Promoting coalescence of droplets in oil subjected to pulsed electric fields: changing and matching optimal electric field intensity and frequency for demulsification

References

• Eow, J. S.; Ghadiri, M. Electrostatic Enhancement of Coalescence of Water Droplets in Oil: A Review of the Technology. Chem. Eng. J. 2002, 85, 357–368. doi: 10.1016/S1385-8947(01)00250-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohammed, R. A.; Bailey, A. I.; Luckham, P. F.; Taylor, S. E. Dewatering of Crude Oil Emulsions: Emulsion Resolution by Chemical Means. Colloids Surf. A: Physicochem. Eng. Aspects 1994, 83, 261–271. doi: 10.1016/0927-7757(93)02706-K
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lissant, K. J. Demulsification: Industrial Applications; Marcel Dekker: New York, 1983.
   Google Scholar
• Yang, D.; Xu, M.; He, L.; Luo, X.; Lü, Y.; Yan, H.; Tian, C. The Influence and Optimisation of Electrical Parameters for Enhanced Coalescence under Pulsed DC Electric Field in a Cylindrical Electrostatic Coalescer. Chem. Eng. Sci. 2015, 138, 71–85. doi: 10.1016/j.ces.2015.07.049
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Less, S.; Hannisdal, A.; Sjöblom, J. Dehydration Efficiency of Water-in-Crude Oil Emulsions in Alternating Current Electrical Fields. J. Disp. Sci. Technol. 2010, 31, 265–272. doi: 10.1080/01932690903123734
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, Q.; Chen, J.; Meng, L.; Pan, Z.; Wang, K. Investigation of Water Separation from Water-in-Oil Emulsion Using High Frequency Pulsed AC Electric Field by New Equipment. J. Disp. Sci. Technol. 2015, 36, 918–923. doi: 10.1080/01932691.2014.941859
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, C.-M.; Sams, G. W.; Wagner, J. P. Power Consumption Measurements for AC and Pulsed DC for Electrostatic Coalescence of Water-in-Oil Emulsions. J. Electrostat. 2001, 53, 1–24. doi: 10.1016/S0304-3886(01)00029-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, Y.; Liu, Y.; Ji, R.; Cai, B.; Li, H.; Wang, F. Dehydration Efficiency of Water-in-Model Oil Emulsions in High Frequency Pulsed DC Electrical Field: Effect of Physical and Chemical Properties of the Emulsions. J. Disp. Sci. Technol. 2012, 33, 1574–1581. doi: 10.1080/01932691.2011.625227
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mousavi, S. H.; Ghadiri, M.; Buckley, M. Electro-Coalescence of Water Drops in Oils under Pulsatile Electric Fields. Chem. Eng. Sci. 2014, 120, 130–142. doi: 10.1016/j.ces.2014.08.055
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo, C.; He, L. Coalescence Behaviour of Two Large Water-Drops in Viscous Oil under a DC Electric Field. J. Electrostat. 2014, 72, 470–476. doi: 10.1016/j.elstat.2014.09.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, J.; Kang, Y. Demulsification of Dilute O/W Emulsion by DC Electric Field. Pet. Sci. Technol. 2018, 0, 1–7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang, R. Y. Aviation Oil Dehydration; Beijing: Research Department of Air Force Oil, 1986.
   Google Scholar
• Eow, J. S.; Ghadiri, M.; Sharif, A. O.; Williams, T. J. Electrostatic Enhancement of Coalescence of Water Droplets in Oil: A Review of the Current Understanding. Chemical Engineering Journal 2001, 84, 173–192. doi: 10.1016/S1385-8947(00)00386-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, J.; Dong, S.; Gan, Q. Dynamic Model of Liquid Droplets of Water-in-Oil Emulsions with High-Frequency Pulsating Electrical Field. J. Chem. Ind. Eng. 2007, 58, 875–880.
   Google Scholar
• Gong, H. F.; Peng, Y. Effect of Oil Viscidity on Optimal Demulsion Frequency in Pulse Electric Field. Acta Pet. Sin. 2013, 29, 168–173.
   Google Scholar
• Gong, H.; Peng, Y.; Shang, H.; Yang, Z.; Zhang, X. Non-Linear Vibration of a Water Drop Subjected to High-Voltage Pulsed Electric Field in Oil: Estimation of Stretching Deformation and Resonance Frequency. Chem. Eng. Sci. 2015, 128, 21–27. doi: 10.1016/j.ces.2015.01.063
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eow, J. S.; Ghadiri, M.; Sharif, A. Experimental Studies of Deformation and Break-up of Aqueous Drops in High Electric Fields. Colloids Surf. A: Physicochem. Eng. Aspects 2003, 225, 193–210. doi: 10.1016/S0927-7757(03)00330-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor, S. E. Theory and Practice of Electrically-Enhanced Phase Separation of Water-in-Oil Emulsions. Chem. Eng. Res. Design 1996, 74, 526–540.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Midtgård, O.-M. Electrostatic Field Theory and Circuit Analysis in the Design of Coalescers with Pulsed Dc Voltage. Chem. Eng. J. 2009, 151, 168–175. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2009.02.014
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vivacqua, V.; Mhatre, S.; Ghadiri, M.; Abdullah, A. M.; Hassanpour, A.; Al-Marri, M. J.; Azzopardi, B.; Hewakandamby, B.; Kermani, B. Electrocoalescence of Water Drop Trains in Oil Underconstant and Pulsatile Electric Fields. Chem. Eng. Res. Design 2015, 104, 658–668. doi: 10.1016/j.cherd.2015.10.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eow, J. S.; Ghadiri, M.; Sharif, A. O. Electro-Hydrodynamic Separation of Aqueous Drops from Flowing Viscous Oil. J. Pet. Sci. Eng. 2007, 55, 146–155. doi: 10.1016/j.petrol.2006.04.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, Y.; Liu, Y.; Ji, R. Dehydration Efficiency of High-Frequency Pulsed DC Electrical Fields on Water-in-Oil Emulsion. Colloids Surf. A: Physicochem. Eng. Aspects 2011, 373, 130–137. doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2010.10.043
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, Y.; Liu, Y.; Ji, R.; Wang, F.; Cai, B.; Li, H. Application of Variable Frequency Technique on Electrical Dehydration of Water-in-Oil Emulsion. Colloids Surf. A: Physicochem. Eng. Aspects 2011, 386, 185–190. doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2011.07.010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peng, Y.; Liu, T.; Gong, H.; Wang, J.; Zhang, X. Effect of Pulsed Electric Field with Variable Frequency on Coalescence of Drops in Oil. RSC Adv. 2015, 5, 31318–31323. doi: 10.1039/C5RA01357G
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eow, J. S.; Ghadiri, M. Drop–Drop Coalescence in an Electric Field: The Effects of Applied Electric Field and Electrode Geometry. Colloids Surf. A: Physicochem. Eng. Aspects 2003, 219, 253–279. doi: 10.1016/S0927-7757(03)00051-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ren, Y. J. Numerical Analysis and Its MATLAB Implementation; Beijing: China Higher Education Press, 2007.
   Google Scholar
• Zhu, Y. Q. Analysis of Nonlinear Vibrations; Beijing: Beijing Institute of Technology Press, 1996.
   Google Scholar
• Taylor, G. Disintegration of Water Drops in an Electric Field. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. 1964, 280, 383–397. doi: 10.1098/rspa.1964.0151
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atten, P. Electrocoalescence of Water Droplets in an Insulating Liquid. J. Electrostat. 1993, 30, 259–269. doi: 10.1016/0304-3886(93)90080-Q
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gong, H.; Yaqing, T. U.; Song, S.; Peng, Y. Steady Deformation Mechanics Model of Latex Particle in Emulsion under Electric Field. Acta Pet. Sin. 2010, 26, 600–604.
   Google Scholar