References
- Allen, R. (1991). Out of jail: The reduction in the use of penal custody for male juveniles 1981–1988. Howard Journal, 30(1), 30–52. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2311.1991.tb00694.x
- Aries, P. (1962). Centuries of childhood: A social history of family life. Random House.
- Arthur, R. (2016). The moral foundations of youth justice. Routledge.
- Bateman, T. (2012). Children in conflict with the law: An overview of trends and developments – 2010/2011. NAYJ.
- Bateman, T. (2014). ‘Where has all the youth crime gone? Youth justice in an age of austerity’ in. Children and Society, 28(5), 416–424. https://doi.org/10.1111/chso.12087
- Bateman, T. (2017). Children in conflict with the law: An overview of trends and developments – 2015/2016. NAYJ.
- Brown, S. (1998). Understanding and listening to youth. Open University Press.
- Carpenter, M. (1851). Reformatory schools: For the children of the perishing and dangerous classes and for juvenile offenders. C. Gilpin.
- Case, S. P. (2018). Youth justice: A critical introduction. Routledge.
- Cohen, S. (1985). Visions of social control. Polity Press.
- Davies, B. (1982). Juvenile justice in confusion. Youth and Policy, 1, 2.
- Diamond, M. (2020). Psychoanalytic organisation theory and identity: A psychosocial framework. Journal of Psychosocial Studies, 13(1), 99–116. https://doi.org/10.1332/147867320X15803493574409
- Erikson, E. (1995). Childhood and Society. Vintage.
- Feld, B. C., & Bishop, D. M. (2011). The oxford handbook of juvenile crime and juvenile justice. OUP.
- Garland, D. (1985). Punishment and welfare: A history of penal strategies. Gower.
- Garland, D. (2014). What is a “history of the present”? On foucault’s genealogies and their critical preconditions”. Punishment & Society, 16(4), 365–384. https://doi.org/10.1177/1462474514541711
- Gelsthorpe, L., & Morris, A. (1994). Juvenile justice 1945–1992. In M. Maguire, R. Morgan, & R. Reiner (Eds.), The oxford handbook of criminology. Clarendon Press.
- Goldson, B. (2000). The new youth justice. Russell House.
- Goldson, B. (2018). Juvenile justice: Past, present and future. Routledge.
- Hall, G. S. (1904). Adolescence: Its psychology and its relations to physiology, anthropology, sociology, sex, crime, religion, and education (Vol. I & II). D. Appleton & Co. Hellenga.
- Hall, S., Critcher, C., Jefferson, T., Clarke, J., & Roberts, B. (1978). Policing the crisis. Macmillan.
- Hendrick, H. (1994). Child welfare: England 1872–1989. Routledge.
- Hopkins-Burke, R. (2016). Young people, crime and justice. Routledge.
- Kelly, L. (2012). Representing and preventing youth crime and disorder: Intended and unintended consequences of targeted youth programmes in England. Youth Justice, 12(2), 101–117. https://doi.org/10.1177/1473225412447160
- Kiefer, C. (1988). The mantle of maturity. State University of New York Press.
- Lammy, D. (2017). The lammy review an independent review into the treatment of, and outcomes for, Black, Asian and minority ethnic individuals in the criminal justice system. HM Government.
- Laub, J., & Sampson, R. (2003). Shared beginnings, delinquent lives. Delinquent boys to age 70. Harvard University Press.
- Lipsky. (2010). Street level bureaucracy (30th Anniversary ed.). Russell Sage Foundation.
- Magarey, S. (1978). The invention of juvenile delinquency in early nineteenth century England. Labour History, xxxiv, 1–27.
- May, M. (1973). Innocence and experience: The evolution of the concept of juvenile delinquency in the mid-nineteenth century. Victorian Studies, xvii, 7–29.
- McAra, L. (2010). Models of youth justice. In D. J. Smith (Ed.), A new response to youth crime. Willan.
- McAra, L. (2017). Youth justice. In A. Liebling, S. Maruna, & L. McAra (Eds.), Oxford handbook of criminology. OUP.
- Ministry of Justice and Youth Justice Board. (2017). Youth justice statistics: 2015 to 2016. MoJ.
- Ministry of Justice and Youth Justice Board. (2018). Youth justice statistics: 2016 to 2017. MoJ.
- Molle, W. (1993). Studies in intercalation research. In W. Müller-Warmuth & R. Schöllhorn (Eds.), Oil refineries and petrochemical industries: Coping with the mid-life crisis. Springer.
- Muncie, J. (1984). The trouble with kids today’: Youth and crime in post-war Britain. Dover.
- Muncie, J. (2008). The ’punitive’ turn in juvenile justice: Cultures of control and rights compliance in Western Europe and the USA. Youth Justice, 8(2), 107–121. https://doi.org/10.1177/1473225408091372
- Phoenix, J. (2016). Against youth justice and governance, for youth penalty. British Journal of Criminology, 56(1), 123–140. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azv031
- Piaget, J. (2002). The language and thought of the child. Routledge.
- Pinchbeck, I., & Hewitt, M. (1973). Children in english society. Routledge.
- Pollock, L. (1983). Forgotten children. Cambridge University Press.
- Poulantzas, N. (1978). Political power and social classes. Verso.
- Radzinowicz, L., & Hood, R. (1986). A history of english criminal law Vol. 5 The emergence of penal policy. London.
- Sampson, R. J., & Laub, J. H. (1993). Crime in the making: Pathways and turning points through life. Harvard University Press.
- Shore, H. (1999). Artful dodgers. Youth and crime in early 19th-century London. The Boydell Press.
- Shore, H. (2011). Reforming the juvenile in nineteenth and early twentieth century England. Prison Service Journal, 197, 4–9.
- Smith, R. (2005). Welfare versus justice – again! Youth Justice, 5(1), 3–16. https://doi.org/10.1177/147322540500500102
- Smith, R. (2014). Youth justice: Ideas, policy, practice (3rd ed). Routledge.
- Smith, R., & Gray, P. (2019). The changing shape of youth justice: Models of practice. Criminology & Criminal Justice, 19(5), 554–571. https://doi.org/10.1177/1748895818781199
- Streeck, W. (2014). How will capitalism end? New Left Review, 87, 35–64.
- Taylor, C. (2016). Review of the youth justice system in England and Wales. Ministry of Justice.
- Vygotsky, L. (2012). Thought and Language. The MIT Press.
- Webster, C., Simpson, D., MacDonald, R., Abbas, A., Cieslik, M., Shildrick, T., & Simpson, M. (2004). Poor transitions: Social exclusion and young adults. Policy Press.