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhiza management in tropical agrosystems. GTZ No. 224. Eschborn, Germany: Deutche Gesellschaftfurr Technische Zusammenarbeit.
   Google Scholar
• Somogyi, M. 1952. Notes on sugar determination. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 195: 19–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taber, R. A., and J. M. Trappe. 1982. Vesicular Arbuscular mycorrhiza in rhizomes scale-like leaves, roots and xylem of ginger. Mycologia 74: 156–161.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tempest, D. W., J. L. Meers, and C. M. Brown M. 1970 Synthesis of glutamate in Aerobacter aerogenes by a hitherto unknown route. Biochemistry Journal 117: 405–407.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van de Casteele, J. P., J. Lemal, and M. Coudest. 1975. The pathway and regulation of glutamate synthesis in cornebacterium spp, over production of glutamate. Journal of General Microbiology 90: 178.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Walker, C., and J. M. Trappe. 1993. Name and epithets in the Glomales and Endogonales. Mycological Research 97: 339–344.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu, C. G. 1993. Glomales of Taiwan: III. A comparative study of spore ontogeny in Sclerocystis (Glomaceae, Glomales). Mycotaxon 32: 267–324.
   Google Scholar