1,924
Views
62
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

A Driving Factor in Mobility? Transportation's Role in Connecting Subsidized Housing and Employment Outcomes in the Moving to Opportunity (MTO) Program

&

References

  • Allard, S. W., & Danziger, S. (2002). Proximity and opportunity: How residence and race affect the employment of welfare recipients. Housing Policy Debate, 13(4), 675–700. doi:10.1080/10511482.2002.9521461
  • Anderson, P. M., & Levine, P. B. (1999). Child care and mothers’ employment decisions (Report No. w7058). Washington, DC: National Bureau of Economic Research. doi:10.3386/w7058
  • Ashenfelter O. (1983). Determining participation in income-tested social programs. Journal of American Statistical Association, 78(383), 517–525. doi:10.1080/01621459.1983.10478004
  • Bania, N., Coulton, C., & Leete, L. (2003). Public housing assistance, public transportation, and the welfare-to-work transition. Cityscape, 6(2), 7–44. Retrieved from http://www.huduser.org/portal/periodicals/cityscape.html
  • Baum, C. L. (2009). The effects of vehicle ownership on employment. Journal of Urban Economics, 66(3), 151–163. doi:10.1016/j.jue.2009.06.003
  • Benenson, I., Martens, K., RofÈ, Y., & Kwartler, A. (2011). Public transport versus private car GIS-based estimation of accessibility applied to the Tel Aviv Metropolitan Area. Annals of Regional Science, 47(3), 499–515. doi:10.1007/s00168-010-0392-6
  • Blumenberg, E., & Ong, P. (2001). Cars, buses, and jobs: Welfare participants and employment access in Los Angeles. Transportation Research Record, 1756(1), 22–31. doi:10.3141/1756-03
  • Blumenberg, E., & Pierce, G. (2012). Automobile ownership and travel by the poor. Transportation Research Record, 2320(1), 28–36. doi:10.3141/2320-04
  • Blumenberg E., & Pierce, G. (2014). The drive to work: Cars, transit and employment among housing voucher recipients (Working Paper). Los Angeles, CA: UCLA Institute of Transportation Studies.
  • Briggs, X. (2005). Politics and policy: Changing the geography of opportunity. In X. Briggs (Ed.), The geography of opportunity: Race and housing choice in metropolitan America (pp. 310–342). Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution.
  • Carlson, D., Haveman, R., Kaplan, T., & Wolfe, B. (2012). Long-term earnings and employment effects of housing voucher receipt. Journal of Urban Economics, 71(1), 128–150.
  • Cervero, R. J., Sandoval, S. O., & Landis, J. (2002). Transportation as a stimulus of welfare-to-work private versus public mobility. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 22(1), 50–63. doi:10.1177/0739456×0202200105.
  • Feins, J. D., & Shroder, M. D. (2005). Moving to opportunity: The demonstration's design and its effects on mobility. Urban Studies, 42(8), 1275–1299. doi:10.1080/00420980500150599
  • Galster, G. C. (2012). The mechanism(s) of neighbourhood effects: Theory, evidence, and policy implications. In M. van Ham, D. Manley, N. Bailey, L. Simpson & D. Maclennan (Eds.), Neighbourhood effects research: New perspectives (pp. 23–56). Nieuwegein, The Netherlands: Springer Netherlands.
  • Glaeser, E. L., Kahn, M. E. & Rappaport, J. (2008). Why do the poor live in cities? The role of public transportation. Journal of Urban Economics, 63(1), 1–24. doi:10.1016/j.jue.2006.12.004
  • Gobillon, L., Selod, H., & Zenou, Y. (2007). The mechanisms of spatial mismatch. Urban Studies, 44(12), 2401–2427. doi:10.1080/00420980701540937
  • Grengs, J. (2010). Job accessibility and the modal mismatch in Detroit. Journal of Transport Geography, 18(1), 42–54. doi:10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2009.01.012
  • Grogger, J., & Karoly, L. A. (2005). Welfare reform: Effects of a decade of change. Santa Monica, CA: RAND.
  • Gurley, T., & Bruce, D. (2005). The effects of car access on employment outcomes for welfare recipients. Journal of Urban Economics, 58(2), 250–272. doi:10.1016/j.jue.2005.05.002
  • Holzer, H. J. (1996). What employers want. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.
  • Hurst, E., & Ziliak, J. P. (2006). Do welfare asset limits affect household saving? Evidence from welfare reform. Journal of Human Resources, 41(1), 46–71. doi:10.3368/jhr.XLI.1.46
  • Ihlanfeldt, K. R., & Sjoquist, D. L. (1998). The spatial mismatch hypothesis: A review of recent studies and their implications for welfare reform. Housing Policy Debate, 9(4), 849–892. doi:10.1080/10511482.1998.9521321
  • Immergluck, D. (1998). Job proximity and the urban employment problem: Do suitable nearby jobs improve neighbourhood employment rates? Urban Studies, 35(1), 7–23. doi:10.1080/0042098985041
  • Jacob, B. A., & Ludwig, J. (2012). The effects of housing assistance on labor supply: Evidence from a voucher lottery. The American Economic Review, 102(1), 272–304.
  • Kain, J. (1968). Housing segregation, Negro employment, and metropolitan decentralization. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 82(2), 175–197. doi:10.2307/1885893
  • Kain, J. (1992). The spatial mismatch hypothesis: three decades later. Housing Policy Debate, 3(2), 371–460. doi:10.1080/10511482.1992.9521100
  • Kawabata, M. (2003). Job access and employment among low-skilled autoless workers in U.S. metropolitan areas. Environment and Planning A, 35(9), 1651–1668. doi:10.1068/a35209
  • Kawabata, M. (2009). Spatiotemporal dimensions of modal accessibility disparity in Boston and San Francisco. Environment and Planning A, 41(1), 183–198. doi:10.1068/a4068
  • Kawabata, M., & Shen, Q. (2006). Job accessibility as an indicator of auto-oriented urban structure: A comparison of Boston and Los Angeles with Tokyo. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 33, 115–130. doi:10.1068/b31144
  • Kawabata, M., & Shen, Q. (2007). Commuting inequality between cars and public transit: The case of the San Francisco Bay Area, 1990–2000. Urban Studies, 44(9), 1759–1780. doi:10.1080/00420980701426616
  • Kneebone, E. (2013). Job sprawl stalls: The Great Recession and metropolitan employment location. Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution.
  • Kneebone, E., & Garr, E. (2010). The suburbanization of poverty: Trends in metropolitan America, 2000 to 2008. Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution.
  • Leibowitz, A., Klerman, J. A., & Waite, L. J. (1992). Employment of new mothers and child care choice. Journal of Human Resources, 27(1), 112–134. http://uwpress.wisc.edu/journals/journals/jhr.html
  • LeRoy, S. F., & Sonstelie, S. J. (1983). Paradise lost and regained: Transportation innovation, income and residential location. Journal of Urban Economics, 13, 67–89. doi:10.1016/0094-1190(83)90046-3
  • Lipman, B. J. (2006). A heavy load: The combined housing and transportation burdens of working families. Washington, DC: Center for Housing Policy. Retrieved from http://www.nhc.org/media/documents/pub_heavy_load_10_06.pdf
  • Lucas, M. T., & Nicholson, C. F. (2003). Subsidized vehicle acquisition and earned income in the transition from welfare to work. Transportation, 30(4), 483–501. doi:10.1023/A:1024724224634
  • Ludwig, J., Liebman, J. B., Kling, J. R., Duncan, G. J., Katz, L. F., Kessler, R. C., & Sanbonmatsu, L. (2008). What can we learn about neighborhood effects from the Moving to Opportunity experiment. American Journal of Sociology, 114(1), 144–188. doi:10.1086/588741
  • Massey, D. S. (1993). American apartheid: Segregation and the making of the underclass. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Meyers, M. K., Heintze, T., & Wolf, D. A. (2002). Child care subsidies and the employment of welfare recipients. Demography, 39(1), 165–179. doi:10.1353/dem.2002.0008
  • Mills, G., Gubits, D., Orr, L., Long, D., Feins, J., Kaul, B., & Wood, M. (2006). Effects of housing vouchers on welfare families. Washington, DC: US Department of Housing and Urban Development, Office of Policy Development and Research.
  • Moffitt R. (1992). Incentive effects of the U.S. welfare system: A review. Journal of Economic Literature 30(1), 1–61. http://www.aeaweb.org/jel/index.php
  • Moffitt R. (2008). A primer on U.S. welfare reform. Focus, 26(1), 15–25. Retrieved from http://www.irp.wisc.edu/publications/focus/pdfs/foc261c.pdf
  • Nam, Y. (2008). Welfare reform and asset accumulation: Asset limit changes, financial assets, and vehicle ownership. Social Science Quarterly, 89(1), 133–154. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6237.2008.00525.x
  • Neckerman, K. M., & Kirschenman, J. (1991). Hiring strategies, racial bias, and inner-city workers. Social Problems, 38(4), 433–447. doi:10.2307/800563
  • Neighborhood Change Database: 1970–2000. (2002). Tract data: Data users’ guide: Short form release. Urban Institute, in collaboration with GeoLytics.
  • Olsen, E. O., Tyler, C. A., King, J. W., & Carrillo, P. E. (2005). The effects of different types of housing assistance on earnings and employment. Cityscape, 8(2), 163–187. http://www.huduser.org/portal/periodicals/cityscape.html
  • Ong, P. (2002). Car ownership and Welfare-to-Work. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 21(2), 239–252. doi:10.1002/pam.10025
  • Ong, P., & Houston, D. (2002). Transit, employment, and women on welfare. Urban Geography, 23(4), 344–364. doi: 10.2747/0272-3638.23.4.344
  • Ong, P., & Miller, D. (2005). Spatial and transportation mismatch in Los Angeles. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 25(1), 43–56. doi:10.1177/0739456×04270244
  • Orr, L., Feins, J. D., Jacob, R. Beecroft, E., Sanbonmatsu, L., Katz, L. F., Ö Kling, J. R. (2003). Moving to Opportunity interim impacts evaluation. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development.
  • Pendall, R., Hayes, C., George, A., McDade, Z., Dawkins, C., Jeon, J. S., Ö Smart, M., (2014). Driving to opportunity: Understanding the links among transportation access, residential outcomes, and economic opportunity for housing voucher recipients. Washington, DC: Urban Institute.
  • Popkin, S. J., Levy, D. K., & Buron, L. (2009). Has HOPE VI transformed residents’ lives? New evidence from the HOPE VI panel study. Housing Studies, 24(4), 477–502. doi:10.1080/02673030902938371
  • Raphael, S., & Rice, L. (2002). Car ownership, employment, and earnings. Journal of Urban Economics, 52(1), 109–130. doi:10.1016/S0094-1190(02)00017-7
  • Raphael, S., & Stoll, M., (2001). Can boosting minority car-ownership rates narrow inter-racial employment gaps? Brookings-Wharton Papers on Urban Affairs, 99–145. Retrieved from http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/brookings-wharton_papers_on_urban_affairs/
  • Ruggles, S., Alexander, J. T., Genadek, K., Goeken, R., Schroeder, M. B., & Sobek, M. (2010). Integrated public use microdata series: Version 5.0 [Machine-readable database]. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota.
  • Rumberger, R. W. (2011). Dropping out. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Sanbonmatsu, L., Ludwig, J., Katz, L. F., Gennetian, L. A., Duncan, G. J., Kessler, R. C., Ö Lindau, S. T. (2011). Moving to Opportunity for Fair Housing Demonstration Program. Final impacts evaluation. Washington, DC: National Bureau of Economic Research.
  • Sanchez, T. W. (1999). The connection between public transit and employment. The cases of Portland and Atlanta. Journal of the American Planning Association, 65(3), 284–296. doi:10.1080/01944369908976058
  • Sanchez, T., Shen, Q. & Peng, Z. (2004). Transit mobility, jobs access and low-income labour participation in U.S. metropolitan areas. Urban Studies, 41(7), 1313–1331. doi:10.1080/0042098042000214815
  • Sandoval, J. S. O., Cervero, R., & Landis, J. (2011). The transition from welfare-to-work: How cars and human capital facilitate employment for welfare recipients. Applied Geography, 31(1), 352–362. doi:10.1016/j.apgeog.2010.07.008
  • Sawhill, I. V., & Karpilow, Q. (2013). Strategies for assisting low-income families. Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution.
  • Schoeni, R. F., & Blank, R. M. (2000). What has welfare reform accomplished? Impacts on welfare participation, employment, income, poverty, and family structure (Report No. w7627). Washington, DC: National Bureau of Economic Research.
  • Shen, Q. (1998). Location characteristics of inner-city neighborhoods and employment accessibility of low-wage workers. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 25(3), 345–365. doi:10.1068/b250345
  • Shen, Q. (2001). A spatial analysis of job openings and access in a U.S. metropolitan area. Journal of the American Planning Association, 67(1), 53–68. doi:10.1080/01944360108976355
  • Stegman, M. A., & Faris, R. (2005). The impact of IDA programs on family savings and asset holdings. In M. Sherraden (Ed.), Inclusion in the American dream: Assets, poverty, and public policy. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
  • Sullivan, J. X. (2006). Welfare reform, saving, and vehicle ownership. Do asset limits and vehicle exemptions matter? Journal of Human Resources, 41(1), 72–105. doi:10.3368/jhr.XLI.1.72
  • Taylor, B., & Ong, P. (1995). Spatial mismatch or automobile mismatch? An examination of race, residence, and commuting in U.S. metropolitan areas. Urban Studies, 32(9), 1453–1473. doi:10.1080/00420989550012348
  • Tomer, A., Kneebone, E., Puentes, R. & Berube, A. (2011). Missed opportunity: Transit and jobs in metropolitan America. Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution. Available upon request from the publisher.
  • Turner, M. A., Comey, J., Kuehn, D. and Nichols, A. 2011. Helping poor families gain and sustain access to high-opportunity neighborhoods. Washington, DC: Urban Institute.
  • Turney, K., Clampet-Lundquist, S., Edin, K., Kling, J. R., Duncan, G. J., Ludwig, J., & Scholz, J. K. (2006). Neighborhood effects on barriers to employment: Results from a randomized housing mobility experiment in Baltimore. Brookings-Wharton Papers on Urban Affairs, 137–187. Retrieved from http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/brookings-wharton_papers_on_urban_affairs/
  • Turney, K., Kissane, R., & Edin, K. (2012). After Moving to Opportunity: How moving to a low-poverty neighborhood improves mental health among African American women. Society and Mental Health, 3(1), 1–21. doi:10.1177/2156869312464789
  • U.S. Census Bureau. (2000). Census Transportation Planning Package (CTPP) 2000. Washington, DC: Author.
  • U.S. Census Bureau. (2012). POV41: Region, division and type of residence—Poverty status for all people, family members and unrelated individuals. Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplement. Retrieved from http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/cpstables/032012/pov/POV41_100.htm
  • U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. (2014). Moving to Opportunity for fair housing. Retrieved from http://portal.hud.gov/hudportal/HUD?src=/programdescription/mto
  • U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development & U.S. Department of Transportation. (2010, October 20). HUD and DOT award $68 million to create sustainable livable communities. Retrieved from http: //www.burlingtonvt.gov/docs/3999.pdf
  • Wilson, W. J. (1987). The truly disadvantaged: The inner city, the underclass, and public policy. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
  • Wyly, E. K. (1999). Local labor markets and occupational sex segregation in an American metropolis. Journal of Urban Affairs, 21(1), 1–33. doi:10.1111/0735-2166.00001
  • Yi, C. (2006). Impact of public transit on employment status. Disaggregate analysis of Houston, Texas. Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 1986(1), 137–144. doi: 10.3141/1986-19

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.