References
- Tochi, B. N.; Wang, Z.; Xu, S. Y.; Zhang, W. Therapeutic Application of Pineapple Protease (Bromelain): a Review. Pak. J. Nutr. 2008, 7, 513–520.
- Pavan, R.; Jain, S.; Shraddha; Kumar, A. Properties and Therapeutic Application of Bromelain: A Review. Biomed. Res. Int. 2012, 2012, 1–6.
- Jaji, K.; Man, N.; Nawi, N. Factors Affecting Pineapple Market Supply in Johor, Malaysia. Int. Food Res. J 2018, 25, 366–375.
- Musa, Z. Pineapple Board to Set up New Production Hub to Help Increase Exports. The Star, February 20, 2013. https://www.thestar.com.my/news/community/2013/02/20/pineapple-board-to-set-up-new-production-hub-to-help-increase-exports (accessed Sep 19, 2019).
- Gil, S. L.; Maupoey, F. P. An Integrated Approach for Pineapple Waste Valorisation. Bioethanol Production and Bromelain Extraction from Pineapple Residues. J. Clean. Prod 2018, 172, 1224–1231.
- Spir, L. G.; Ataide, J. A.; De Lencastre Novaes, L. C.; Moriel, P.; Mazzola, P. G.; De Borba Gurpilhares, D.; Silveira, E.; Pessoa, A.; Jr.;.; Tambourgi, E. B. Application of an Aqueous Two-Phase Micellar System to Extract Bromelain from Pineapple (Ananas Comosus) Peel Waste and Analysis of Bromelain Stability in Cosmetic Formulations. Biotechnol. Prog. 2015, 31, 937–945. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/btpr.2098.
- Ketnawa, S.; Chaiwut, P.; Rawdkuen, S. Pineapple Wastes: A Potential Source for Bromelain Extraction. Food Bioprod. Process. 2012, 90, 385–391. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbp.2011.12.006.
- Li, T.; Shen, P.; Liu, W.; Liu, C.; Liang, R.; Yan, N.; Chen, J. Major Polyphenolics in Pineapple Peels and Their Antioxidant Interactions. Int. J. Food Prop. 2014, 17, 1805–1817. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10942912.2012.732168.
- Yahya, N. A.; Abdul Wahab, R.; Abdul Hamid, M.; Mahat, N. A.; Mohamed Huri, M. A.; Attan, N.; Hashim, S. E. Stastical Optimization and Characterization of Acoustically Extracted Ananas Comosus Peel Powder with Enhanced Antioxidant Capacity. Jurnal Teknologi 2020, 82, 1–10.
- Chondrogianni, N.; Kapeta, S.; Chinou, I.; Vassilatou, K.; Papassideri, I.; Gonos, E. S. Anti-Ageing and Rejuvenating Effects of Quercetin. Exp. Gerontol. 2010, 45, 763–771. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exger.2010.07.001.
- Zillich, O. V.; Schweiggert‐Weisz, U.; Eisner, P.; Kerscher, M. Polyphenols as Active Ingredients for Cosmetic Products. Int. J. Cosmet. Sci. 2015, 37, 455–464. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/ics.12218.
- Yahya, N. A.; Attan, N.; Wahab, R. A. An Overview of Cosmeceutically Relevant Plant Extracts and Strategies for Extraction of Plant-Based Bioactive Compounds. Food Bioprod. Process. 2018, 112, 69–85. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbp.2018.09.002.
- Munin, A.; Edwards-Levy, F. Encapsulation of Natural Polyphenolic Compounds: A Review. Pharmaceutics 2011, 3, 793–829. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics3040793.
- Rodrigues, F.; Nunes, MAdM.; Oliveira, M. B. P. P. Chapter 12 - Applications of Recovered Bioactive Compounds in Cosmetics and Health Care Products. In: Olive Mill Waste; Galanakis, C.M., Ed.; Academic Press: Cambridge, Massachusetts, 2017; 255–274
- Rai, V. K.; Mishra, N.; Yadav, K. S.; Yadav, N. P. Nanoemulsion as Pharmaceutical Carrier for Dermal and Transdermal Drug Delivery: Formulation Development, Stability Issues, Basic Considerations and Applications. J. Control Release 2018, 270, 203–225. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.11.049.
- Chong, W.-T.; Tan, C.-P.; Cheah, Y.-K.; B Lajis, A. F.; Habi Mat Dian, N. L.; Kanagaratnam, S.; Lai, O.-M. Optimization of Process Parameters in Preparation of Tocotrienol-Rich Red Palm Oil-Based Nanoemulsion Stabilized by Tween80-Span 80 Using Response Surface Methodology. PLoS One. 2018, 13, e0202771 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202771.
- Sulaiman, I. S. C.; Basri, M.; Masoumi, H. R. F.; Ashari, S. E.; Ismail, M. Design and Development of a Nanoemulsion System Containing Extract of Clinacanthus Nutans (L.) Leaves for Transdermal Delivery System by D-Optimal Mixture Design and Evaluation of Its Physicochemical Properties. RSC Adv. 2016, 6, 67378–67388.
- Sutradhar, K. B.; Amin, M. L. Nanoemulsions: increasing Possibilities in Drug Delivery. Eur. J. Nanomed. 2013, 5, 97–110.
- Borhan, F. P.; Abd Gani, S. S.; Shamsuddin, R. The Use of D-Optimal Mixture Design in Optimising Okara Soap Formulation for Stratum Corneum Application. Sci. World J. 2014, 2014, 173979.
- Djuris, J.; Vasiljevic, D.; Jokic, S.; Ibric, S. Application of D-Optimal Experimental Design Method to Optimize the Formulation of O/W Cosmetic Emulsions. Int. J. Cosmet. Sci. 2014, 36, 79–87. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/ics.12099.
- Yukuyama, M. N.; Ghisleni, D. D.; Pinto, T. J.; Bou-Chacra, N. A. Nanoemulsion: process Selection and Application in cosmetics-a review. Int. J. Cosmet. Sci. 2016, 38, 13–24. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/ics.12260.
- Samson, S.; Basri, M.; Fard Masoumi, H. R.; Abedi Karjiban, R.; Abdul Malek, E. Design and Development of a Nanoemulsion System Containing Copper Peptide by D-Optimal Mixture Design and Evaluation of Its Physicochemical Properties. RSC Adv. 2016, 6, 17845–17856.
- Kamairudin, N.; Gani, S. S. A.; Masoumi, H. R. F.; Hashim, P. Optimization of Natural Lipstick Formulation Based on Pitaya (Hylocereus Polyrhizus) Seed Oil Using D-Optimal Mixture Experimental Design. Molecules 2014, 19, 16672–16683. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules191016672.
- Pudziuvelyte, L.; Marksa, M.; Jakstas, V.; Ivanauskas, L.; Kopustinskiene, D. M.; Bernatoniene, J. Microencapsulation of Elsholtzia Ciliata Herb Ethanolic Extract by Spray-Drying: Impact of Resistant-Maltodextrin Complemented with Sodium Caseinate, Skim Milk, and Beta-Cyclodextrin on the Quality of Spray-Dried Powders. Molecules 2019, 24, 1461. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24081461.
- Masoumi, H. R.; Basri, M.; Samiun, W. S.; Izadiyan, Z.; Lim, C. J. Enhancement of Encapsulation Efficiency of Nanoemulsion-Containing Aripiprazole for the Treatment of Schizophrenia Using Mixture Experimental Design. Int. J. Nanomedicine 2015, 10, 6469–6476.
- Jiménez, M.; Domínguez, J. A.; Pascual-Pineda, L. A.; Azuara, E.; Beristain, C. I. Elaboration and Characterization of O/W Cinnamon (Cinnamomum Zeylanicum) and Black Pepper (Piper Nigrum) Emulsions. Food Hydrocoll. 2018, 77, 902–910. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2017.11.037.
- Branco, I. G.; Sen, K.; Rinaldi, C. Effect of Sodium Alginate and Different Types of Oil on the Physical Properties of Ultrasound-Assisted Nanoemulsions. Chemical Engineering and Processing - Process Intensification 2020, 153, 107942.
- Da Costa, S.; Basri, M.; Shamsudin, N.; Basri, H. Stability of Positively Charged Nanoemulsion Formulation Containing Steroidal Drug for Effective Transdermal Application. J. Chem. 2014, 2014, 1–8.
