Global mass shootings: comparing the United States against developed and developing countries

References

• Armstrong, P. (2012, December 7). How other countries deal with massacre nightmare. CNN. https://www.cnn.com/2012/12/17/world/world-newtown-shootings-gun-controls/index.html
   Google Scholar
• Becker, M. (2014). Explaining lone wolf target selection in the United States. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 37(11), 959–978. https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2014.952261
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Capellan, J. A. (2015). Lone wolf terrorist or deranged shooter? A study of ideological active shooter events in the United States, 1970–2014. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 38(6), 395–413. https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2015.1008341
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Capellan, J. A., & Gomez, S. P. (2018). Change and stability in offender, behaviors, and incident-level characteristics of mass public shootings in the United States, 1984–2015. Journal of Investigative Psychology of Offender Profiles, 15(1), 51–72. https://doi.org/10.1002/jip.1491
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Capellan, J. A., & Silva, J. R. (2021). An investigation of mass public shooting attacks against government targets in the United States. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 44(5), 387–409. https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2018.1551294
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duwe, G. (2020). Patterns and prevalence of lethal mass violence. Criminology & Public Policy, 19(1), 17–35. https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9133.12478
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dvorak, P. (2015, July 2). At the Navy Yard, our collective fear of mass shootings is on display again. Washington Post. http://wapo.st/1LFYUlp?tid
   Google Scholar
• Federal Bureau of Investigation. (2021). Active shooter incidents 20-year review, 2000-2019. US Department of Justice.
   Google Scholar
• Fernandez, E., Callen, A., Johnson, S. L., Gaspar, C., Kulhanek, C., & Jose-Bueno, C. (2020). Prevalence, elicitors, and expression of anger in 21st century mass shootings. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 55(6), 101483. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2020.101483
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freilich, J. D., Chermak, S. M., Belli, R., Gruenewald, J., & Parkin, W. S. (2014). Introducing the United States Extremist Crime Database (ECDB). Terrorism and Political Violence, 26(2), 372–384. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2012.713229
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freilich, J. D., Chermak, S. M., Connell, N. M., Klein, B. R., & Greene-Colozzi, E. A. (2021). Using open-source data to better understand and respond to American school shootings: Introducing and exploring the American school shooting study (TASSS). Journal of School Violence, 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1080/15388220.2021.1991804
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fridel, E. E. (2021). Comparing the impact of household gun ownership and concealed carry legislation on the frequency of mass shootings and firearms homicide. Justice Quarterly, 38(5), 892–915. https://doi.org/10.1080/07418825.2020.1789693
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green, D. A. (2008). When children kill children: Penal populism and political culture. Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Greene-Colozzi, E. A., Freilich, J. D., & Chermak, S. M. (2021). Developing open-source databases from online sources to study online and offline phenomena. In A. Lavorgna & T. J. Holt (Eds.), Researching Cybercrimes (pp. 169–190). Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Greene-Colozzi, E. A., & Silva, J. R. (2020). Contextualizing firearms in mass shooting incidents: A study of guns, regulations, and outcomes. Justice Quarterly, 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1080/07418825.2020.1818805
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grinshteyn, E., & Hemenway, D. (2019). Violent death rates in the US compared to those of the other high-income countries, 2015. Preventive Medicine, 123(6), 20–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2019.02.026
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamm, M. S., & Spaaij, R. (2017). The age of lone wolf terrorism. Columbia University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hawdon, J., Oksanen, A., & Räsänen, P. (2012). Media coverage and solidarity after tragedies. Comparative Sociology, 11(6), 845–874. https://doi.org/10.1163/15691330-12341248
   Google Scholar
• Huff‐Corzine, L., & Corzine, J. (2020). The devil’s in the details: Measuring mass violence. Criminology & Public Policy, 19(1), 317–333. https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9133.12482
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Human Rights Watch. (2004). Russia: Systematic ‘hazing’ a serious abuse.
   Google Scholar
• International Migration Report. (2017). International migration report, 2017. United Nations.
   Google Scholar
• Kessler, G. (2018, September 5). Does the US lead the world in mass shootings? Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2018/09/05/does-us-lead-world-mass-shootings/
   Google Scholar
• Kim, J. Y., Kim, J. B., & Park, S. (2019). Military hazing and suicidal ideation among active duty military personnel: Serial mediation effects of anger and depressive symptoms. Journal of Affective Disorders, 256(1), 79–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2019.05.060
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krouse, W. J., & Richardson, D. J. (2015). Mass murder with firearms: Incidents and victims, 1999–2013. Congressional Research Service.
   Google Scholar
• LaFree, G., Jensen, M. A., James, P. A., & Safer‐Lichtenstein, A. (2018). Correlates of violent political extremism in the United States. Criminology, 56(2), 233–268. https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9125.12169
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langman, P. (2017). Role models, contagions, and copycats: An exploration of the influence of prior killers on subsequent attacks. https://schoolshooters.info
   Google Scholar
• Lankford, A. (2016a). Are America’s public mass shooters unique? A comparative analysis of offenders in the United States and other countries. International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice, 40(2), 171–183. https://doi.org/10.1080/01924036.2015.1105144
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lankford, A. (2016b). Fame-seeking rampage shooters: Initial findings and empirical predictions. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 27(2), 122–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2016.02.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lankford, A. (2016c). Public mass shooters and firearms: A cross-national study of 171 countries. Violence and Victims, 31(2), 187–199. https://doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.VV-D-15-00093
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lankford, A. (2019). Confirmation that the United States has six times its global share of public mass shooters, courtesy of Lott and Moody’s data. Econ Journal Watch, 16(1), 69–83. https://econjwatch.org/File+download/1105/LankfordMar2019.pdf?mimetype=pdf
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lankford, A. (2020). The importance of analyzing public mass shooters separately from other attackers when estimating the prevalence of their behavior worldwide. Econ Journal Watch, 17(1), 40–55. https://econjwatch.org/File+download/1145/LankfordMar2020.pdf?mimetype=pdf
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lankford, A., & Madfis, E. (2018). Don’t name them, don’t show them, but report everything else: A pragmatic proposal for denying mass killers the attention they seek and deterring future offenders. American Behavioral Scientist, 62(2), 260–279. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764217730854
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lankford, A., & Silver, J. (2020). Why have public mass shootings become more deadly? Criminology & Public Policy, 19(1), 37–60. https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9133.12472
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larkin, R. (2009). The Columbine legacy: Rampage shootings as political acts. American Behavioral Scientist, 52(9), 1309–1326. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764209332548
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lemieux, F. (2014). Effect of gun culture and firearm laws on gun violence and mass shootings in the United States: A multi-level quantitative analysis. International Journal of Criminal Justice Sciences, 9(1), 74–93. https://www.sascv.org/ijcjs/pdfs/Lemieuxijcjs2014vol9issue1.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Lemieux, F., Bricknell, S., & Prenzler, T. (2015). Mass shootings in Australia and the United States, 1981-2013. Journal of Criminological Research, Policy and Practice, 1(3), 131–142. https://doi.org/10.1108/JCRPP-05-2015-0013
   Google Scholar
• Light, M. T., & Miller, T. (2018). Does undocumented immigration increase violent crime? Criminology, 56(2), 370–401. https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9125.12175
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lott, J. R. (2018, August 30). America doesn’t actually lead the world in mass shootings. New York Post. https://nypost.com/2018/08/30/america-doesnt-actually-lead-the-world-in-mass-shootings/
   Google Scholar
• Lott, J. R., & Moody, C. E. (2019). Is the United States an outlier in public mass shootings? A comment on Adam Lankford. Econ Journal Watch, 16(1), 37–68. https://econjwatch.org/File+download/1106/LottMoodyMar2019.pdf?mimetype=pdf
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lott, J. R., & Moody, C. E. (2020). Brought into the open: How the US compares to other countries in the rate of public mass shooters. Econ Journal Watch, 17(1), 28–39. https://econjwatch.org/File+download/1146/LottMoodyMar2020.pdf?mimetype=pdf
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maklak, A. (2015). Dedovshchina on trial. Some evidence concerning the last Soviet generation of “sons” and “grandfathers.” Nationalities Papers, 43(5), 682–699. https://doi.org/10.1080/00905992.2015.1048676
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mullen, P. (2004). The autogenic (self-generated) massacre. Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 22(3), 311–323. https://doi.org/10.1002/bsl.564
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Neill, J. P., Miller, J. J., & Waters, J. R. (2016). Active shooter: Recommendations and analysis for risk mitigation. New York City Police Department.
   Google Scholar
• Osborne, J. R., & Capellan, J. A. (2017). Examining active shooter events through the rational choice perspective and crime script analysis. Security Journal, 30(3), 880–902. https://doi.org/10.1057/sj.2015.12
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parkin, W. S., & Freilich, J. D. (2015). Routine activities and right-wing extremists: An empirical comparison of the victims of ideologically-and non-ideologically-motivated homicides committed by American far-rightists. Terrorism and Political Violence, 27(1), 182–203. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2014.975649
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parkin, W. S., & Gruenewald, J. (2017). Open-source data and the study of homicide. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 32(18), 2693–2723. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260515596145
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterson, J. K., & Densley, J. A. (2019). The violence project database of mass shootings in the United States, 1966–2019. The Violence Project.
   Google Scholar
• Schildkraut, J., & Carr, C. M. (2019). Mass shootings, legislative responses, and public policy: An endless cycle of inaction. Emory Law Journal, 69(5), 1043–1076. https://scholarlycommons.law.emory.edu/elj/vol69/iss5/4
   Google Scholar
• Schildkraut, J., & Dohman, B. G. (2019). Commander-or comforter-in-chief?: Examining presidential rhetoric in the wake of mass shootings. In S. Daly (Ed.), Assessing and averting the prevalence of mass violence (pp. 154–193). IGI Global.
   Google Scholar
• Schildkraut, J., & Elsass, H. J. (2016). Mass shootings: Media, myths, and realities. Praeger.
   Google Scholar
• Silva, J. R. (2021a). Mass shooting outcomes: A comparison of completed, attempted, failed, and foiled incidents in America. Deviant Behavior, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/01639625.2021.1991248
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silva, J. R. (2021b). Police victimized by firearms during mass shootings, 1966-2019. Journal of Threat Assessment and Management, 8(1–2), 48–64. https://doi.org/10.1037/tam0000161
   Google Scholar
• Silva, J. R., & Capellan, J. A. (2019). The media’s coverage of mass public shootings in America: Fifty years of newsworthiness. International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice, 43(1), 77–97. https://doi.org/10.1080/01924036.2018.1437458
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silva, J. R., Capellan, J. A., Schmuhl, M., & Mills, C. E. (2021). Gender-based mass shootings: An examination of attacks motivated by grievances against women. Violence against Women, 27(12–13), 2163–2186. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801220981154
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silva, J. R., & Greene-Colozzi, E. A. (2019a). Deconstructing an epidemic: Determining the frequency of mass gun violence. In S. Daly (Ed.), Assessing and averting the prevalence of mass violence (pp. 39–67). IGI Global.
   Google Scholar
• Silva, J. R., & Greene-Colozzi, E. A. (2019b). Fame-seeking mass shooters in America: Severity, characteristics, and media coverage. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 48(5), 24–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2019.07.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silva, J. R., & Greene-Colozzi, E. A. (2021). An exploratory study of failed mass shootings in America. Security Journal, 1–33. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41284-020-00281-z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Small Arms Survey. (2018). Annual report 2018. http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/fileadmin/docs/M-files/SAS-Annual-Report-2018.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Stöckl, H., Devries, K., Rotstein, A., Abrahams, N., Campbell, J., Watts, C., & Moreno, C. G. (2013). The global prevalence of intimate partner homicide: A systematic review. The Lancet, 382(9895), 859–865. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61030-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• United Nations. (2019). World economic situation and prospects.
   Google Scholar
• Valasik, M., & Phillips, M. (2017). Understanding modern terror and insurgency through the lens of street gangs: ISIS as a case study. Journal of Criminological Research, Policy and Practice, 3(3), 192–207. https://doi.org/10.1108/JCRPP-07-2016-0014
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeoli, A. M., & Paruk, J. K. (2020). Potential to prevent mass shootings through domestic violence firearm restrictions. Criminology & Public Policy, 19(1), 129–145. https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9133.12475
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar