A test of Sprinzak’s split delegitimization’s theory of the life course of far-right organizational behavior

References

• ADL. (2002). Dangerous convictions: An introduction to extremist activities in prison. Retrieved from http://www.adl.org/learn/ext_terr/dangerous_convictions.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Aho, J. A. (1990). The politics of righteousness: Idaho Christian patriotism. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
   Google Scholar
• Asal, V., & Rethemeyer, R. K. (2008). The nature of the beast: Organizational structures and the lethality of terrorist attacks. The Journal of Politics, 7(1), 437–449.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asal, V., & Wilkenfeld, J. (2013). Ethnic conflict: An organizational perspective. Penn State Journal of Law & International Affairs, 2(1), 91–102.
   Google Scholar
• Asal, V. H., Rethemeyer, R. K., Anderson, I., Stein, A., Rizzo, J., & Rozea, M. (2009). The softest of targets: A study on terrorist target selection. Journal of Applied Security Research, 4(3), 258–278. doi:10.1080/19361610902929990
   Google Scholar
• Barkun, M. (1989). Millenarian aspects of ‘white supremacist’ movements. Terrorism and Political Violence, 1(4), 409–434. doi:10.1080/09546558908427037
   Google Scholar
• Barkun, M. (1996). Religion, Militias and Oklahoma city: The mind of conspiratorialists. Terrorism and Political Violence, 8(1), 50–64. doi:10.1080/09546559608427332
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belli, R. (2011). Where political extremists and greedy criminals meet: A comparative study of financial crimes and criminal networks in the United States. National Criminal Justice Reference Service. Retrieved from https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/234524.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Bjørgo, T. (1995a). Introduction. Terrorism & Political Violence, 7(1), 1–16. doi:10.1080/09546559508427283
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bjørgo, T. (1995b). Extreme nationalism and violent discourses in Scandinavia: ‘The resistance’, ‘Traitors’, and ‘Foreign invaders.’ Terrorism & Political Violence, 7(1), 182–220. doi:10.1080/09546559508427289
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blazak, R. (2009). The prison hate machine. Criminology & Public Policy, 8(3), 633–640. doi:10.1111/j.1745-9133.2009.00579.x
   Google Scholar
• Blee, K. M. (2002). Inside organized racism: Women in the hate movement. Berkeley: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Caspi, D. J., Freilich, J. D., & Chermak, S. M. (2012). Worst of the bad: Violent white supremacist groups and lethality. Dynamics of Asymmetric Conflict, 5(1), 1–17. doi:10.1080/17467586.2012.679664
   Google Scholar
• Chalk, P. (2007). Trends in transnational terrorism and implications for U.S. National security and U.S. Terrorism risk insurance act. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 30(9), 767–776. doi:10.1080/10576100701501992
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chermak, S., Freilich, J., & Suttmoeller, M. (2013). The organizational dynamics of far-right hate groups in the United States: Comparing violent to nonviolent organizations. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 36(3), 193–218. doi:10.1080/1057610X.2013.755912
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chermak, S. M. (2002). Searching for a Demon: The media construction of the Militia movement. Boston, MA: Northeastern University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Chermak, S. M., Freilich, J., & Shemtob, Z. (2009). Law enforcement training and the domestic far-right. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 36(12), 1305–1322. doi:10.1177/0093854809345630
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crenshaw, M. (2000). The psychology of terrorism: An agenda for the 21st century. Political Psychology, 21(2), 405–420. doi:10.1111/0162-895X.00195
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crenshaw, M. (2012a). Decisions to use terrorism: Psychological constraints in instrumental reasoning. In J. Horgan & K. Braddock (Eds.), Terrorism studies: A reader (pp. 250–259). New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Crenshaw, M. (2012b). The causes of terrorism. In J. Horgan & K. Braddock (Eds.), Terrorism studies: A reader (pp. 99–114). New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Cronin, A. K. (2006). How Al-Qaeda ends: The decline and demise of terrorist groups. International Security, 31(1), 7–48. doi:10.1162/isec.2006.31.1.7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Della Porta, D. (2012). On individual motivations in underground political organizations. In J. Horgan & K. Braddock (Eds.), Terrorism studies: A reader (pp. 231–249). New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Dobratz, B. A., & Shanks-Meile, S. L. (1996). Ideology & the framing process in the white separatist/supremacist movement in the United States. Quarterly Journal of Ideology, 19, 3–29.
   Google Scholar
• Duffy, J. E., & Brantley, C. (1997, July). Militias: Initiating contact. FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, 66(7), 22–26.
   Google Scholar
• Durham, M. (1996). Preparing for Armageddon: Citizen Militias, the patriot movement and the Oklahoma city Bombing. Terrorism and Political Violence, 8(1), 65–79. doi:10.1080/09546559608427333
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durham, M. (2003). The American far right and 9/11. Terrorism and Political Violence, 15(2), 96–111. doi:10.1080/09546550312331293057
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ezekiel, R. S. (1995). The racist mind: Portraits of American Neo-Nazis and Klansman. New York, NY: Penguin Books USA.
   Google Scholar
• Field, A. (2009). Discovering statistics using SPSS (3rd ed.). London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Freilich, J. D. (2003). American Militias: State level variations in militia activities. New York, NY: LFB Scholarly Publishing LLC.
   Google Scholar
• Freilich, J. D., & Chermak, S. M. (2009). Preventing deadly encounters between law enforcement and American far-rightists. Crime Prevention Studies, 25, 141–172.
   Google Scholar
• Freilich, J. D., Chermak, S. M., Belli, R., Gruenewald, J., & Parkin, W. S. (2014). Introducing the United States Extremist Crime Database (ECDB). Terrorism & Political Violence, 26(2), 372–384. doi:10.1080/09546553.2012.713229
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freilich, J. D., Chermak, S. M., & Caspi, D. (2009). Critical events in the life trajectories of domestic extremist white supremacist groups: A case study analysis of four violent organizations. Criminology and Public Policy, 8(3), 497–530. doi:10.1111/j.1745-9133.2009.00572.x
   Google Scholar
• Freilich, J. D., Chermak, S. M., & Simone Jr., J. (2009). Surveying American state police agencies about terrorism threats, terrorism sources, and terrorism definitions. Terrorism & Political Violence, 21(3), 450–475. doi:10.1080/09546550902950324
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freilich, J. D., & Pridemore, W. A. (2005). A reassessment of state-level covariates of Militia groups. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 23(4), 527–546. doi:10.1002/bsl.654
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freilich, J. D., & Pridemore, W. A. (2006). Mismeasuring Militias: Limitations of advocacy group data and of state-level studies of paramilitary groups. Justice Quarterly, 23(1), 147–162. doi:10.1080/07418820600552626
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gruenewald, J., & Pridemore, W. A. (2012). A comparison of ideologically-motivated homicides from the new extremist crime database and homicides from the supplementary homicide reports using multiple imputation by chained equations to handle missing values. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 28, 141–162. doi:10.1007/s10940-011-9155-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gruenewald, J. A., Chermak, S. M., & Freilich, J. D. (2013). Distinguishing “Loner” attacks from other domestic extremist violence: A comparison of far-right homicide incident and offender characteristics. Criminology and Public Policy, 12(1), 65–91. doi:10.1111/1745-9133.12008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaplan, J. (1995). Right wing violence in north America. Terrorism & Political Violence, 7(1), 44–95. doi:10.1080/09546559508427285
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaplan, J. (1997). Radical religion in America: Millenarian movements from the far right to the children of Noah. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kimmel, M., & Ferber, A. L. (2000). “White men are this nation:” Right-wing Militias and the restoration of rural american masculinity. Rural Sociology, 65(4), 582–604.
   Google Scholar
• LaFree, G., Dugan, L., Fogg, H., & Scott, J. (2006). Building a global terrorism database. A final report to the National Institute of Justice for Grant#2002-DT-CX-0001. Retrieved from https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/214260.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Laryš, M., & Mareš, M. (2011). Right-wing extremist violence in the Russian federation. Europe-Asia Studies, 63(1), 129–154. doi:10.1080/09668136.2011.534308
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lӧӧw. (1995). Racist violence and criminal behaviour in Sweden: Myths and reality. Terrorism & Political Violence, 7(1), 119–161. doi:10.1080/09546559508427287
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCauley, C., & Moskalenko, S. (2008). Mechanisms of political radicalization: Pathways toward terrorism. Terrorism and Political Violence, 20(3), 415–433. doi:10.1080/09546550802073367
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCauley, C., & Moskalenko, S. (2011). Friction: How radicalization happens to them and us (Kindle Edition). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Merkl, P. H. (1995). Radical right parties in Europe and anti-foreign violence: A comparative essay. Terrorism & Political Violence, 7(1), 96–118. doi:10.1080/09546559508427286
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michael, G., & Minkenberg, M. (2007). A continuum for responding to the extreme right: A comparison between the United States and Germany. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 30, 1109–1123. doi:10.1080/10576100701670961
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newman, G. R., & Clarke, R. V. (2008). Policing terrorism: An executive’s guide. Office of Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS). Washington, DC: US Department of Justice.
   Google Scholar
• O’Brien, S. P., & Haider-Markel, D. P. (1998). Fueling the fire: Social and political correlates of citizen militia activity. Social Science Quarterly, 79(2), 456–465.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pedahzur, A., & Canetti-Nisim, D. (2004). Support for right-wing extremist ideology: Socio-economic indicators and socio-psychological mechanisms of social identification. Comparative Sociology, 3(1), 1–36. doi:10.1163/1569133041513756
   Google Scholar
• Simi, P., & Futrell, R. (2010). American swastika: Inside the white power movement’s hidden spaces of hate. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, B. L. (1994). Terrorism in America: Pipe bombs and pipe dreams. Albany: State University of New York Press.
   Google Scholar
• Southern Poverty Law Center. (2012). Hate map. Retrieved from http://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/hate-map
   Google Scholar
• Sprinzak, E. (1991). The process of delegitimation: Towards a linkage theory of political terrorism. Terrorism & Political Violence, 3(1), 50–68.
   Google Scholar
• Sprinzak, E. (1995). Right-wing terrorism in a comparative perspective: The case of split delegitimization. Terrorism and Political Violence, 7(1), 17–43. doi:10.1080/09546559508427284
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szymkowiak, K., & Steinhoff, P. G. (1995). Wrapping up in something long: Intimidation and violence by right-wing groups in postwar Japan. Terrorism & Political Violence, 7(1), 265–298. doi:10.1080/09546559508427292
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Dyke, N., & Soule, S. A. (2002). Structural social change and the mobilizing effect of threat: Explaining levels of patriot and Militia organizing in the United States. Social Problems, 49(4), 497–520. doi:10.1525/sp.2002.49.4.497
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Welsh, D. (1995). Right-wing terrorism in South Africa. Terrorism & Political Violence, 7(1), 239–264. doi:10.1080/09546559508427291
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willems, H. (1995). Development, patterns and causes of violence against foreigners in Germany: Social and biographical characteristics of perpetrators and the process of escalation. Terrorism & Political Violence, 7(1), 162–181. doi:10.1080/09546559508427288
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wooden, W., & Blazak, R. (2001). Renegade kids, suburban outlaws: From youth culture to delinquency. Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning.
   Google Scholar