- Siddiqui, A.; Hakim, M.; A. Format for the Pharmacopoeial Analytical Standards of Compound Formulation. In Workshop on Standardization of Unani Drugs,(Appendix); Central Council for Research in Unani Medicine, Ministry of AYUSH (Ayurveda, Yoga & Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homeopathy): New Delhi, 1995; pp. 24–25
- Costa, A.; Siqueira Talarico, A.; Parra Duarte, C. d O.; Silva Pereira, C.; de Souza Weimann, E. T.; Sabino de Matos, L.; Della Coletta, L. C.; Fidelis, M. C.; Tannous, T. S.; Vasconcellos, C. Evaluation of the Quantitative and Qualitative Alterations in the Fatty Acid Contents of the Sebum of Patients with Inflammatory Acne during Treatment with Systemic Lymecycline and/or Oral Fatty Acid Supplementation. Dermatol. Res. Pract. 2013, 2013, 120475–120414.
- Casanova, F.; Santos, L. Encapsulation of Cosmetic Active Ingredients for Topical Application-a Review. J. Microencapsul. 2016, 33, 1–17. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3109/02652048.2015.1115900.
- Paraskevopoulou, A. Stabilization of Olive Oil - Lemon Juice Emulsion with Polysaccharides. Food Chem. 2005, 90, 627–634. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2004.04.023.
- Carpenter, J.; Saharan, V. K. Ultrasonic Assisted Formation and Stability of Mustard Oil in Water Nanoemulsion: Effect of Process Parameters and Their Optimization. Ultrason. Sonochem. 2017, 35, 422–430.
- Sharma, N.; Bansal, M.; Visht, S.; Sharma, P. K.; Kulkarni, G. T. Nanoemulsion: A New Concept of Delivery System. Chron. Young Sci. 2010, 1, 2–6.
- Sivakumar, M.; Tang, S. Y.; Tan, K. W. Cavitation Technology - a Greener Processing Technique for the Generation of Pharmaceutical Nanoemulsions. Ultrason. Sonochem. 2014, 21, 2069–2083. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2014.03.025.
- Sugumar, S.; Ghosh, V.; Nirmala, M. J.; Mukherjee, A.; Chandrasekaran, N. Ultrasonic Emulsification of Eucalyptus Oil Nanoemulsion: antibacterial Activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Wound Healing Activity in Wistar Rats. Ultrason. Sonochem. 2014, 21, 1044–1049. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2013.10.021.
- Azeem, A.; Rizwan, M.; Ahmad, F. J.; Iqbal, Z.; Khar, R. K.; Aqil, M.; Talegaonkar, S. Nanoemulsion Components Screening and Selection: A Technical Note. AAPS PharmSciTech. 2009, 10, 69–76. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1208/s12249-008-9178-x.
- Löf, D.; Schillén, K.; Nilsson, L. Flavonoids: Precipitation Kinetics and Interaction with Surfactant Micelles. J. Food Sci. 2011, 76, N35–N39. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-3841.2011.02103.x.
- Ribeiro, M. E. N. P.; Vieira, Í. G. P.; Cavalcante, I. M.; Ricardo, N. M. P. S.; Attwood, D.; Yeates, S. G.; Booth, C. Solubilisation of Griseofulvin, Quercetin and Rutin in Micellar Formulations of Triblock Copolymers E62P39E62 and E137S18E137. Int. J. Pharm. 2009, 378, 211–214. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2009.05.047.
- Nipornram, S.; Tochampa, W.; Rattanatraiwong, P.; Singanusong, R. Optimization of Low Power Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Mandarin (Citrus Reticulata Blanco cv. Sainampueng) Peel. Food Chem. 2018, 241, 338–345. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.08.114.
- Chen, S.; Zeng, Z.; Hu, N.; Bai, B.; Wang, H.; Suo, Y. Simultaneous Optimization of the Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction for Phenolic Compounds Content and Antioxidant Activity of Lycium Ruthenicum Murr. fruit Using Response Surface Methodology. Food Chem. 2018, 242, 1–8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.08.105.
- Saberi, A. H.; Fang, Y.; McClements, D. J. Fabrication of Vitamin E-Enriched Nanoemulsions: factors Affecting Particle Size Using Spontaneous Emulsification. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2013, 391, 95–102.
- Wang, L.; Dong, J.; Chen, J.; Eastoe, J.; Li, X. Design and Optimization of a New Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2009, 330, 443–448. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2008.10.077.
- Nejadmansouri, M.; Hosseini, S. M. H.; Niakosari, M.; Yousefi, G. H.; Golmakani, M. T. Physicochemical Properties and Oxidative Stability of Fish Oil Nanoemulsions as Affected by Hydrophilic Lipophilic Balance, Surfactant to Oil Ratio and Storage Temperature. Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp. 2016, 506, 821–832. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2016.07.075.
- Ren, J.-N.; Dong, M.; Hou, Y.-Y.; Fan, G.; Pan, S.-Y. Effect of Olive Oil on the Preparation of Nanoemulsions and Its Effect on Aroma Release. J. Food Sci. Technol. 2018, 55, 4223–4231. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-018-3358-9.
- Dias, DdO.; Colombo, M.; Kelmann, R. G.; Kaiser, S.; Lucca, L. G.; Teixeira, H. F.; Limberger, R. P.; Veiga, V. F.; Koester, L. S. Optimization of Copaiba Oil-Based Nanoemulsions Obtained by Different Preparation Methods. Ind. Crops Prod. 2014, 59, 154–162. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2014.05.007.
- Tang, S. Y.; Manickam, S.; Wei, T. K.; Nashiru, B. Formulation Development and Optimization of a Novel Cremophore EL-Based Nanoemulsion Using Ultrasound Cavitation. Ultrason. Sonochem. 2012, 19, 330–345. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2011.07.001.
- Davidov-Pardo, G.; McClements, D. J. Nutraceutical Delivery Systems: Resveratrol Encapsulation in Grape Seed Oil Nanoemulsions Formed by Spontaneous Emulsification. Food Chem. 2015, 167, 205–212. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.06.082.
- Yeom, D. W.; Song, Y. S.; Kim, S. R.; Lee, S. G.; Kang, M. H.; Lee, S.; Choi, Y. W. Development and Optimization of a Self-Microemulsifying Drug Delivery System for Atorvastatin Calcium by Using D-Optimal Mixture Design. Int. J. Nanomedicine. 2015, 10, 3865–3877. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S83520.
- Thatai, P.; Sapra, B. Transungual Gel of Terbinafine Hydrochloride for the Management of Onychomycosis: Formulation, Optimization, and Evaluation. AAPS PharmSciTech. 2017, 18, 2316–2328. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1208/s12249-017-0711-7.
- Ribeiro, R. C.; Barreto, S. M.; Ostrosky, E. A.; da Rocha-Filho, P. A.; Verissimo, L. M.; Ferrari, M. Production and Characterization of Cosmetic Nanoemulsions Containing Opuntia Ficus-Indica (L.) Mill Extract as Moisturizing Agent. Molecules 2015, 20, 2492–2509. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules20022492.
- Morakul, B.; Teeranachaideekul, V.; Buraphacheep Junyaprasert, V. Niosomal Delivery of Pumpkin Seed Oil: development, Characterisation, and Physical Stability. J. Microencapsul. 2019, 36, 1–10.
- Hong, I. K.; Kim, S. I.; Lee, S. B. Effects of HLB Value on Oil-in-Water Emulsions: Droplet Size, Rheological Behavior, Zeta-Potential, and Creaming Index. J. Ind. Eng. Chem. 2018, 67, 123–131.
- Choudhury, H.; Gorain, B.; Karmakar, S.; Biswas, E.; Dey, G.; Barik, R.; Mandal, M.; Pal, T. K. Improvement of Cellular Uptake, in Vitro Antitumor Activity and Sustained Release Profile with Increased Bioavailability from a Nanoemulsion Platform. Int. J. Pharm. 2014, 460, 131–143. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.10.055.
- Shanmugam, A.; Ashokkumar, M. Ultrasonic Preparation of Stable Flax Seed Oil Emulsions in Dairy Systems – Physicochemical Characterization. Food Hydrocoll. 2014, 39, 151–162. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2014.01.006.
- Mitri, K.; Shegokar, R.; Gohla, S.; Anselmi, C.; Muller, R. H. Lipid Nanocarriers for Dermal Delivery of Lutein: preparation, Characterization, Stability and Performance. Int. J. Pharm. 2011, 414, 267–275. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.05.008.
- Klang, V.; Matsko, N. B.; Valenta, C.; Hofer, F. Electron Microscopy of Nanoemulsions: An Essential Tool for Characterisation and Stability Assessment. Micron 2012, 43, 85–103. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micron.2011.07.014.
- Lu, W.-C.; Huang, D.-W.; Wang, C.-C. R.; Yeh, C.-H.; Tsai, J.-C.; Huang, Y.-T.; Li, P.-H. Preparation, Characterization, and Antimicrobial Activity of Nanoemulsions Incorporating Citral Essential Oil. J. Food Drug Anal. 2018, 26, 82–89.
- Shafiq-Un-Nabi, S.; Shakeel, F.; Talegaonkar, S.; Ali, J.; Baboota, S.; Ahuja, A.; Khar, R. K.; Ali, M. Formulation Development and Optimization Using Nanoemulsion Technique: A Technical Note. AAPS PharmSciTech. 2007, 8, E12–6.
- Espinosa-Andrews, H.; Páez-Hernández, G. Optimization of Ultrasonication Curcumin-Hydroxylated Lecithin Nanoemulsions Using Response Surface Methodology. J Food Sci Technol. 2020, 57, 549–556. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-019-04086-w.
- Mohammed, N. K.; Muhialdin, B. J.; Meor Hussin, A. S. Characterization of Nanoemulsion of Nigella Sativa Oil and Its Application in Ice Cream. Food Sci. Nutr. 2020, 8, 2608–2618. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.1500.
- Rai, V. R.; Bai, J. A. Nanotechnology Applications in the Food Industry; CRC Press: Boca Raton, Florida, 2018.
- Preetz, C.; Hauser, A.; Hause, G.; Kramer, A.; Mäder, K. Application of Atomic Force Microscopy and Ultrasonic Resonator Technology on Nanoscale: Distinction of Nanoemulsions from Nanocapsules. Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 2010, 39, 141–151. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejps.2009.11.009.
- Bernadi, D. S.; Pereira, T. A.; Maciel, N. R.; Bortoloto, J.; Viera, G. S.; Oliveira, G. C.; Rocha-Filho, P. A. Formation and Stability of Oil-in-Water Nanoemulsions Containing Rice Bran Oil: In Vitro and in Vivo Assessments. Nanobiotechnology 2011, 9, 1–9.
- Capitani, R.; Mercúrio, D.; Camargo Júnior, F.; Maia Campos, P. Stability and Clinical Efficacy of Moisturizing Cosmetic Formulations Containing Vitamins C and E. Biomed. Biopharm. Res. 2012, 9, 215–224.
- Mat Hadzir, N.; Basri, M.; Abdul Rahman, M. B.; Salleh, A. B.; Raja Abdul Rahman, R. N.; Basri, H. Phase Behaviour and Formation of Fatty Acid Esters Nanoemulsions Containing Piroxicam. AAPS PharmSciTech 2013, 14, 456–463. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1208/s12249-013-9929-1.
- Noor, N. M. The Effect of Virgin Coconut Oil Loaded Solid Lipid Particles (VCO-SLPs) on Skin Hydration and Skin Elasticity. Jurnal Teknologi 2013, 62, 39–43.
- Chang, Y.; McLandsborough, L.; McClements, D. J. Fabrication, Stability and Efficacy of Dual-Component Antimicrobial Nanoemulsions: Essential Oil (Thyme Oil) and Cationic Surfactant (Lauric Arginate). Food Chem. 2015, 172, 298–304. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.09.081.
- Sriprablom, J.; Luangpituksa, P.; Wongkongkatep, J.; Pongtharangkul, T.; Suphantharika, M. Influence of pH and Ionic Strength on the Physical and Rheological Properties and Stability of Whey Protein Stabilized o/w Emulsions Containing Xanthan Gum. J. Food Eng. 2019, 242, 141–152. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2018.08.031.
- Chung, C.; McClements, D. J.; Chapter 17 - Characterization of Physicochemical Properties of Nanoemulsions: Appearance, Stability, and Rheology. In Nanoemulsions; Jafari, S.M.; McClements, D. J. Eds.; Academic Press: Cambridge, Massachusetts, 2018; 547–576
- McClements, D. J. Food Emulsions: principles, Practices, and Techniques; CRC Press: Boca Raton, Florida, 2015.
- Lukic, M.; Pantelic, I.; Savic, S. Sensory Profiling of Cosmetic Products: Could It Be Easier. Use of Rheology and Textural Analysis. H&PC Today-Household and Personal Care Today 2013, 8, 46–51.