Pollen micro-morphometry of two endangered species of Rauvolfia L. (Apocynaceae) from the Indo-Gangetic Plains of Central India using LM, CLSM and FESEM

References

• [APG IV] The Angiospermae Phylogeny Group IV. 2016. An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 181:1–20.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blackwell WH. 1990. Poisonous and medicinal plants. Hoboken (NJ): Prentice Hall Inc.; p. xix+329.
   Google Scholar
• Bonzani RM. 1999. Medicinal use of plants by the Peasant community of San Jacinto, Northern Colombia. Caldasia. 21(2):203–218.
   Google Scholar
• Bose A, Roy B, Paria ND. 2012. Study of pollen morphology of some dicotyledonous plants occurring in Ballygunge Science College Campus. Journal of Botanical Society of Bengal. 66:111–117.
   Google Scholar
• Bussman RW, Zambrana NYP, Romero C, Hart RE. 2018. Astonishing diversity-the medicinal plant markets of Bogotá, Colombia. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine. 14(1):43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dutta SC, Virmani OP. 1964. Rauvolfia serpentina. Vol. 107. Bulletin of the National Botanical Gardens; p. 1–20.
   Google Scholar
• Ebadi M. 2007. Pharmacodynamic basis of herbal medicine. 2nd ed. New York (NY): CRC Press; p. 699.
   Google Scholar
• Endress ME. 2004. Apocynaceae: brown and now. Telopea. 10:525–541.
   Google Scholar
• Endress ME, Bruyns PV. 2000. A revised classification of Apocynaceae s. l. The Botanical Review. 66(1):1–56.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Endress ME, Liede-Schumann S, Meve U. 2007. Advances in Apocynaceae: the enlightenment, an introduction. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 94(2):259–267.2.0.CO;2]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Endress ME, Liede-Schumann S, Meve U. 2014. An updated classification for Apocynaceae. Phytotaxa. 159(3):175–194.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Endress ME, Stevens WD. 2001. The renaissance of the Apocynaceae s.1. Recent advances in systematic phylogeny and evolution: introduction. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 88(4):517–522.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erdtman G. 1943. An introduction to pollen analysis. Waltham (MA): The Chronic Botanica Co.
   Google Scholar
• Erdtman G. 1952. Pollen morphology and plant taxonomy-Angiosperms (An introduction to Palynology. I). Waltham (MA): The Chronic botanica Co.; Stockholm, Sweden.
   Google Scholar
• Erdtman G. 1957. Pollen morphology and plant taxonomy. Gymnospermae, Pteridophyta, Bryophyta. Stockholm (Sweden).
   Google Scholar
• Erdtman G. 1960. The acetolysis method: a revised description, vol. 54. Stockholm, Sweden: Svensk Botanisk Tidskrift; p. 561–564.
   Google Scholar
• Erdtman G. 1971. Pollen morphology and plant taxonomy. New York (NY): Hafner Pub. Co.
   Google Scholar
• Farooqui A, Tripathi S, Garg A, Shukla AN, Murthy S, Prasad V, Sinha GP. 2019. Palaeotropical lineage of Indian water Primrose (Ludwigia L., Onagraceae) using pollen morphometric analysis. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 269:64–77.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fazal H, Ahmed N, Abbasi BH. 2013. Identification, characterization, and palynology of high-valued medicinal plants. The ScientificWorld Journal. 2013:283484.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fishbein M, Livshultz T, Straub SC, Simões AO, Boutte J, McDonnell A, Foote A. 2018. Evolution on the backbone: Apocynaceae phylogenomics and new perspectives on growth forms, flowers, and fruits. American Journal of Botany. 105(3):495–513.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Furness CA. 2007. Why does some pollen lack apertures? A review of inaperturate pollen in eudicots. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 155(1):29–48. ‒
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garg A, Rao RR. 1996. Pollination ecology of endangered Eremostachys superba (Labiatae). Taiwania. 41(4):309–321.
   Google Scholar
• Garg A, Rao RR. 1997. Anthecological relationship between Eremostachys superba and its pollinator. Taiwania. 42 (2):99–103.
   Google Scholar
• Gasparino EC, Souza C. N d, Dutra FV, Cruz-Barros M. A V d, Chautems A. 2021. Pollen morphology of Ligeriinae Hanst. (Gesneriaceae): diagnostic features and their systematic importance. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 285:104363.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta HP, Sharma C. 1986. Pollen flora of North-West Himalaya. Lucknow (India): Indian Association of Palynostratigraphers.
   Google Scholar
• Hochuli P, Feist-Burkhardt S. 2004. A boreal early cradle of Angiosperms? Angiosperm like pollen from the Middle Triassic of the Barents Sea (Norway). Journal of Micropalaeontology. 23(2):97–104.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu Z, Zhao C, Zhao Y, Liu J. 2021. Pollen morphology of Liliaceae and its systematic significance. Palynology. 45(3):531–568.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang TS. 1989. Palynological study of the Apocynaceae of Taiwan. Grana. 28(2):85–95.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ionta GM, Judd WS. 2007. Phylogenetic relationships in Periplocoideae (Apocynaceae s. l.) and insights into the origin of pollinia. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 94(2):360–375.2.0.CO;2]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jyothi T, Brijesh K, Hari Venkatesh KR. 2012. Pharmacognostical evaluation of Rauvolfia tetraphylla L. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Scientific Innovation. 1(6):57–60.
   Google Scholar
• Koch I, Alves DM, Souto LS. 2018. Anther wall and pollen development in two species of Rauvolfia L. (Apocynaceae). Brazilian Journal of Botany. 41(1):175–184.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mabberley DJ. 2017. The plant – book: a portable dictionary of the vascular plants. 4th ed. Cambridge (UK): Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mahalakshmi SN, Achala HG, Ramyashree KR, Prashith Kekuda TR. 2019. Rauvolfia tetraphylla L. (Apocynaceae) – a comprehensive review on its ethnobotanical uses, phytochemistry and pharmacological activities. International Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences. 9(2):664–682.
   Google Scholar
• Mathew KM. 1983. Rauvolfia Linnaeus Sp. Pl. 208. 1753., in The Flora of The Tamil Nadu Carnatic series, vol. III. Tiruchirapalli, India: The Parinat Herbarium, St. Joseph’s College; p. 917.
   Google Scholar
• Middleton DJ. 2007. Apocynaceae (subfamilies Rauvolfioideae and Apocynoideae). Flora Malesiana. Series I, Vol. 18, iv C 1‒474. Netherlands: National Herbarium of Netherlands, Universiteit Leiden Branch; p. 1–452.
   Google Scholar
• Moon HK, Vinckier S, Smets E, Huysmans S. 2008. Comparative pollen morphology and ultrastructure of Mentheae subtribe Nepetinae (Lamiaceae). Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 149(3-4):174–186.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morales JF, Endress ME, Liede-Schumann S. 2017. Sex, drugs and pupusas: disentangling relationships in Echiteae (Apocynaceae). Taxon. 66(3):623–644.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nair PKK. 1965. Trends in the morphological evolution of pollen and spores. The Journal of the Indian Botanical Society. 44(4):468–478.
   Google Scholar
• Najafi S, Deokule SS. 2010. Pharmacognostic study of Tylophora dalzellii Hook.F. Journal of Medicinal Plant Research. 4(5):403–406.
   Google Scholar
• Nayar TS. 1990. Pollen flora of Maharashtra State, India. New Delhi (India): Today’s & Tomorrow’s Publishers & Printers.
   Google Scholar
• Nayar TS, Sibi M, Rasiya Beegam A. 2014. Rauvolfia L. in Flowering Plants of the Western Ghats, India, vol. I. Thiruvananthapuram, India: St. Joseph’s Press; p. 101.
   Google Scholar
• Nilsson S. 1990. Taxonomic and evolutionary significance of pollen morphology in the Apocynaceae. Plant Systematics and Evolution. 5:91–102.
   Google Scholar
• Nilsson S, Endress ME, Grafstrom E. 1993. On the relationship of the Apocynaceae and Periplocaceae. Grana. 2:3–21.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pasha MK, Roy SK. 1980. Pollen morphology of some species of Rauvolfia. Bangladesh Journal of Botany. 9:106–110.
   Google Scholar
• Pichon M. 1948. Classification des Apocynacées: IX. Rauvolfiées. Alstoniées, Allamandées et Tabernaémontanoidées. Bulletin du Museum National D’Histoire Naturlle. 27:153–251.
   Google Scholar
• Punt W, Hoen PP. 1995. The Northwest European pollen flora: 56. Caryophyllaceae. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 88(1-4):83–272.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Punt W, Hoen PP, Blackmore S, Nilsson S, Thomas AL. 2007. Glossary of pollen and spore terminology. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 143(1-2):1–8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rao AR, Shukla P. 1975. Pollen flora of Upper Gangetic Plain. New Delhi, India: Today’s & Tomorrow’s Printers & Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Rao AS. 1956. A revision of Rauvolfia with particular reference to the American species. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 43(3):253–355.
   Google Scholar
• Rao RR, Husain T, Dutt B, Garg A. 1999. Palynology of Berberis in relation to taxonomy. Rheedea. 9(2):115–146.
   Google Scholar
• Rapini A. 2012. Taxonomy “under construction”: advances in the systematic of Apocynaceae, with emphasis on the Brazilian Asclepiadoideae. Rodriguesia. 63:75–88.
   Google Scholar
• Rasoloarijao TM, Ramavovololona P, Ramamonjisoa R, Clemencet J, Lebreton G, Delatte H. 2019. Pollen morphology of melliferous plants for Apis mellifera unicolor in the tropical rainforest of Ranomafana National Park. Palynology. 43(2):292–320..
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodrigues ID, Absy ML, Dasilva-Caminah SAF, Goncalves-Esteves V, Mendonca CBF, Ferreira MG, de Oliveira Moura C. 2016. Pollen morphology of 25 species in the family Apocynaceae from the Adolpho Ducke forest Reserve, Amozonas, Brazil. Palynology. 41(2):1–19.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sahu BN. 1983. Rauvolfia Serpentina: Sarpagandha: chemistry and pharmacology. Vol. II. New Delhi (India): Today and Tomorrow’s Printers; p. xiv + 595.
   Google Scholar
• Schols P, Es K, D’hondt C, Merckx V, Smets E, Huysmans S. 2004. A new enzyme based method for the treatment of fragile pollen grains collected from herbarium material. TAXON. 53(3):777–782.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schopf JW, Tripathi AB, Kudryavtsev AB. 2006. Three-dimensional confocal optical imagery of precambrian microscopic organisms. Astrobiology. 6(1):1–16. ‒
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma D. 2020. Rauwolfia tetraphylla L. – bee supporting plant during nectar and pollen dearth. Bee World. 97(2):61–63.
   Google Scholar
• Shute C, Hemsley AR, Strother P. 1996. Reassessment of dyads contained in a Late Silurian Rhynophytoid sporangium. Special Papers in Palaeontology. 55:137–145.
   Google Scholar
• Sihag RC, Wadhwa N. 2011. Floral and reproductive biology of Sarpagandha Rauvolfia serpentina (Gentianales: Apocynaceae) in semi-arid environment of India. Journal of Threatened Taxa. 3(1):1432–1436.
   Google Scholar
• Simões AO, Livshultz T, Conti E, Endress ME. 2007. Phylogeny and systematic of the Rauvolfioideae (Apocynaceae) based on molecular and morphological evidence. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 94(2):268–297.2.0.CO;2]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sinha BK. 1999. Rauvolfia L. In: Flora of Great Nicobar Island, eds. P.K. Hajra and P.S.N. Rao. Director. Kolkata, India: Botanical Survey of India; p. 305.
   Google Scholar
• Sinha GP. 2012. Rauvolfia L. In: Flora of Mizoram, vol. II, eds. G.P. Sinha, D.K. Singh and K.P. Singh. Kolkata, India: Botanical Survey of India; p. 89.
   Google Scholar
• Song JH, Moon HK, Oak MK, Hong SP. 2017. Phylogenetic evaluation of pollen and orbicule morphology in Rosaceae tribe Neillieae (subfamily Amygdaloideae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 183(3):439–453.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevens PF. 2001 onwards. Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Version 14, July 2017 [and more or less continuously updated since]. Will do. International Journal of Art and Sciences. 8(5):149–154. http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/.
   Google Scholar
• Taylor TN. 1999. The ultrastructure of fossil pollen and spores. In: Jones TP, Rowe NP, editors. Fossil plants and spores: modern techniques. London (UK): Geological Society; p. 126–131.
   Google Scholar
• Tripathi S, Farooqui A, Singh VK, Singh S, Roy R. 2019. Morphometrical analysis of Ceiba Mill. (Bombacoideae, Malvaceae) pollen: a sacred plant of the Mayan (Mesoamerican) civilisation. Palynology. 43(4):551–573.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tripathi S, Singh S, Roy RK. 2017. Pollen morphology of Bougainvillea (Nyctaginaceae): a popular ornamental plant of tropical and subtropical gardens of the world. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 239:31–46.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Der Ham R, Zimmermann Y-M, Nilsson S, Igersheim A. 2001. Pollen morphology and phylogeny of the Alyxieae (Apocynaceae). Grana. 40(4-5):169–191.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Der Weide JC, Van der Ham RWJM. 2012. Pollen morphology and phylogeny of the tribe Tabernaemontaneae (Apocynaceae, subfamily Rauvolfioideae). TAXON. 61(1):131–145.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verhoeven RL, Venter HJT. 1998. Pollinium structure in Periplocoideae (Apocynaceae). Grana. 37(1):1–14.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vinay KN, Venkata Lakshmi V, Satyanarayan ND, Anantacharya GR. 2016. Antioxodant activity of Leaf and fruit extracts of Rauvolfia tetraphylla Linn. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research. 7(4):1705–1709.
   Google Scholar
• Wadhwa N, Sihag RC. 2012. Psychophilous mode of pollination predominates in Sarpagandha (Rauvolfia serpentina). Journal of Entomology. 9(4):187–207.
   Google Scholar
• Walker JW, Doyle JA. 1975. The basis of Angiosperm Phylogeny: Palynology. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 62(3):664–723.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wodehouse RP. 1936. Pollen grains in the identification and classification of plants VII. The Ranunculaceae. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. 63(9): 495–514.
   Google Scholar
• Wyatt R, Lipow SR. 2007. A new explanation for the evolution of pollinia and loss of carpel fusion in Asclepias and the Apocynaceae s. l. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 94(2):474–484.2.0.CO;2]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar