Travel and the Built Environment

References

• Babisch , W. 2008 . Road traffic noise and cardiovascular risk . Noise & Health , 10 ( 38 ) : 27 – 33 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Badland , H. and Schofield , G. 2005 . Transport, urban design, and physical activity: An evidence-based update . Transportation Research D , 10 ( 3 ) : 177 – 196 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Badoe , D. A. and Miller , E. J. 2000 . Transportation-land-use interaction: Empirical findings in North America, and the implications for modeling . Transportation Research D , 5 ( 4 ) : 235 – 263 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bagley , M. and Mokhtarian , P. 2002 . The impact of residential neighborhood type on travel behavior: A structural equations modeling approach . Annals of Regional Science , 36 ( 2 ) : 279 – 297 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartholomew , K. and Ewing , R. 2008 . Land use-transportation scenarios and future vehicle travel and land consumption: A metaanalysis . Journal of the American Planning Association , 75 ( 1 ) : 1 – 15 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauman , A. E. and Bull , F. C. 2007 . Environmental correlates of physical activity and walking in adults and children: A review of reviews , London, UK : National Institute of Health and Clinical Excellence .
   Google Scholar
• Bento , A. M. , Cropper , M. L. , Mobarak , A. M. and Vinha , K. 2003 . The impact of urban spatial structure on travel demand in the United States (World Bank policy research working paper #3007)
   Google Scholar
• Besser , L. and Dannenberg , A. 2005 . Walking to public transit: Steps to help meet physical activity recommendations . American Journal of Preventive Medicine , 29 ( 4 ) : 273 – 280 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhat , C. R. and Eluru , N. 2009 . A Copula-based approach to accom modate residential self-selection effects in travel behavior modeling . Transportation Research B , 43 ( 7 ) : 749 – 765 .
   Google Scholar
• Bhat , C. R. , Sen , S. and Eluru , N. 2009 . The impact of demographics, built environment attributes, vehicle characteristics, and gasoline prices on household vehicle holdings and use . Transportation Research B , 43 ( 1 ) : 1 – 18 .
   Google Scholar
• Bhatia , R. Land use: A key to livable transportation . Paper presented at the 40th International Making Cities Livable conference . London, UK. June .
   Google Scholar
• Boarnet , M. G. and Crane , R. 2001 . The infiuence of land use on travel behavior: specification and estimation strategies . Transportation Research A , 35 ( 9 ) : 823 – 845 .
   Google Scholar
• Boarnet , M. G. , Greenwald , M. and McMillan , T. 2008 . Walking, urban design, and health: Toward a cost-benefit analysis framework . Journal of Planning Education and Research , 27 ( 3 ) : 341 – 358 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boarnet , M. G. , Joh , K. , Siembab , W. , Fulton , W. and Nguyen , M. T. Retrofitting the suburbs to increase walking: Evidence from a land use-travel study . Urban Studies , (in press)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boarnet , M. G. , Nesamani , K. S. and Smith , C. S. Comparing the infiuence of land use on nonwork trip generation and vehicle distance traveled: An analysis using travel diary data . Paper presented at the 83rd annual meeting of the Transportation Research Board . Washington, DC. January .
   Google Scholar
• Boer , R. , Zheng , Y. , Overton , A. , Ridgeway , G. K. and Cohen , D. A. 2007 . Neighborhood design and walking trips in ten U.S. metropol itan areas . American Journal of Preventive Medicine , 32 ( 4 ) : 298 – 304 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borenstein , M. , Hedges , L. V. , Higgins , J. P. T. and Rothstein , H. R. 2009 . Introduction to meta-analysis , Chichester, UK : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Bunn , F. , Collier , T. , Frost , C. , Ker , K. , Roberts , I. and Wentz , R. 2003 . Traffic calming for the prevention of road traffic injuries: Systematic review and meta-analysis . Injury Prevention , 9 ( 3 ) : 200 – 204 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Button , K. and Kerr , J. 1996 . Effectiveness of traffic restraint policies: A simple meta-regression analysis . International Journal of Transport Economics , 23 ( 2 ) : 213 – 225 .
   Google Scholar
• Button , K. and Nijkamp , P. 1997 . Environmental policy analysis and the usefulness of meta-analysis . Socio-Economic Planning Sciences , 31 ( 3 ) : 231 – 240 .
   Google Scholar
• Cao , X. 2010 . Exploring causal effects of neighborhood type on walking behavior using stratification on the propensity score . Environ ment and Planning A , 42 ( 2 ) : 487 – 504 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cao , X. , Handy , S. L. and Mokhtarian , P. L. 2006 . The infiuences of the built environment and residential self-selection on pedestrian behavior: Evidence from Austin, TX . Transportation , 33 ( 1 ) : 1 – 20 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cao , X. , Mokhtarian , P. L. and Handy , S. L. 2007 . Do changes in neighborhood characteristics lead to changes in travel behavior? A structural equations modeling approach . Transportation , 34 ( 5 ) : 535 – 556 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cao , X. , Mokhtarian , P. L. and Handy , S. L. 2009a . Examining the impacts of residential self-selection on travel behaviour: A focus on empirical findings . Transport Reviews , 29 ( 3 ) : 359 – 395 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cao , X. , Mokhtarian , P. L. and Handy , S. L. 2009b . The relationship between the built environment and nonwork travel: A case study of northern California. . Transportation Research Part A , 43 ( 5 ) : 548 – 559 .
   Google Scholar
• Cao , X. , Xu , Z. and Fan , Y. Exploring the connections among residential location, self-selection, and driving behavior: A case study of Raleigh, NC . Paper presented at the 89th annual meeting of the Transportation Research Board . January .
   Google Scholar
• Cervero , R. 2001 . Walk-and-ride: Factors influencing pedestrian access to transit . Journal of Public Transportation , 3 ( 4 ) : 1 – 23 .
   Google Scholar
• Cervero , R. 2002a . Built environments and mode choice: Toward a normative framework . Transportation Research D , 7 ( 4 ) : 265 – 284 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cervero , R. 2002b . Induced travel demand: Research design, empirical evidence, and normative policies . Journal of Planning Literature , 17 ( 1 ) : 3 – 20 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cervero , R. 2003 . The built environment and travel: Evidence from the United States . European Journal of Transport and Infrastructure Research , 3 ( 2 ) : 119 – 137 .
   Google Scholar
• Cervero , R. 2006 . Alternative approaches to modeling the travel-demand impacts of smart growth . Journal of the American Planning Association , 72 ( 3 ) : 285 – 295 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cervero , R. 2007 . Transit oriented development's ridership bonus: A product of self-selection and public policies . Environment and Planning Part A , 39 ( 9 ) : 2068 – 2085 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cervero , R. and Duncan , M. 2003 . Walking, bicycling, and urban landscapes: Evidence from the San Francisco Bay Area . American Journal of Public Health , 93 ( 9 ) : 1478 – 1483 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cervero , R. and Duncan , M. 2006 . Which reduces vehicle travel more: Jobs-housing balance or retail-housing mixing? . Journal of the American Planning Association , 72 ( 4 ) : 475 – 490 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cervero , R. and Kockelman , K. 1997 . Travel demand and the 3Ds: Density, diversity, and design . Transportation Research D , 2 ( 3 ) : 199 – 219 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cervero , R. and Murakami , J. 2010 . Effects of built environments on vehicle miles traveled: Evidence from 370 U.S. metropolitan areas . Environment and Planning A , 42 ( 2 ) : 400 – 418 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chapman , J. and Frank , L. 2004 . Integrating travel behavior and urban form data to address transportation and air quality problems in Atlanta, Georgia , Washington, DC : U.S. Department of Transportation . (Research Project No. 9819, Task Order 97–13)
   Google Scholar
• Chatman , D. G. 2003 . How density and mixed uses at the workplace affect personal commercial travel and commute mode choice . Transpor tation Research Record , 18 ( 31 ) : 193 – 201 .
   Google Scholar
• Chatman , D. G. 2008 . Deconstructing development density: Quality, quantity and price effects on household non-work travel . Transportation Research Part A , 42 ( 7 ) : 1009 – 1031 .
   Google Scholar
• Chatman , D. G. 2009 . Residential self-selection, the built environ ment, and nonwork travel: Evidence using new data and methods . Environment and Planning A , 41 ( 5 ) : 1072 – 1089 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen , C. and McKnight , C. E. 2007 . Does the built environment make a difference? Additional evidence for the daily activity and travel behavior of homemakers living in New York City and suburb . Journal of Transport Geography , 15 ( 5 ) : 380 – 395 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Craig , C. L. , Brownson , R. C. , Cragg , S. E. and Dunn , A. L. 2002 . Exploring the effect of the environment on physical activity: A study examining walking to work . American Journal of Preventive Medicine , 23 ( 2 ) : 36 – 43 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crane , R. 1996 . On form versus function: Will the new urbanism reduce traffic, or increase it? . Journal of Planning Education and Research , 15 ( 2 ) : 117 – 126 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crane , R. 2000 . The infiuence of urban form on travel: An interpre tive review . Journal of Planning Literature , 15 ( 1 ) : 3 – 23 .
   Google Scholar
• Cunningham , G. O. and Michael , Y. L. 2004 . Concepts guiding the study of the impact of the built environment on physical activity for older adults: A review of the literature . American Journal of Health Promotion , 18 ( 6 ) : 435 – 443 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Debrezion , G. , Pels , E. and Rietveld , P. 2003 . The impact of railway stations on residential and commercial property value: A meta analysis , Amsterdam, , The Netherlands : Tinbergen Institute . (Tinbergen Institute Discussion Paper No. TI-2004-023/3)
   Google Scholar
• DKS Associates . 2007 . Assessment of local models and tools for analyz ing smart-growth strategies: Final report , Sacramento, CA : California Department of Transportation .
   Google Scholar
• Duncan , M. J. , Spence , J. C. and Mummery , W. K. 2005 . Perceived environment and physical activity: A meta-analysis of selected environ mental characteristics . International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity , 2 ( 11 ) doi:10.1186/1479-5868-2-11
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Edwards , R. D. 2008 . Public transit, obesity, and medical costs: Assessing the magnitudes . Preventive Medicine , 46 ( 1 ) : 14 – 21 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Estupinan , N. and Rodriguez , D. A. 2008 . The relationship between urban form and station boardings for Bogota's BRT . Transportation Research A , 42 ( 2 ) : 296 – 306 .
   Google Scholar
• Ewing , R. and Cervero , R. 2001 . Travel and the built environment . Transportation Research Record. , 1780 : 87 – 114 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ewing , R. , DeAnna , M. and Li , S. 1996 . Land use impacts on trip generation rates . Transportation Research Record. , 1518 : 1 – 7 .
   Google Scholar
• Ewing , R. , Greenwald , M. J. , Zhang , M. , Walters , J. , Feldman , M. , Cervero , R. and Thomas , J. 2009 . Measuring the impact of urban form and transit access on mixed use site trip generation rates—Portland pilot study , Washington, DC : U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . DeAnna, M.
   Google Scholar
• Ewing , R. , Schroeer , W. and Greene , W. 2004 . School location and student travel: Analysis of factors affecting mode choice . Transportation Research Record , 1895 : 55 – 63 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fan , Y. 2007 . The built environment, activity space, and time allocation: An activity-based framework for modeling the land use and travel connection , Chapel Hill, NC : University of North Carolina . (Unpublished doctoral dissertation.)
   Google Scholar
• Frank , L. D. 2000 . Land use and transportation interaction: Implica tions on public health and quality of life . Journal of Planning Education and Research , 20 ( 1 ) : 6 – 22 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frank , L. D. , Bradley , M. , Kavage , S. , Chapman , J. and Lawton , K. 2008 . Urban form, travel time, and cost relationships with tour complexity and mode choice . Transportation , 35 ( 1 ) : 37 – 54 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frank , L. D. and Engelke , P. 2001 . The built environment and human activity patterns: Exploring the impacts of urban form on public health . Journal of Planning Literature , 16 ( 2 ) : 202 – 218 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frank , L. D. and Engelke , P. 2005 . Multiple impacts of the built environment on public health: Walkable places and the exposure to air pollution . International Regional Science Review , 28 ( 2 ) : 193 – 216 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frank , L. D. , Kavage , S. , Greenwald , M. , Chapman , J. and Bradley , M. 2009 . I-PLACE3S health & climate enhancements and their application in King County , Seattle, WA : King County HealthScape .
   Google Scholar
• Frank , L. D. , Kerr , J. , Chapman , J. and Sallis , J. 2007 . Urban form relationships with walk trip frequency and distance among youth . American Journal of Health Promotion , 21 ( 4 ) : 305 – 311 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frank , L. D. , Saelens , B. E. , Powell , K. E. and Chapman , J. E. 2007 . Stepping towards causation: Do built environments or neighborhood and travel preferences explain physical activity, driving, and obesity? . Social Science & Medicine , 65 ( 9 ) : 1898 – 1914 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gebel , K. , Bauman , A. E. and Petticrew , M. 2007 . The physical environment and physical activity. A critical appraisal of review articles . American Journal of Preventive Medicine , 32 ( 5 ) : 361 – 369 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graham , D. and Glaister , S. 2002 . Review of income and price elastici ties of demand for road traffic , London, UK : Centre for Transport Studies Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine .
   Google Scholar
• Greenwald , M. J. 2009 . SACSIM modeling-elasticity results: Draft , Walnut Creek, CA : Fehr & Peers Associates . Unpublished manuscript
   Google Scholar
• Greenwald , M. J. and Boarnet , M. G. 2001 . The built environment as a determinant of walking behavior: Analyzing non-work pedestrian travel in Portland, Oregon . Transportation Research Record. , 1780 : 33 – 43 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamer , M. and Chida , Y. 2008 . Active commuting and cardiovascular risk: A meta-analytic review . Preventive Medicine , 46 ( 1 ) : 9 – 13 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Handy , S. L. 1993 . Regional versus local accessibility: Implications for non-work travel . Transportation Research Record. , 1400 : 58 – 66 .
   Google Scholar
• Handy , S. L. 2004 . Critical assessment of the literature on the relation ships among transportation, land use, and physical activity , Davis, CA : Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California, Davis . Prepared for the Transportation Research Board and Institute of Medicine Committee on Physical Activity, Health, Trans portation, and Land Use
   Google Scholar
• Handy , S. L. , Cao , X. and Mokhtarian , P. L. 2005 . Correlation or causality between the built environment and travel behavior? Evi dence from Northern California . Transportation Research D , 10 ( 6 ) : 427 – 444 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Handy , S. L. , Cao , X. and Mokhtarian , P. L. 2006 . Self-selection in the relationship between the built environment and walking—Empirical evidence from Northern California . Journal of the American Planning Association , 72 ( 1 ) : 55 – 74 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Handy , S. L. and Clifton , K. J. 2001 . Local shopping as a strategy for reducing automobile travel . Transportation , 28 ( 4 ) : 317 – 346 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heath , G. W. , Brownson , R. C. , Kruger , J. , Miles , R. , Powell , K. E. , Ramsey , L. T. and the Task Force on Community Preventive Services . 2006 . The effectiveness of urban design and land use and transport policies and practices to increase physical activity: A systematic review . Journal of Physical Activity and Health , 3 ( 1 ) : 55 – 76 .
   Google Scholar
• Hedel , R. and Vance , C. Impact of urban form on automobile travel: Disentangling causation from correlation . Paper presented at the 86th annual meeting of the Transportation Research Board . Washington, DC. January .
   Google Scholar
• Hedges , L. V. and Olkin , I. 1985 . Statistical methods for meta-analysis , Orlando, FL : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hess , P. M. , Moudon , A. V. , Snyder , M. C. and Stanilov , K. 1999 . Site design and pedestrian travel . Transportation Research Record. , 1674 : 9 – 19 .
   Google Scholar
• Holtzclaw , J. , Clear , R. , Dittmar , H. , Goldstein , D. and Haas , P. 2002 . Location efficiency: Neighborhood and socioeconomic charac teristics determine auto ownership and use-studies in Chicago, Los Angeles, and San Francisco . Transportation Planning and Technology , 25 ( 1 ) : 1 – 27 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Humpel , N. , Owen , N. and Leslie , E. 2002 . Environmental factors associated with adults' participation in physical activity: A review . American Journal of Preventative Medicine , 22 ( 3 ) : 188 – 199 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunter , J. E. and Schmidt , F. L. 2004 . Methods of meta-analysis: Correcting error and bias in research findings , Newbury Park, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Joh , K. , Boarnet , M. G. and Nguyen , M. T. Interactions between race/ethnicity, attitude, and crime: Analyzing walking trips in the South Bay Area . Paper presented at the 88th annual meeting of the Transportation Research Board . Washington, DC. January .
   Google Scholar
• Johnston , R. 2004 . “ The urban transportation planning process ” . In The geography of urban transportation , Edited by: Hanson , S. and Guiliano , G. 115 – 140 . New York, NY : Guilford .
   Google Scholar
• Kahn , E. B. , Ramsey , L. T. , Brownson , R. C. , Heath , G. W. , Howze , E. H. , Powell , K. and Stone , E. 2002 . The effectiveness of interventions to increase physical activity: A systematic review . American Journal of Preventive Medicine , 22 ( 4 ) : 73 – 107 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khattak , A. J. and Rodriquez , D. 2005 . Travel behavior in neo traditional neighborhood developments: A case study in USA . Transportation Research A , 39 ( 6 ) : 481 – 500 .
   Google Scholar
• Kitamura , R. , Mokhtarian , P. L. and Laidet , L. 1997 . A micro-analysis of land use and travel in five neighborhoods in San Francisco Bay Area . Transportation , 24 ( 2 ) : 125 – 158 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kockelman , K. M. 1997 . Travel behavior as a function of accessi bility, land use mixing, and land use balance: Evidence from the San Francisco Bay Area . Transportation Research Record. , 1607 : 116 – 125 .
   Google Scholar
• Krahnstoever-Davison , K. and Lawson , C. T. 2006 . Do attributes in the physical environment infiuence children's physical activity? A review of the literature . International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity , 3 ( 19 ) doi: 10.1186/1479-5868-3-19
   Google Scholar
• Kuby , M. , Barranda , A. and Upchurch , C. 2004 . Factors influencing light-rail station boardings in the United States . Transportation Research A , 38 ( 3 ) : 223 – 258 .
   Google Scholar
• Kuzmyak , R. 2009a . Estimating the travel benefits of blueprint land use concepts , Los Angeles, CA : Southern California Association of Governments . Unpublished manuscript
   Google Scholar
• Kuzmyak , R. 2009b . Estimates of point elasticities , Phoenix, AZ : Maricopa Association of Governments .
   Google Scholar
• Kuzmyak , R. , Baber , C. and Savory , D. 2006 . Use of a walk opportu nities index to quantify local accessibility . Transportation Research Record. , 1977 : 145 – 153 .
   Google Scholar
• Lau , J. , Ioannidis , J. P. A. , Terrin , N. , Schmid , C. H. and Olkin , I. 2006 . The case of the misleading funnel plot . British Medical Journal , 333 ( 7568 ) : 597 – 600 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lauria , M. and Wagner , J. A. 2006 . What can we learn from empirical studies of planning theory? A comparative case analysis of extant litera ture . Journal of Planning Education and Research , 25 ( 4 ) : 364 – 381 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leck , E. 2006 . The impact of urban form on travel behavior: A meta analysis . Berkeley Planning Journal. , 19 : 37 – 58 .
   Google Scholar
• Lee , C. and Moudon , A. V. 2004 . Physical activity and environment research in the health field: Implications for urban and transportation planning practice and research . Journal of Planning Literature , 19 ( 2 ) : 147 – 181 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee , C. and Moudon , A. V. 2006a . Correlates of walking for transpor tation or recreation purposes . Journal of Physical Activity and Health , 3 ( 1 ) : 77 – 98 .
   Google Scholar
• Lee , C. and Moudon , A. V. 2006b . The 3Ds + R: Quantifying land use and urban form correlates of walking . Transportation Research Part D , 11 ( 3 ) : 204 – 215 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li , F. , Fisher , K. J. , Brownson , R. C. and Bosworth , M. 2005 . Multi level modelling of built environment characteristics related to neigh bourhood walking activity in older adults . Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health , 59 ( 7 ) : 558 – 564 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lipsey , M. W. and Wilson , D. B. 2001 . Practical meta-analysis , Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Littell , J. H. , Corcoran , J. and Pillai , V. 2008 . Systematic reviews and meta-analysis , New York, NY : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Livi Smith , A. D. Contribution of perception in analysis of walking behavior . Paper presented at the 88th annual meeting of the Transportation Research Board . Washington, DC. January .
   Google Scholar
• Lund , H. M. 2003 . Testing the claims of new urbanism: Local access, pedestrian travel, and neighboring behaviors . Journal of the American Planning Association , 69 ( 4 ) : 414 – 429 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lund , H. M. , Cervero , R. and Wilson , R. W. 2004 . Travel characteristics of transit-oriented development in California , Sacramento, CA : California Department of Transportation .
   Google Scholar
• Lund , H. M. , Willson , R. and Cervero , R. 2006 . A re-evaluation of travel behavior in California TODs . Journal of Architectural and Planning Research , 23 ( 3 ) : 247 – 263 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyons , L. 2003 . Meta-analysis: Methods of accumulating results across research domains Retrieved June 26, 2009, from http://www.lyonsmorris.com/MetaA
   Google Scholar
• Macaskill , P. , Walter , S. D. and Irwig , L. 2001 . A comparison of methods to detect publication bias in meta-analysis . Statistics in Medicine , 20 ( 4 ) : 641 – 654 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCormack , G. , Giles-Corti , B. , Lange , A. , Smith , T. , Martin , K. and Pikora , T. J. 2004 . An update of recent evidence of the relationship between objective and self-report measures of the physical environment and physical activity behaviours . Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport , 7 ( 1 ) : 81 – 92 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McGinn , A. P. , Evenson , K. E. , Herring , A. H. , Huston , S. L. and Rodriguez , D. A. 2007 . Exploring associations between physical activity and perceived and objective measures of the built environment . Journal of Urban Health , 84 ( 2 ) : 162 – 184 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMillan , T. E. 2005 . Urban form and a child's trip to school: The current literature and a framework for future research . Journal of Planning Literature , 19 ( 4 ) : 440 – 456 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMillan , T. E. 2007 . The relative influence of urban form on a child's travel mode to school . Transportation Research A , 41 ( 1 ) : 69 – 79 .
   Google Scholar
• Melo , P. C. , Graham , D. J. and Noland , R. B. 2009 . A meta-analysis of estimates of urban agglomeration economies . Regional Science and Urban Economics , 39 ( 3 ) : 332 – 342 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mokhtarian , P. L. and Cao , X. 2008 . Examining the impacts of residential self-selection on travel behavior: A focus on methodologies . Transportation Research B , 43 ( 3 ) : 204 – 228 .
   Google Scholar
• Naess , P. 2005 . Residential location affects travel behavior—But how and why? The case of Copenhagen metropolitan area . Progress in Planning , 63 ( 1 ) : 167 – 257 .
   Google Scholar
• Newman , P. W. G. and Kenworthy , J. R. 2006 . Urban design to reduce automobile dependence . Opolis: An International Journal of Suburban and Metropolitan Studies , 2 ( 1 ) : 35 – 52 .
   Google Scholar
• Nijkamp , P. and Pepping , G. 1998 . A meta-analytical evaluation of sustainable city initiatives . Urban Studies , 35 ( 9 ) : 1481 – 1500 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oakes , J. M. , Forsyth , A. and Schmitz , K. H. 2007 . The effects of neighborhood density and street connectivity on walking behavior: The Twin Cities walking study . Epidemiologic Perspectives & Innovations , 4 ( 16 ) doi:10.1186/1742-5573-4-16
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Owen , N. , Humpel , N. , Leslie , E. , Bauman , A. and Sallis , J. F. 2004 . Understanding environmental influences on walking: Review and research agenda . American Journal of Preventive Medicine , 27 ( 1 ) : 67 – 76 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pickrell , D. and Schimek , P. 1999 . Growth in motor vehicle ownership and use: Evidence from the Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey . Journal of Transportation and Statistics , 2 ( 1 ) : 1 – 17 .
   Google Scholar
• Plaut , P. O. 2005 . Non-motorized commuting in the U.S . Transportation Research D , 10 ( 5 ) : 347 – 356 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pont , K. , Ziviani , J. , Wadley , D. , Bennett , S. and Abbott , R. 2009 . Environmental correlates of children's active transportation: A systematic literature review . Health & Place , 15 ( 3 ) : 827 – 840 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pushkar , A. O. , Hollingworth , B. J. and Miller , E. J. A multivariate regression model for estimating greenhouse gas emissions from alternative neighborhood designs . Paper presented at the 79th annual meeting of the Transportation Research Board . Washington, DC. January .
   Google Scholar
• Rajamani , J. , Bhat , C. R. , Handy , S. , Knaap , G. and Song , Y. 2003 . Assessing the impact of urban form measures in nonwork trip mode choice after controlling for demographic and level-of-service effects . Transportation Research Record , 1831 : 158 – 165 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reilly , M. K. Influence of urban form and land use on mode choice: Evidence from the 1996 bay area travel survey . Paper pre sented at the 81st annual meeting of the Transportation Research Board . Washington, DC. January .
   Google Scholar
• Rodenburg , R. , Benjamin , A. , de Roos , C. , Meijer , A. M. and Stams , G. J. 2009 . Efficacy of EMDR in children: A meta-analysis . Clinical Psychology Review , 29 ( 7 ) : 599 – 606 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodriguez , D. A. and Joo , J. 2004 . The relationship between non-motorized mode choice and the local physical environment . Transportation Research D , 9 ( 2 ) : 151 – 173 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rose , M. 2004 . Neighborhood design and mode choice , Portland, OR : Portland State University . (Unpublished doctoral dissertation.)
   Google Scholar
• Rothstein , H. R. , Sutton , A. J. and Borenstein , M. 2005 . “ Publication bias in meta-analysis ” . In Publication bias in meta-analysis: Prevention, assessment and adjustment , Edited by: Rothstein , H. R. , Sutton , A. J. and Borenstein , M. 1 – 7 . Chichester, UK : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Ryan , S. and Frank , L. D. 2009 . Pedestrian environments and transit ridership . Journal of Public Transportation , 12 ( 1 ) : 39 – 57 .
   Google Scholar
• Saelens , B. E. and Handy , S. 2008 . Built environment correlates of walking: A review . Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise , 40 ( S ) : S550 – S567 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saelens , B. E. , Sallis , J. F. and Frank , L. D. 2003 . Environmental correlates of walking and cycling: Findings from the transportation, urban design, and planning literatures . Annals of Behavioral Medicine , 25 ( 2 ) : 80 – 91 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salon , D. 2006 . Cars and the city: An investigation of transportation and residential location choices in New York City , Davis, CA : Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of California, Davis .
   Google Scholar
• Schimek , P. 1996 . Household motor vehicle ownership and use: How much does residential density matter? . Transportation Research Record , 1552 : 120 – 125 .
   Google Scholar
• Schulze , R. 2004 . Meta-analysis: A comparison of approaches , Cambridge, MA : Hogrefe & Huber .
   Google Scholar
• Shadish , W. R. and Haddock , C. K. 1994 . “ Combining estimates of effect size ” . In The handbook of research synthesis , Edited by: Cooper , H. and Hedges , L. V. 261 – 280 . New York, NY : Russell Sage Foundation .
   Google Scholar
• Shay , E. , Fan , Y. , Rodriguez , D. A. and Khattak , A. J. 2006 . Drive or walk? Utilitarian trips within a neo-traditional neighborhood . Transpor tation Research Record , 1985 : 154 – 161 .
   Google Scholar
• Shay , E. and Khattak , A. J. 2005 . Auto ownership and use in neotradi tional and conventional neighborhoods . Transportation Research Record , 1902 : 18 – 25 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shen , Q. 2000 . Spatial and social dimensions of commuting . Journal of the American Planning Association , 66 ( 1 ) : 68 – 82 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , V. K. and Huang , J. 1995 . Can markets value air quality? A meta-analysis of hedonic property value models . Journal of Political Economy , 103 ( 1 ) : 209 – 227 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soltani , A. and Allan , A. 2006 . Analyzing the impacts of microscale urban attributes on travel: Evidence from suburban Adelaide, Australia . Journal of Urban Planning and Development , 132 ( 3 ) : 132 – 137 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stamps , A. E. III . 1990 . Use of photographs to simulate environments: A meta-analysis . Perceptual and Motor Skills , 71 ( 3 ) : 907 – 913 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stamps , A. E. III . 1999 . Demographic effects in environmental aesthetics: A meta-analysis . Journal of Planning Literature , 14 ( 2 ) : 155 – 175 .
   Google Scholar
• Stead , D. and Marshall , S. 2001 . The relationships between urban form and travel patterns. An international review and evaluation . European Journal of Transport and Infrastructure Research , 1 ( 2 ) : 113 – 141 .
   Google Scholar
• Sun , X. , Emany , M. , Pendyala , R. and Wilmot , C. G. 1998 . Household travel, household characteristics, and land-use: An empirical study from the 1994 Portland travel survey . Transportation Research Record. , 1617 : 10 – 17 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Talvitie , A. 1976 . Disaggregate travel demand models with disaggregate data, not with aggregate data, and for what , Berkeley, CA : Institute of Transportation Studies . (Working Paper 7615)
   Google Scholar
• Targa , F. and Clifton , K. 2005 . The built environment and trip generation for non-motorized travel . Journal of Transportation and Statistics , 8 ( 3 ) : 55 – 70 .
   Google Scholar
• Tompa , E. , de Oliveira , C. , Dolinschi , R. and Irvin , E. 2008 . A systematic review of disability management interventions with economic evaluations . Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation , 18 ( 1 ) : 16 – 26 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Train , K. 1986 . Qualitative choice analysis: Theory, econometrics, and an application to automobile demand , Cambridge, MA : The MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Transportation Research Board & Institute of Medicine Committee on Physical Activity, Health, Transportation, and Land Use . 2005 . Does the built environment infiuence physical activity? Examining the evidence , Washington, DC : National Academy of Sciences . (Special Report 282)
   Google Scholar
• Treadwell , J. R. , Tregear , S. J. , Reston , J. T. and Turkelson , C. H. 2006 . A system for rating the stability and strength of medical evidence . Medical Research Technology , 6 ( 52 ) doi:10.1186/1471-2288-6-52.3
   Google Scholar
• Trost , S. G. , Owen , N. , Bauman , A. E. , Sallis , J. F. and Brown , W. 2002 . Correlates of adults' participation in physical activity: Review and update . Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise , 34 ( 12 ) : 1996 – 2001 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van de Coevering , P. and Schwanen , T. 2006 . Re-evaluating the impact of urban form on travel patterns in Europe and North-America . Transport Policy , 13 ( 3 ) : 229 – 239 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walters , J. , Ewing , R. and Allen , E. 2000 . Adjusting computer modeling tools to capture effects of smart growth . Transportation Research Record. , 1722 : 17 – 26 .
   Google Scholar
• Waygood , E. O. D. , Sun , Y. and Kitamura , R. Children in transit oriented development: Travel patterns, independence, and exercise . Paper presented at the 88th annual meeting of the Transportation Research Board . Washington, DC. January .
   Google Scholar
• Yarlagadda , A. K. and Srinivasan , S. 2008 . Modeling children's school travel mode and parental escort decisions . Transportation , 35 ( 2 ) : 201 – 218 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zegras , P. C. The built environment and motor vehicle ownership and use: Evidence from Santiago de Chile . Paper presented at the 86th annual meeting of the Transportation Research Board . Washington, DC. January .
   Google Scholar
• Zhang , M. 2004 . The role of land use in travel mode choice: Evidence from Boston and Hong Kong . Journal of the American Planning Association , 70 ( 3 ) : 344 – 361 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang , M. Bus vs. rail: A meta-analysis of cost characteristics, carrying capacities, and land use impacts . Paper presented at the 88th annual meeting of the Transportation Research Board . Washington, DC. January .
   Google Scholar
• Zheng , Y. 2008 . The benefit of public transportation: Physical activity to reduce obesity and ecological footprint . Preventive Medicine , 46 ( 1 ) : 4 – 5 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou , B. and Kockelman , K. 2008 . Self-selection in home choice: Use of treatment effects in evaluating relationship between built environment and travel behavior . Transportation Research Record. , 2077 : 54 – 61 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar