Comparison between nitrate and ammonium nutrition in fennel, celery, and Swiss chard

References

• Abbès , C. , Parent , L.E. , Karam , A. and Isfan , D. 1995 . Effect of NH4: NO3 ratios on growth and nitrogen uptake by onions . Plant Soil , 171 : 289 – 296 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barker , A.V. and Mills , H.A. 1980 . Ammonium and nitrate nutrition of horticultural crops . Hort. Rev. , 2 : 395 – 423 .
   Google Scholar
• Blom‐Zandstra , M. 1989 . Nitrate accumulation in vegetables and its relationship to quality . Ann. Appl. Biol. , 115 : 553 – 561 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blom‐Zandstra , M. and Lampe , J.E.M. 1985 . The role of nitrate in osmoregolation of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) grown at different light intensities . J. Exp. Bot. , 36 : 1043 – 1052 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bloom , A.J. 1985 . Wild and cultivated barleys show similar affinities for mineral nitrogen . Oecologia , 65 : 555 – 557 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cramer , M.D. and Lewis , O.A.M. 1993 . The influence of NO3‐ and NH4+ nutrition on the carbon and nitrogen partitioning characteristics of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) plants . Plant Soil , 154 : 289 – 300 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dich , J. , Järvinen , R. , Knekt , P. and Penrtilä , P.L. 1996 . Dietary intakes of nitrate, nitrite and NDMA in the Finish mobile clinic health examination survey . Food Add. Contam. , 13 : 541 – 552 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edward , J.H. and Barber , S.A. 1976 . Nitrogen uptake characteristics of corn roots at low N concentration as influenced by plant age . Agron. J. , 68 : 17 – 19 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Engels , G. and Marschner , H. 1993 . Influence of the form of nitrogen supply on root uptake and translocation of cations in xylem exudate of maize (Zea mays L.) . J. Exp. Bot. , 44 : 1695 – 1701 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gangolli , S.D. , Van Den Brandt , P.A. , Feron , V.J. , Jan‐Zowsky , C. , Koeman , J.H. , Speijers , G.J.A. , Spiegelhaider , B. , Walker , R. and Winshnok , J.S. 1994 . Nitrate, nitrite and N‐nitroso compounds . Eur. J. Pharm., Envir. Tox. Pharm. Section , 292 : 1 – 38 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goyal , S.S. , Huffaker , R.C. and Lorenz , O.A. 1982 . Inhibitory effects of ammoniacal nitrogen on growth of radish plants. I. Characterization of toxic effect of NH4 on growth and its alleviation by NO3 . J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. , 107 : 125 – 129 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoagland , D.R. and Arnon , D.I. 1950 . The water culture method for growing plants without soil , California Agric. Exp. Sta. . Circ. 347
   Google Scholar
• Ikeda , I. and Osawa , T. 1981 . Nitrate‐ and ammonium‐N absorbition by vegetables from nutrient solution containing ammonium nitrate and the resultant change of solution pH . J. Jap. Soc. Hort. Sci. , 50 : 225 – 230 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marschner , H. and Römheld , H. 1983 . In vivo measurement of root‐induced pH changes at the soil‐root interface: Effect of plant species and nitrogen source . Z. Planzenphysiol. , 111 : 241 – 251 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maynard , D.N. and Barker , A.V. 1969 . Studies on the tolerance of plants to ammonium nutrition . J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. , 94 : 235 – 239 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maynard , D.N. , Barker , A.V. , Minotti , P.L. and Peck , N.H. 1976 . Nitrate accumulation in vegetables . Adv. Agron. , 28 : 71 – 118 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehrer , I. and Mohr , H. 1989 . Ammonium toxicity: Description of the syndrome in Sinapsis alba and the search for its causation . Physiol. Plant. , 77 : 545 – 554 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raab , T.K. and Terry , N. 1995 . C arbon, nitrogen, and nutrient interactions in Beta vulgaris L. as influenced by nitrogen source, NO3‐ versus NH4+ . Plant Physiol. , 107 : 575 – 584 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raven , J.A. , Wollenweber , B. and Handley , L.L. 1992 . A comparison of ammonium and nitrate as nitrogen sources for photolithotrophs . New Phytol. , 121 : 19 – 32 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Resh , H.M. 1995 . Hydroponic food production. , 5th ed. , Santa Barbara, CA : Woodbridge Press Publishing Company .
   Google Scholar
• Robinson , D. and Rorison , I.H. 1983 . A comparison of the responses of Lolium perenne L., Holcus lanatus L. and Deschampsia flexuosa (L.) Trin. to a localized supply of nitrogen . New Phyto. , 94 : 263 – 273 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salsac , L. , Chaillou , S. , Morot‐Gaudry , J.F. , Lesaint , C. and Jolivet , E. 1987 . Nitrate and ammonium nutrition in plants . Plant Physiol. Biochem. , 25 : 805 – 812 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santamaria , P. 1997 . Contributo degli ortaggi all'assunzione giornaliera di nitrato, nirrito e nitrosamine . Industrie Alimentari , 36 : 1329 – 1334 .
   Google Scholar
• Santamaria , P. and Elia , A. 1997 . Producing nitrate‐free endive heads. Effect of nitrogen form on growth, yield, and ion composition of endive . J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. , 122
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MO‐Santamaria , P. , Elia , A. and Gonnella , M. NH4: NO3 ratio change, withdrawal of N before the harvest and reduction of nitrate leaf content in endive . Proc. 9th Inter. Cong, on Soilless Culture. Grafoprint . Bennekom, The Netherlands. Edited by: ISOSC . pp. 417 – 435 .
   Google Scholar
• Santamaria , P. , Elia , A. , Papa , G. and Serio , F. 1998 . Nitrate and ammonium nutrition in chicory and rocket plants . J. Plant Nutr. , 21 : 1779 – 1789 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santamaria , P. , Elia , A. , Gonnella , M. , Serio , F. and Todaro , E. 1997b . I fattori ehe influenzano l'accumulo dei nitrati negli ortaggi . Inftore Agrario , 53 (40) : 117 – 121 .
   Google Scholar
• Sanzonowicz , C. , Smyth , T. J. and Israel , D.W. 1998 . Calcium alleviation of hydrogen and aluminum inhibition of soybean root extension from limed soil into acid subsurface solutions . J. Plant Nutr. , 21 : 785 – 804 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shackel , K.A. , Matthews , M.A. and Morrison , J.C. 1987 . Dynamic relation between expansion and cellular turgor in growing grape (Vitis vinifera L.) leaves . Plant Physiol. , 84 : 1166 – 1171 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smiley , R.W. 1974 . Rhizosphere pH as influenced by plant, soil, and nitrogen fertilizers . Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. , 38 : 795 – 799 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sprent , J.I. and Thomas , R.J. 1984 . Nitrogen nutrition of seedling grain legumes: Some taxonomic, morphological, and physiological constraints . Plant Cell Environ. , 7 : 637 – 645 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steingröver , E. , Ratering , P. and Siesling , J. 1986 . Daily changes in uptake, reduction and storage of nitrate in spinach grown at low light intensity . Physiol. Plant. , 66 : 550 – 556 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terry , N. 1970 . Developmental physiology of sugar beet. I. Effects of temperature and nitrogen supply on the growth, soluble carbohydrate content and nitrogen content of leaves and roots . J. Exp. Bot. , 21 : 477 – 496 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teyker , R.H. and Hobbs , D.C. 1992 . Growth and root morphology of corn as influenced by nitrogen form . Agron. J. , 84 : 694 – 700 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Beusichem , M.L. 1981 . Nutrient absorption by pea plants during dinitrogen fixation. I. Comparison with nitrate nutrition . Neth. J. Agric Sci. , 30 : 317 – 330 .
   Google Scholar
• Van der. Boon , J. , Steenhuizen , J.W. and Steingröver , E. 1990 . Growth and nitrate concentration of lettuce as affected by total nitrogen and chloride concentration, NH4/ NO3 ratio and temperature of the recirculating nutrient solution . J. Hort. Sci. , 65 : 309 – 321 .
   Google Scholar
• Waldron , L.J. and Terry , N. 1987 . The influence of atmospheric humidity on leaf expansion in Beta vulgaris L . Planta , 170 : 336 – 342 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker , R. 1990 . Nitrates, nitrites and N‐nirroso compounds: A review of the occurrence in food and diet and the toxicological implications . Food Add. Contam. , 7 : 717 – 768 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Williams , R.F. 1948 . The effect of phosphorus supply on the rates of intake of phosphorus and nitrogen and upon certain aspects of phosphorus metabolism in gramineous plants . Aust. J. Sci. Res. B , 1 : 333 – 361 .
   Google Scholar
• Corresponding author (e‐mail address: [email protected]).
   Google Scholar