650
Views
3
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Articles

Biosynthesis of ZnO photocatalyst and its application in photo catalytic degradation of methylene blue dyestuff

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon
Pages 2734-2747 | Received 31 Jan 2022, Accepted 11 Sep 2022, Published online: 27 Sep 2022

References

  • Sannino, D.; Vaiano, V.; Sacco, O.; Ciambelli, P. Mathematical Modelling of Photocatalytic Degradation of Methylene Blue under Visible Light Irradiation. J Environ Chem Eng 2013, 1, 56–60. DOI: 10.1016/j.jece.2013.03.003.
  • Ratna; Padhi, B. S. Pollution Due to Synthetic Dyes Toxicity & Carcinogenicity Studies and Remediation. Int J Environ Sci 2012, 3, 940–955. DOI: 10.6088/ijes.2012030133002.
  • Han, F.; Kambala, V. S. R.; Srinivasan, M.; Rajarathnam, D.; Naidu, R. Tailored Titanium Dioxide Photocatalysts for the Degradation of Organic Dyes in Wastewater Treatment: A Review. Appl Catal A Gen 2009, 359, 25–40. [Database] DOI: 10.1016/j.apcata.2009.02.043.
  • Stock, N. L.; Peller, J.; Vinodgopal, K.; Kamat, P. V. Combinative Sonolysis and Photocatalysis for Textile Dye Degradation. Environ. Sci. Technol 2000, 34, 1747–1750. DOI: 10.1021/es991231c.
  • Kislov, N.; Lahiri, J.; Verma, H.; Goswami, D. Y.; Stefanakos, E.; Batzill, M. Photocatalytic Degradation of Methyl Orange over Single Crystalline ZnO: Orientation Dependence of Photoactivity and Photostability of ZnO. Langmuir 2009, 25, 3310–3315. DOI: 10.1021/la803845f.
  • Aminuzzaman, M.; Ying, L. P.; Goh, W. S.; Watanabe, A. Green Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Using Aqueous Extract of Garcinia Mangostana Fruit Pericarp and Their Photocatalytic Activity. Bull Mater Sci 2018, 41, 50. DOI: 10.1007/s12034-018-1568-4.
  • Karthikeyan, C.; Arunachalam, P.; Ramachandran, K.; Al-Mayouf, A. M.; Karuppuchamy, S. Recent Advances in Semiconductor Metal Oxides with Enhanced Methods for Solar Photocatalytic Applications. J Alloys Compd 2020, 828, 154281. DOI: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2020.154281.
  • Mustapha, S.; Ndamitso, M. M.; Abdulkareem, A. S.; Tijani, J. O.; Shuaib, D. T.; Ajala, A. O.; Mohammed, A. K. Application of TiO2 and ZnO Nanoparticles Immobilized on Clay in Wastewater Treatment: A Review. Appl Water Sci 2020, 10, 49. DOI: 10.1007/s13201-019-1138-y.
  • Kahsay, M. H.; Tadesse, A.; Ramadevi, D.; Belachew, N.; Basavaiah, K. Green Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanostructures and Investigation of Their Photocatalytic and Bactericidal Applications. RSC Adv 2019, 9, 36967–36981. DOI: 10.1039/c9ra07630a.
  • Raoufi, D. Synthesis and Microstructural Properties of ZnO Nanoparticles Prepared by Precipitation Method. Renew Energy 2013, 50, 932–937. DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2012.08.076.
  • Ramachandra, A.; Mallika, A. N.; Sowri, K.; Venugopal, K. Hydrothermal Synthesis and Characterization of ZnO Nano Crystals. Int J Mining, Metall Mech Eng 2015, 3, 52–55.
  • Lee, S. D.; Nam, S. H.; Kim, M. H.; Boo, J. H. Synthesis and Photocatalytic Property of ZnO Nanoparticles Prepared by Spray-Pyrolysis Method. Phys Procedia 2012, 32, 320–326. DOI: 10.1016/j.phpro.2012.03.563.
  • Zak, A. K.; Abrishami, M.; E.; Majid, W. H. A.; Yousefi, R.; Hosseini, S. M. Effects of Annealing Temperature on Some Structural and Optical Properties of ZnO Nanoparticles Prepared by a Modified Sol-Gel Combustion Method. Ceram Int 2011, 37, 393–398. DOI: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2010.08.017.
  • Yu, W.; Li, X.; Gao, X. Catalytic Synthesis and Structural Characteristics of High-Quality Tetrapod-Like ZnO Nanocrystals by a Modified Vapor Transport Process. Cryst Growth Des 2005, 5, 151–155. DOI: 10.1021/cg049973r.
  • Anand, V.; Srivastava, V. C. Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Synthesis by Electrochemical Method: Optimization of Parameters for Maximization of Productivity and Characterization. J Alloys Compd 2015, 636, 288–292. DOI: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2015.02.189.
  • Narayanan, K. B.; Sakthivel, N. Biological Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles by Microbes. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2010, 156, 1–13. DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2010.02.001.
  • Aromal, S. A.; Vidhu, V. K.; Philip, D. Green Synthesis of Well-Dispersed Gold Nanoparticles Using Macrotyloma Uniflorum. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2012, 85, 99–104. DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2011.09.035.
  • Mittal, A. K.; Chisti, Y.; Banerjee, U. C. Synthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles Using Plant Extracts. Biotechnol Adv 2013, 31, 346–356. DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2013.01.003.
  • Shamasi, Z.; Es-Haghi, A.; Yazdi, M. E. T.; Amiri, M. S.; Homayouni-Tabrizi, M. Role of Rubia Tinctorum in the Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles and Apoptosis Induction in Breast Cancer Cell Line. Nanomedicine J 2021, 8, 65–72. DOI: 10.22038/nmj.2021.08.07.
  • Chauhan, A. K.; Kataria, N.; Garg, V. K. Green Fabrication of ZnO Nanoparticles Using Eucalyptus Spp. Leaves Extract and Their Application in Wastewater Remediation. Chemosphere 2020, 247, 125803. DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125803.
  • Wang, Z.; Que, B.; Gan, J.; Guo, H.; Chen, Q.; Zheng, L.; Marraiki, N.; Elgorban, A. M.; Zhang, Y. Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Synthesized from Fraxinus Rhynchophylla Extract by Green Route Method Attenuates the Chemical and Heat Induced Neurogenic and Inflammatory Pain Models in Mice. J Photochem Photobiol B 2020, 202, 111668. DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2019.111668.
  • Hoon Seo, K.; Markus, J.; Soshnikova, V.; Oh, K. Y.; Anandapadmanaban, G.; Elizabeth Jimenez Perez, Z.; Mathiyalagan, R.; Kim, Y. J.; Yang, D. C. Facile and Green Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Particles by Stevia Rebaudiana and Its in Vitro Photocatalytic Activity. Inorg Nano-Metal Chem 2019, 49, 1–6. DOI: 10.1080/24701556.2019.1580291.
  • Kumar, B. P.; Arthanareeswari, M.; Devikala, S.; Sridharan, M.; Selvi, J. A.; Malini, T. P. Green Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Using Typha Latifolia. L Leaf Extract for Photocatalytic Applications. Mater Today Proc 2019, 14, 332–337. DOI: 10.1016/j.matpr.2019.04.155.
  • Osuntokun, J.; Onwudiwe, D. C.; Ebenso, E. E. Green Synthesis of ZnO Nanoparticles Using Aqueous Brassica Oleracea L. Var. italica and the Photocatalytic Activity. Green Chem Lett Rev 2019, 12, 444–457. DOI: 10.1080/17518253.2019.1687761.
  • Ali, K.; Dwivedi, S.; Azam, A.; Saquib, Q.; Al-Said, M. S.; Alkhedhairy, A. A.; Musarrat, J. Aloe Vera Extract Functionalized Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles as Nanoantibiotics against Multi-Drug Resistant Clinical Bacterial Isolates. J Colloid Interface Sci 2016, 472, 145–156. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2016.03.021.
  • Raja, A.; Ashokkumar, S.; Pavithra Marthandam, R.; Jayachandiran, J.; Khatiwada, C. P.; Kaviyarasu, K.; Ganapathi Raman, R.; Swaminathan, M. Eco-Friendly Preparation of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Using Tabernaemontana Divaricata and Its Photocatalytic and Antimicrobial Activity. J Photochem Photobiol B 2018, 181, 53–58. DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2018.02.011.
  • Yedurkar, S.; Maurya, C.; Mahanwar, P. Biosynthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Using Ixora Coccinea Leaf Extract—a Green Approach. Open J Synth Theory Appl 2016, 5, 1–14. DOI: 10.4236/ojsta.2016.51001.
  • Raut, S.; Thorat, P. V.; Thakre, R. Green Synthesis of Zinc Oxide (ZnO) Nanoparticles Using Ocimum Tenuiflorum Leaves. Int J Sci Res 2015, 4, 1225–1228.
  • Anbuvannan, M.; Ramesh, M.; Viruthagiri, G.; Shanmugam, N.; Kannadasan, N. Anisochilus Carnosus Leaf Extract Mediated Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles for Antibacterial and Photocatalytic Activities. Mater Sci Semicond Process 2015, 39, 621–628. DOI: 10.1016/j.mssp.2015.06.005.
  • Başer, K. H. C. Enginar (Cynara Scolymus L.). Bağbahçe 2008, 18, 24–25.
  • Pereira, C.; Calhelha, R. C.; Barros, L.; Ferreira, I. C. F. R. Antioxidant Properties, anti-Hepatocellular Carcinoma Activity and Hepatotoxicity of Artichoke, Milk Thistle and Borututu. Ind Crops Prod 2013, 49, 61–65. DOI: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2013.04.032.
  • Pandino, G.; Lombardo, S.; Mauromicale, G.; Williamson, G. Phenolic Acids and Flavonoids in Leaf and Floral Stem of Cultivated and Wild Cynara Cardunculus L. Genotypes. Food Chem 2011, 126, 417–422. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.11.001.
  • Islam, M. A.; Khan, I. ZnO/Ag Composite Nanoparticles for Surface Plasmon Resonance Based Sensor Application in UV-Vis Region. Int J Adv Res Technol 2012, 1, 1–5.
  • Alberti, S.; Basciu, I.; Vocciante, M.; Ferretti, M. Experimental and Physico-Chemical Comparison of ZnO Nanoparticles’ Activity for Photocatalytic Applications in Wastewater Treatment. Catalysts 2021, 11, 678. DOI: 10.3390/catal11060678.
  • Kiani, M. T.; Ramazani, A.; Rahmani, S.; Taghavi Fardood, S. Green Synthesis and Characterisation of Superparamagnetic Cu0.25Zn0.75Fe2O4 Nanoparticles and Investigation of Their Photocatalytic Activity. Int J Environ Anal Chem 2022, 1–17. DOI: 10.1080/03067319.2022.2076219.
  • Taghavi Fardood, S.; Moradnia, F.; Moradi, S.; Forootan, R.; Yekke Zare, F.; Heidari, M. Eco-Friendly Synthesis and Characterization of α-Fe2O3 Nanoparticles and Study of Their Photocatalytic Activity for Degradation of Congo Red Dye. Nanochemistry Res 2019, 4, 140–147. DOI: 10.22036/ncr.2019.02.005.
  • Muhammad, W.; Ullah, N.; Haroon, M.; Abbasi, B. H. Optical, Morphological and Biological Analysis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) Using Papaver Somniferum L. RSC Adv 2019, 9, 29541–29548. DOI: 10.1039/C9RA04424H.
  • Alharthi, M. N.; Ismail, I.; Bellucci, S.; Khdary, N. H.; Abdel Salam, M. Biosynthesis Microwave-Assisted of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles with Ziziphus Jujuba Leaves Extract: Characterization and Photocatalytic Application. Nanomaterials 2021, 11, 1682. DOI: 10.3390/nano11071682.
  • Shen, Y.; Huang, M.; Huang, Y.; Lin, J.; Wu, J. The Synthesis of Bismuth Vanadate Powders and Their Photocatalytic Properties under Visible Light Irradiation. J Alloys Compd 2010, 496, 287–292. DOI: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2010.01.144.
  • Wang, F.-H.; Chang, C.-L. Effect of Substrate Temperature on Transparent Conducting Al and F Co-Doped ZnO Thin Films Prepared by RF Magnetron Sputtering. Appl Surf Sci 2016, 370, 83–91. DOI: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2016.02.161.
  • Sultana, K. A.; Islam, M. T.; Silva, J. A.; Turley, R. S.; Hernandez-Viezcas, J. A.; Gardea-Torresdey, J. L.; Noveron, J. C. Sustainable Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles for Photocatalytic Degradation of Organic Pollutant and Generation of Hydroxyl Radical. J Mol Liq 2020, 307, 112931. DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.112931.
  • Costa, S.; Ferreira, D.; Ferreira, A.; Vaz, F.; Fangueiro, R. Multifunctional Flax Fibres Based on the Combined Effect of Silver and Zinc Oxide. (Ag/ZnO) Nanostructures. Nanomaterials 2018, 8, 1069. DOI: 10.3390/nano8121069.
  • Sahu, S.; Samanta, P. K. Peak Profile Analysis of X-Ray Diffraction Pattern of Zinc Oxide Nanostructure. J Nano- and Electron Phys 2021, 13, 1–4. DOI: 10.21272/jnep.13(5).05001.
  • Ifeanyichukwu, U. L.; Fayemi, O. E.; Ateba, C. N. Green Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles from Pomegranate (Punica Granatum) Extracts and Characterization of Their Antibacterial Activity. Molecules 2020, 25, 4521. DOI: 10.3390/molecules25194521.
  • Alim, K. A.; Fonoberov, V. A.; Shamsa, M.; Balandin, A. A. Micro-Raman Investigation of Optical Phonons in ZnO Nanocrystals. J Appl Phys 2005, 97, 124313. [Database] DOI: 10.1063/1.1944222.
  • Ravichandran, V.; Sumitha, S.; Ning, C. Y.; Xian, O. Y.; Kiew Yu, U.; Paliwal, N.; Shah, S. A. A.; Tripathy, M. Durian Waste Mediated Green Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles and Evaluation of Their Antibacterial, Antioxidant, Cytotoxicity and Photocatalytic Activity. Green Chem Lett Rev 2020, 13, 102–116. DOI: 10.1080/17518253.2020.1738562.
  • Akbarian, M.; Mahjoub, S.; Elahi, S. M.; Zabihi, E.; Tashakkorian, H.; Urtica Dioica, L. Extracts as a Green Catalyst for the Biosynthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles: Characterization and Cytotoxic Effects on Fibroblast and MCF-7 Cell Lines. New J. Chem 2018, 42, 5822–5833. DOI: 10.1039/C8NJ00496J.
  • De, B. S.; Wasewar, K. L.; Dhongde, V. R.; Madan, S. S.; Gomase, A. V. Recovery of Acrylic Acid Using Calcium Peroxide Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Characterisation, Batch Study, Equilibrium, and Kinetics. Chem.Biochem.Eng.Q 2018, 32, 29–39. DOI: 10.15255/CABEQ.2016.1055b.
  • Shah, R.; Eldridge, D.; Palombo, E. Harding, I. Optimisation and Stability Assessment of Solid Lipid Nanoparticles Using Particle Size and Zeta Potential. J Phys Sci 2014, 25, 59–75.
  • Tokay, B. Investigation of Silicalite-1 Synthesis Mechanism from Nanoparticles,. Ph.D. Thesis, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey, 2007.
  • Rafiq, A.; Ikram, M.; Ali, S.; Niaz, F.; Khan, M.; Khan, Q.; Maqbool, M. Photocatalytic Degradation of Dyes Using Semiconductor Photocatalysts to Clean Industrial Water Pollution. J Ind Eng Chem 2021, 97, 111–128. DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2021.02.017.
  • Alkaim, A. F.; Aljeboree, A. M.; Alrazaq, N. A.; Baqir, S. J.; Hussein, F. H.; Lilo, A. J. Effect of pH on Adsorption and Photocatalytic Degradation Efficiency of Different Catalysts on Removal of Methylene Blue. Asian J. Chem 2014, 26, 8445–8448. DOI: 10.14233/ajchem.2014.17908.
  • Soto-Robles, C. A.; Nava, O.; Cornejo, L.; Lugo-Medina, E.; Vilchis-Nestor, A. R.; Castro-Beltrán, A.; Luque P. A.; Biosynthesis. Characterization and Photocatalytic Activity of ZnO Nanoparticles Using Extracts of Justicia Spicigera for the Degradation of Methylene Blue. J Mol Struct 2021, 1225, 129101. DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.129101.
  • Golmohammadi, M.; Honarmand, M.; Ghanbari, S. A Green Approach to Synthesis of ZnO Nanoparticles Using Jujube Fruit Extract and Their Application in Photocatalytic Degradation of Organic Dyes. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2020, 229, 117961. DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2019.117961.
  • Nourbakhsh, M.; Darroudi, M.; Gholizadeh, M. Role of Bio-Derived Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles in Antifungal and Photocatalytic Activities. Res Chem Intermed 2020, 46, 243–252. DOI: 10.1007/s11164-019-03946-6.
  • Zare, M.; Namratha, K.; Thakur, M. S.; Byrappa, K. Biocompatibility Assessment and Photocatalytic Activity of Bio-Hydrothermal Synthesis of ZnO Nanoparticles by Thymus Vulgaris Leaf Extract. Mater Res Bull 2019, 109, 49–59. DOI: 10.1016/j.materresbull.2018.09.025.
  • Pal, S.; Mondal, S.; Maity, J.; Mukherjee, R. Synthesis and Characterization of ZnO Nanoparticles Using Moringa Oleifera Leaf Extract: Investigation of Photocatalytic and Antibacterial Activity. Int J Nanosci Nanotechnol 2018, 14, 111–119.
  • Fowsiya, J.; Madhumitha, G.; Al-Dhabi, N. A.; Arasu, M. V. Photocatalytic Degradation of Congo Red Using Carissa Edulis Extract Capped Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles. J Photochem Photobiol B 2016, 162, 395–401. DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2016.07.011.
  • Anbuvannan, M.; Ramesh, M.; Viruthagiri, G.; Shanmugam, N.; Kannadasan, N. Synthesis, Characterization and Photocatalytic Activity of ZnO Nanoparticles Prepared by Biological Method. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2015, 143, 304–308. DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2015.01.124.
  • Davar, F.; Majedi, A.; Mirzaei, A. Green Synthesis of ZnO Nanoparticles and Its Application in the Degradation of Some Dyes. French R, ed. J. Am. Ceram. Soc 2015, 98, 1739–1746. DOI: 10.1111/jace.13467.
  • Madan, H. R.; Sharma, S. C.; Suresh, D.; Vidya, Y. S.; Nagabhushana, H.; Rajanaik, H.; Anantharaju, K. S.; Prashantha, S. C.; Sadananda Maiya, P. Facile Green Fabrication of Nanostructure ZnO Plates, Bullets, Flower, Prismatic Tip, Closed Pine Cone: Their Antibacterial, Antioxidant, Photoluminescent and Photocatalytic Properties. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2016, 152, 404–416. DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2015.07.067.
  • Elumalai, K.; Velmurugan, S.; Ravi, S.; Kathiravan, V.; Adaikala Raj, G. Bio-Approach: Plant Mediated Synthesis of ZnO Nanoparticles and Their Catalytic Reduction of Methylene Blue and Antimicrobial Activity. Adv Powder Technol 2015, 26, 1639–1651. DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2015.09.008.
  • Olateju, K. S.; Adeogun, A. I.; Olanrewaju, O. O.; Arinade, A. O. Parameters of Biosorption and Bioaccumulation of Cr (VI) Ion from Aqueous Solutions by Aspergillus Niger. Pak. j. sci. ind. res. Ser. A: phys. sci 2013, 56, 144–150. DOI: 10.52763/PJSIR.PHYS.SCI.56.3.2013.144.150.
  • Amuda, O. S.; Olayiwola, A. O.; Alade, A. O.; Farombi, A. G.; Adebisi, S. A. Adsorption of Methylene Blue from Aqueous Solution Using Steam-Activated Carbon Produced from Lantana Camara Stem. JEP 2014, 05, 1352–1363. DOI: 10.4236/jep.2014.513129.
  • Bello, O. S.; Adelaide, O. M.; Hammed, M. A.; Popoola, O. A. M. Kinetic and Equilibrium Studies of Methylene Blue Removal from Aqueous Solution by Adsorption on Treated Sawdust. Maced. J. Chem. Chem. Eng 2010, 29, 77–85. DOI: 10.20450/mjcce.2010.181.
  • Alkan, M.; Doğan, M. Adsorption Kinetics of Victoria Blue onto Perlite. Fresenius Environ Bull 2003, 12, 418–424.
  • Crini, G. Non-Conventional Low-Cost Adsorbents for Dye Removal: A Review. Bioresour Technol 2006, 97, 1061–1085. DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2005.05.001.
  • Olajire, A. A.; Giwa, A. R. A.; Bello, I. A. Adsorptive Removal of Methylene Blue Dye by Melon Husk: Kinetic and Isothermal Studies. Pak. j. sci. ind. res. Ser. A: phys. sci 2013, 56, 151–164. DOI: 10.52763/PJSIR.PHYS.SCI.56.3.2013.151.164.
  • Hoseinzadeh, E.; Samarghandi, M.-R.; McKay, G.; Rahimi, N.; Jafari, J. Removal of Acid Dyes from Aqueous Solution Using Potato Peel Waste Biomass: A Kinetic and Equilibrium Study. Desalin Water Treat 2014, 52, 4999–5006. DOI: 10.1080/19443994.2013.810355.
  • Kılıç, M.; Çepelioğıllar, Ö.; Özsin, G.; Uzun, B. B.; Pütün, A. E. Evaluation of Field Debris of Chickpea Husk as a Low-Cost Biosorbent for Removal of Methylene Blue from Aqueous Solutions. Journal of the Faculty of Engineering and Architecture of Gazi University 2014, 29, 717–726. DOI: 10.17341/gummfd.43899.
  • Enenebeaku, C. K.; Okorocha, N. J.; Enenebeaku, U. E.; Onyeachu, B. I. Adsorption of Methylene Blue Dye onto Bush Cane Bark Powder. ILCPA 2017, 76, 12–26. DOI: 10.18052/www.scipress.com/ILCPA.76.12.
  • Shanthi, M.; Kuzhalosai, V. Photocatalytic Degradation of an Azo Dye, Acid Red 27, in Aqueous Solution Using Nano ZnO. Indian J Chem - Sect A Inorganic, Phys Theor Anal Chem 2012, 51, 428–434.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.