Fate of Cr(III) during Ozonation of Secondary Municipal Wastewater Effluent

References

• Acero, J. L., K. Stemmler, and U. von Gunten. 2000. “Degradation Kinetics of Atrazine and Its Degradation Products with Ozone and OH Radicals: A Predictive Tool for Drinking Water Treatment.” Environmental Science & Technology 34:591–97.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bader, H, and J. Hoigné. 1981. “Determination of Ozone in Water by the Indigo Method.” Water Research 15:449–56.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bourgin, M., B. Beck, M. Boehler, E. Borowska, J. Fleiner, E. Salhi, R. Teichler, U. von Gunten, H. Siegrist, and C. S. McArdell. 2018. “Evaluation of a Full-Scale Wastewater Treatment Plant Upgraded with Ozonation and Biological Post-Treatments: Abatement of Micropollutants, Formation of Transformation Products and Oxidation By-Products.” Water Research 129:486–98.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buxton, G. V., C. L. Greenstock, W. P. Helman, and A. B. Ross. 1988. “Critical Review of Rate Constants for Reactions of Hydrated Electrons, Hydrogen Atoms and Hydroxyl Radicals (OH/O−) in Aqueous Solution.” Journal of Physical Chemistry Reference Data 17:513–886.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• California Manufacturers and Technology Association, et al. v. California Department of Public Health, et al. 2017. “Super. Ct. Sacramento County, 2017. No. 34-2014-80001850. California Water Boards announcement.” Accessed February 22, 2018. https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/drinking_water/certlic/drinkingwater/Chromium6.html.
   Google Scholar
• Clesceri, L. S., A. E. Greenberg, and R. R. Trussell. 1989. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. 17th ed. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, Water Environment Federation.
   Google Scholar
• Eggen, R. I. L., J. Hollender, A. Joss, M. Schärer, and C. Stamm. 2014. “Reducing the Discharge of Micropollutants in the Aquatic Environment: The Benefits of Upgrading Wastewater Treatment Plants.” Environmental Science & Technology 48:7683–89.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elovitz, M. S, and U. von Gunten. 1999. “Hydroxyl Radical/Ozone Ratios during Ozonation Processes. I. The R(ct) Concept”. Ozone Science and Engineering 21:239-60.
   Google Scholar
• Gröhlich, A., M. Langer, M. Mitrakas, A. Zouboulis, I. A. Katsoyiannis, and M. Ernst. 2017. “Effect of Organic Matter on Cr(VI) Removal from Groundwaters by Fe(II) Reductive Precipitation for Groundwater Treatment.” Water 9:Article number 389. doi:10.3390/w9060389.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gustafsson, J. P. Visual MINTEQ Version 3.1. Stockholm, Sweden. September 13, 2015. Accessed February 12, 2018. http://www2.lwr.kth.se/English/OurSoftware/vminteq/index.html.
   Google Scholar
• Helm, L., and A. E. Merbach. 2005. “Inorganic and Bioinorganic Solvent Exchange Mechanisms.” Chemical Reviews 105:1923–59.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hollender, J., S. G. Zimmermann, S. Koepke, M. Krauss, C. S. Mcardell, C. Ort, H. Singer, U. von Gunten, and H. Siegrist. 2009. “Elimination of Organic Micropollutants in a Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant Upgraded with a Full-Scale Post-Ozonation Followed by Sand Filtration.” Environmental Science & Technology 43:7862–69.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huber, M. M., S. Canonica, G.-Y. Park, and U. von Gunten. 2003. “Oxidation of Pharmaceuticals during Ozonation and Advanced Oxidation Processes.” Environmental Science & Technology 37:1016–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Imai, A., and E. F. Glonya. 1996. “Speciation of chromium(III) in Activated Sludge.” Water Environment Research 68:301–10.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katsoyiannis, I. A., S. Canonica, and U. von Gunten. 2011. “Efficiency and Energy Requirements for the Transformation of Organic Micropollutants by Ozone, O3/H2O2 and UV/H2O2.” Water Research 45:3811–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, Y., D. Gerrity, M. Lee, A. E. Bogeat, E. Salhi, S. Gamage, R. A. Trenholm, E. C. Wert, S. A. Snyder, and U. von Gunten. 2013. “Prediction of Micropollutant Elimination during Ozonation of Municipal Wastewater Effluents: Use of Kinetic and Water Specific Information.” Environmental Science & Technology 47:5872–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Margot, J., C. Kienle, A. Magnet, M. Weil, L. Rossi, L. F. De Alencastro, C. Abegglen, D. Thonney, N. Chèvre, M. Schärer, et al. 2013. “Treatment of Micropollutants in Municipal Wastewater: Ozone or Powdered Activated Carbon?.” Science Total Environment 461-462:480-98.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitrakas, M. G., A. S. Pantazatou, R. Tzimou-Tsitouridou, and C. A. Sikalidis. 2011. “Influence of pH and Temperature on Cr(VI) Removal from A Natural Water Using Fe(II): A Pilot and Full Scale Case Study.” Desalination and Water Treatment 33:77–85.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohan, D., and C. U. Pittmann Jr. 2006. “Activated Carbons and Low Cost Adsorbents for Remedia-Tion of Tri- and Hexavalent Chromium from Water.” Journal of Hazardous Materials B 137:762-811.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rai, D., B. Sass, and D. A. Moore. 1987. “Chromium(III) Hydrolysis Constants and Solubility of chromium(III) Hydroxide.” Inorganic Chemistry 26:345–49.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richard, F. C., and A. C. M. Bourg. 1991. “Aqueous Geochemistry of Chromium: A Review.” Water Research 25:807–16.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soltermann, F., C. Abegglen, C. Götz, and U. von Gunten. 2016. “Bromide Sources and Loads in Swiss Surface Waters and Their Relevance for Bromate Formation during Wastewater Ozonation.” Environmental Science & Technology 50:9825–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soltermann, F., C. Abegglen, M. Tschui, S. Stahel, and U. von Gunten. 2017. “Options and Limitations for Bromate Control during Ozonation of Wastewater.” Water Research 116:76–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanin, F. T. 2005. “The Transport and Fate of Chromium (VI) in the Environment.” In Chromium(VI) Handbook/[Written by Independent Environmental Technical Evaluation Group (IETEG)], ed. James A. Jacobs, Jacques Guertin, and Cynthia Avakian, 165–214. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
   Google Scholar
• Stasinakis, A. S., N. S. Thomaidis, D. Mamais, M. Karivali, and T. D. Lekkas. 2003. “Chromium Species Behaviour in the Activated Sludge Process.” Chemosphere 52:1059–67.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stumm, W., and J. J. Morgan. 1996. Aquatic Chemistry. Chemical Equilibria and Rates in Natural Waters. 3rd ed. New York, NY: John Wiley and sons Inc.
   Google Scholar
• van der Merwe, W., J. P. Beukes, and P. G. Van Zyl. 2012. “Cr(VI) Formation during Ozonation of Cr-Containing Materials in Aqueous Suspension - Implication for Water Treatment.” Water SA 38:505–10.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vel Leitner, N. K., and B. Roshani. 2010. “Kinetic of Benzotriazole Oxidation by Ozone and Hydroxyl Radical.” Water Research 44:2058–66.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• von Sonntag, C., and U. von Gunten. 2012. Chemistry of Ozone in Water and Wastewater Treatment. From Basic Principles to Applications. London: IWA.
   Google Scholar
• Vriens, B., A. Voegelin, S. J. Hug, R. Kaegi, L. H. E. Winkel, A.M. Buser, and M. Berg. 2017. “Quantification of Element Fluxes in Wastewaters: A Nationwide Survey in Switzerland.” Environmental Science & Technology 51:10943–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. 1996. Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality. vol. 2, 2nd ed. Geneva: Health criteria and other supporting information. World Health Organization.
   Google Scholar
• Zimmermann, S. G., M. Wittenwiler, J. Hollender, M. Krauss, C. Ort, H. Siegrist, and U. von Gunten. 2011. “Kinetic Assessment and Modelling of an Ozonation Step for Full-Scale Municipal Wastewater Treatment: Micropollutant Oxidation, By-Product Formation and Disinfection.” Water Research 45:605–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar