References
- Abrahamsen, R., & Williams, M. (2011). Security beyond the state: Private security in international politics. Cambridge University Press.
- Albrecht, P., & Moe, L. (2015). The simultaneity of authority in hybrid orders. Peacebuilding, 3(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/21647259.2014.928551
- Ayling, J., Grabosky, P., & Shearing, C. (2009). Lengthening the arm of the law: Enhancing police resources in the 21st century. Cambridge University Press.
- Ayres, I., & Braithwaite, J. (1992). Responsive regulation: Transcending the deregulation debate. Oxford University Press.
- Baker, B. (2008). Multi-choice policing in Africa. Nordiska Afrikainstitutet.
- Baldwin, R., & Black, J. (2008). Really responsive regulation. The Modern Law Review, 71(1), 59–94. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2230.2008.00681.x
- Bayley, D. (1995). Getting serious about police brutality. In P. Stenning (Ed.), Accountability for criminal justice: Selected essays (pp. 93–109). Toronto University Press.
- Bayley, D. (2006). Changing the guard: Developing democratic police abroad. Oxford University Press.
- Bayley, D., & Shearing, C. (2001). The new structure of policing: Description, conceptualization, and research agenda. National Institute of Justice.
- Berg, J., & Shearing, C. (2008). Integrated security: Assembling knowledges and capacities. In T. Williamson (Ed.), The handbook of knowledge based policing: Current conceptions and future directions (pp. 389–404). John Wiley & Sons.
- Berg, J. (2010). Seeing like private security: Evolving mentalities of public space protection in South Africa. Criminology and Criminal Justice, 10(3), 287–301. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1748895810370315
- Berg, J. (2013). Civilian oversight of police in South Africa: From the ICD to the IPID. Police Practice and Research, 14(2), 144–154. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/15614263.2013.767094
- Berg, J., & Nouveau, J. (2011). Towards a third phase of regulation: Re-imagining private security in South Africa. South African Crime Quarterly, (38), 23–32. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.17159/2413-3108/2011/v0i38a850
- Berg, J., & Shearing, C. (2018). Governing-through-harm and public goods policing. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Sciences, 679(1), 72–85. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716218778540
- Berg, J. with Shearing, C. (2015). New authorities: Relating state and non-state security auspices in South African Improvement Districts. In P. Albrecht & H. Kyed (Eds.), Policing and the politics of order-making (pp. 91–107). Routledge.
- Berndtsson, J., & Stern, M. (2011). Private Security and the Public-Private Divide: Contested Lines of Distinction and Modes of Governance in the Stockholm-Arlanda Security Assemblage1. International Political Sociology, 5(4), 408–425. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-5687.2011.00142.x
- Bittner, E. (1970). The functions of the police in modern society: A review of background factors, current practices, and possible role models. National Institute of Mental Health.
- Black, J. (2001). Decentring Regulation: Understanding the Role of Regulation and Self-Regulation in a ‘Post-Regulatory’ World. Current Legal Problems, 54(1), 103–146. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/clp/54.1.103
- Black, J. (2003). Enrolling actors in regulatory systems: Examples from UK financial services regulation. Public Law, 47(Spring), 63–91.
- Black, J. (2008). Constructing and contesting legitimacy and accountability in polycentric regulatory regimes. Regulation & Governance, 2(2), 137–164. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5991.2008.00034.x
- Börzel, T., & Risse, T. (2016). Dysfunctional state institutions, trust, and governance in areas of limited statehood. Regulation & Governance, 10(2), 149–160. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/rego.12100
- Braithwaite, J. (1999). Accountability and governance under the new regulatory state. Australian Journal of Public Administration, 58(1), 90–97. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8500.00077
- Braithwaite, J. (2000). The new regulatory state and the transformation of criminology. British Journal of Criminology, 40(2), 222–238. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/40.2.222
- Braithwaite, J. (2002). Restorative justice and responsive regulation. Oxford University Press.
- Braithwaite, J. (2006a). Accountability and responsibility through restorative justice. In M. Dowdle (Ed.), Public accountability: Designs, dilemmas and experiences (pp. 33–51). Cambridge University Press.
- Braithwaite, J. (2006b). Responsive regulation and developing economies. World Development, 34(5), 884–898. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2005.04.021
- Braithwaite, J., & Drahos, P. (2000). Global business regulation. Cambridge University Press.
- Brodeur, J.-P. (2010). The policing web. Oxford University Press.
- Burbidge, S. (2003, February). Two weights, two measures: Public complaints against the police in the era of privatization of public safety [Paper presentation]. S4 (accountability of policing networks) of in search of security: an international conference on policing and security, Montreal, Quebec.
- Burbidge, S. (2005). The governance deficit: Reflections on the future of public and private policing in Canada. Canadian Journal of Criminology & Criminal Justice, 47(1), 63–86. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3138/cjccj.47.1.63
- Burris, S., Hancock, T., Lin, V., & Herzog, A. (2007). Emerging strategies for healthy urban governance. Journal of Urban Health: Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 84(S1), 154–163. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-007-9174-6
- Button, M., & George, B. (2001). Government regulation in the United Kingdom private security industry: The myth of non-regulation. Security Journal, 14(1), 55–66. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.sj.8340073
- Button, M., & John, T. (2002). ‘Plural Policing‘ In Action: A review of the policing of environmental protests in England and Wales. Policing and Society, 12(2), 111–121. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/10439460290002659
- Carmola, K. (2006). It’s all contracts now: Private military firms and a clash of legal culture. Brown Journal of World Affairs, 13(1), 161–173. http://bjwa.brown.edu/13-1/its-all-contracts-now-private-military-firms-and-a-clash-of-legal-culture/
- Crawford, A. (1999). The local governance of crime: Appeals to community and partnerships. Oxford University Press.
- Crawford, A., Lister, S., Blackburn, S., & Burnett, J. (2005). Plural policing: The mixed economy of visible patrols in England and Wales. Policy Press.
- Dupont, B. (2004). Security in the age of networks. Policing and Society, 14(1), 76–91. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/1043946042000181575
- Dupont, B. (2006). Delivering security through networks: Surveying the relational landscape of security managers in an urban setting. Crime, Law, and Social Change, 45(3), 165–184. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-006-9033-5
- Forst, B., & Manning, P. (1999). The privatization of policing: Two views. Georgetown University Press.
- Fung, A. (2004). Empowered participation: Reinventing urban democracy. Princeton University Press.
- Goldsmith, A. (1995). Necessary but not sufficient: The role of public complaints procedures in police accountability. In P. Stenning (Ed.), Accountability for criminal justice: Selected essays (pp. 110–134). Toronto University Press.
- Gunningham, N. (2009). The new collaborative environmental governance: The localization of regulation. Journal of Law and Society, 36(1), 145–166. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6478.2009.00461.x
- Gunningham, N., & Grabosky, P. (1998). Smart regulation: Designing environmental policy. Clarendon Press.
- Hermer, J., Kempa, M., Shearing, C., Stenning, P., & Wood, J. (2005). Policing in Canada in the 21st century: Directions for law reform. In D. Cooley (Ed.), Re-imagining policing in Canada (pp. 22–91). University of Toronto Press.
- Hills, A. (2008). The dialectic of police reform in Nigeria. The Journal of Modern African Studies, 46(2), 215–234. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022278X08003200
- Joh, E. E. (2004). The paradox of private policing. The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology (1973-), 95(1), 49–131. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2307/3491382
- Johnston, L. (1999). Private policing in context. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, 7(2), 175–196. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008753326991
- Johnston, L., & Shearing, C. (2003). Governing security: Explorations in policing and justice. Routledge.
- Jones, T. (2003, February). Accountability in the era of pluralized policing. In search of security: an international conference on policing & security. Montréal, Québec, Canada.
- Kempa, M., & Johnston, L. (2005). Challenges and prospects for the development of inclusive plural policing in Britain: overcoming political and conceptual obstacles. The Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 38(2), 181–191. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1375/acri.38.2.181
- Knoetze, D. (2014, March 7). Cops filmed assaulting naked man. Cape Argus. Sekunjalo. https://www.iol.co.za/news/cops-filmed-assaulting-naked-man-1658025
- Lange, B. (2003). Regulatory spaces and interactions: An introduction. Social & Legal Studies, 12(4), 411–423. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0964663903012004001
- Loader, I. (1997). Thinking normatively about private security. Journal of Law and Society, 24(3), 377–394. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6478.1997.tb00003.x
- Loader, I. (1999). Consumer culture and the commodification of policing and security. Sociology, 33(2), 373–392. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/S003803859900022X
- Loader, I. (2000). Plural policing and democratic governance. Social & Legal Studies, 9(3), 323–345. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/096466390000900301
- Loader, I., & White, A. (2017). How can we better align private security with the public interest? Towards a civilizing model of regulation. Regulation & Governance, 11(2), 166–184. Online version. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/rego.12109.
- Lodge, M. (2004). Accountability and transparency in regulation: Critiques, doctrines and instruments. In J. Jordana & D. Levi-Faur (Eds.), The politics of regulation: Institutions and regulatory reforms for the age of governance (pp. 124–144). Edward Elgar.
- Manning, P. (2010). Democratic policing in a changing world. Paradigm Publishers.
- Marenin, O. (2005). Restoring policing systems in conflict torn nations: Process, problems, prospects. Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) Occasional Paper, 7.
- Marenin, O. (2007). Implementing police reforms: The role of the transnational policy community. In A. Goldsmith & J. Sheptycki (Eds.), Crafting transnational policing: Police capacity-building and global policing reform (pp. 177–201). Hart.
- Mills, R. W., & Koliba, C. J. (2015). The challenge of accountability in complex regulatory networks: The case of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. Regulation & Governance, 9(1), 77–91. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/rego.12062
- Newburn, T. (2001). The commodification of policing: Security networks in the Late Modern City. Urban Studies, 38(5–6), 829–848. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/00420980123025
- O’Connor, D., Lippert, R., Greenfield, K., & Boyle, P. (2004). After the “quiet revolution”: The self-regulation of Ontario contract security agencies1. Policing and Society, 14(2), 138–157. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/10439460410001674974
- Ostrom, V. (1987). The political theory of a compound republic: Designing the American experiment. University of Nebraska Press.
- Prenzler, T., & Sarre, R. (2014). Smart regulation for the security industry. In T. Prenzler (Ed.), Professional practice in crime prevention and security management (pp. 175–191). Australian Academic Press.
- Prenzler, T., & Ronken, C. (2001). Models of police oversight: A critique. Policing and Society, 11(2), 151–180. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/10439463.2001.9964860
- Prenzler, T., & Sarre, R. (2012). The evolution of security industry regulation in Australia: A critique. The International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy, 1(1), 38–51. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5204/ijcjsd.v1i1.72
- Punch, M. (2003). Rotten orchards: ‘Pestilence’, police misconduct and system failure. Policing and Society, 13(2), 171–196. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/10439460308026
- Sarre, R. (1998). Accountability and the private sector: Putting accountability of private security under the spotlight. Security Journal, 10(2), 97–102.
- Scott, C. (2000). Accountability in the regulatory state. Journal of Law and Society, 27(1), 38–60. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6478.00146
- Shearing, C., & Stenning, P. (1981). Modern private security: Its growth and implications. In M. Tonry & N. Norris (Eds.), Crime and justice (pp. 193–245). University of Chicago Press.
- Shearing, C., & Wood, J. (2003). Governing security for common goods. International Journal of the Sociology of Law, 31(3), 205–225. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsl.2003.09.005
- Stenning, P. (1995). Introduction. In P. Stenning (Ed.), Accountability for criminal justice: Selected essays (pp. 3–14). Toronto University Press.
- Stenning, P. (2000). Powers and accountability of private police. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, 8(3), 325–352. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008729129953
- Stenning, P. (2009). Governance and accountability in a plural policing environment – The story so far. Policing, 3(1), 22–33. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/police/pan080
- Trubek, D., & Trubek, L. (2007). New governance and legal regulation: Complementarity, rivalry or transformation. (Legal Studies Research Paper Series no. 1047). Madison: University of Wisconsin Law School.
- Walker, N. (2002). Policing and the supranational. Policing and Society, 12(4), 307–321. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/1043946022000005590
- White, A. (2010). The politics of private security: Regulation, reform and re-regulation. Palgrave Macmillan.
- White, A. (2011). The new political economy of private security. Theoretical Criminology, 16(1), 85–101. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1362480611410903
- Wood, J., & Shearing, C. (2007). Imagining security. Willan Publishing.