References
- Aldred, R. (2013). Incompetent or too competent? Negotiating everyday cycling identities in a motor dominated society. Mobilities, 8(2), 252–271. https://doi.org/10.1080/17450101.2012.696342
- Allen, J., & Farber, S. (2020a). Planning transport for social inclusion: An accessibility-activity participation approach. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 78, 102212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2019.102212
- Allen, J., & Farber, S. (2020b). Suburbanization of transport poverty. Annals of the American Association of Geographers. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/24694452.2020.1859981
- American Association for the Advancement of Retired Persons (AARP). (2020). Baltimarket. https://www.aarp.org/aarp-foundation/grants/info-2017/grantee-profile-baltimarket.html
- Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation (ASPE). (2020, January 8). Poverty guidelines. https://aspe.hhs.gov/poverty-guidelines
- Bastiaanssen, J., Johnson, D., & Lucas, K. (2020). Does transport help people to gain employment? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the empirical evidence. Transport Reviews, 40(5), 607–622. https://doi.org/10.1080/01441647.2020.1747569
- Blumenberg, E., Brown, A. E., & Schouten, A. (2018). Car-deficit households: Determinants and implications for household travel in the U.S. Transportation. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11116-018-9956-6
- Blumenberg, E., & Pierce, G. (2014). A driving factor in mobility? Transportation’s role in connecting subsidized housing and employment outcomes in the Moving to Opportunity (MTO) Program. Journal of the American Planning Association, 80(1), 52–66. https://doi.org/10.1080/01944363.2014.935267
- Boas, T. C., Christenson, D. P., & Glick, D. M. (2020). Recruiting large online samples in the United States and India: Facebook, Mechanical Turk, and Qualtrics. Political Science Research and Methods, 8(2), 232–250. https://doi.org/10.1017/psrm.2018.28
- Brown, A. E. (2017). Car-less or car-free? Socioeconomic and mobility differences among zero-car households. Transport Policy, 60, 152–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2017.09.016
- Brown, A. E. (2019). Redefining car access: Ride-hail travel and use in Los Angeles. Journal of the American Planning Association, 85(2), 83–95. https://doi.org/10.1080/01944363.2019.1603761
- Brown, C., & Sinclair, J. (2017). Removing barriers to bicycle use in Black and Hispanic communities. ANF20 Standing Committee on Bicycle Transportation. Transportation Research Board 96th Annual Meeting. https://trid.trb.org/view/1438326
- Bureau of Policy and Research. (2017). The human cost of subway delays: A survey of New York City riders. https://comptroller.nyc.gov/wp-content/uploads/documents/The-Human-Cost-of-Subway-Delays.pdf
- Canadian Institute for Health Information (CIHI). (2020). COVID-19 intervention scan. https://www.cihi.ca/en/covid-19-intervention-scan
- Carter-Harris, L., Bartlett Ellis, R., Warrick, A., & Rawl, S. (2016). Beyond traditional newspaper advertisement: Leveraging Facebook-targeted advertisement to recruit long-term smokers for research. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 18(6), e117. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.5502
- Church, A., Frost, M., & Sullivan, K. (2000). Transport and social exclusion in London. Transport Policy, 7(3), 195–205. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-070X(00)00024-X
- City of Toronto. (2020a, June 26). COVID-19: ActiveTO – Expanding the cycling network. https://www.toronto.ca/home/covid-19/covid-19-protect-yourself-others/covid-19-reduce-virus-spread/covid-19-activeto/covid-19-activeto-expanding-the-cycling-network/
- City of Toronto. (2020b, August 28). COVID-19: Status of cases in Toronto. https://www.toronto.ca/home/covid-19/covid-19-latest-city-of-toronto-news/covid-19-status-of-cases-in-toronto/
- Clement, J. (2020). Number of Facebook users in Canada from 2017 to 2025. Statista.Com. https://www.statista.com/statistics/282364/number-of-facebook-users-in-canada/#:∼:text=The%20current%20Facebook%20usage%20penetration,64%20percent%20of%20the%20population.&text=Social%20networking%20is%20a%20popular,device%20on%20a%20monthly%20basis
- Cochran, A. L. (2020). Impacts of COVID-19 on access to transportation for people with disabilities. Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives, 8, 100263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2020.100263
- Collins, T. W., Nadybal, S., & Grineski, S. E. (2020). Sonic injustice: Disparate residential exposures to transport noise from road and aviation sources in the continental United States. Journal of Transport Geography, 82, 102604. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2019.102604
- District Department of Transportation. (2020). Car free lanes for buses and bikes. https://ddot.dc.gov/page/car-free-lanes-buses-and-bikes
- Farber, S., & Paez, A. (2011). Running to stay in place: The time-use implications of automobile oriented land-use and travel. Journal of Transport Geography, 19(4), 782–793. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2010.09.008
- Golub, A., Hoffmann, M. L., Lugo, A. E., & Sandoval, G. F. (2016). Bicycle justice and urban transformation: Biking for all? Routledge.
- Guiliano, G., & Schweitzer, L. (2011) Her money or her time: A gendered view of contemporary transport policy. In Women’s Issues in Transportation: Summary of the 4th International Conference, Volume 1: Conference Overview and Plenary Papers (p. 22901). Transportation Research Board.
- Guillory, J., Wiant, K. F., Farrelly, M., Fiacco, L., Alam, I., Hoffman, L., Crankshaw, E., Delahanty, J., & Alexander, T. N. (2018). Recruiting hard-to-reach populations for survey research: Using Facebook and Instagram advertisements and in-person intercept in LGBT bars and nightclubs to recruit LGBT young adults. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 20(6), e197. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.9461
- Heckman, J. J. (1979). Sample selection bias as a specification error. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 47(1), 153–161. https://doi.org/10.2307/1912352
- Klein, N. J., Tran, M., & Riley, S. (2020). “Desperately need a car”: Analyzing crowdfunding campaigns for car purchases and repairs on Gofundme.com. Travel Behaviour and Society, 21, 247–256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tbs.2020.07.004
- Kramer, A. (2018). The unaffordable city: Housing and transit in North American cities. Cities, 83, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2018.05.013
- Leary, R. (2020). COVID-19: Transitioning from response to restart and recovery (Memo No. 4; p. 77). Toronto Transit Commission. https://www.ttc.ca/About_the_TTC/Commission_reports_and_information/Commission_meetings/2020/June_17/Reports/4_COVID_19_Transitioning_from_Response_to_Restart_and_Recove.pdf
- Liu, L., Miller, H. J., & Scheff, J. (2020). The impacts of COVID-19 pandemic on public transit demand in the United States. PLoS One, 15(11), e0242476. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242476
- Liu, R., Palm, M., Shalaby, A., & Farber, S. (2020). A social equity lens on bus bridging and ride-hailing responses to unplanned subway disruptions. Journal of Transport Geography, 88, 102870. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2020.102870
- Lo, L., Shalaby, A., & Alshalalfah, B. (2010). Immigrant settlement and transit use in Canada: patterns and policy implications. TRB 89th Annual Meeting Compendium of Papers DVD. Transportation Research Board.
- Loukaitou-Sideris, A. (2015). Intimidated riders: US women’s perspectives about safety in transit settings. In V. Ceccato & A. Newton (Eds.), Safety and security in transit environments: An interdisciplinary approach (pp. 291–308). Palgrave Macmillan UK.
- Lovejoy, K., & Handy, S. (2008). A case for measuring individuals’ access to private-vehicle travel as a matter of degrees: Lessons from focus groups with Mexican immigrants in California. Transportation, 35(5), 601–612. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11116-008-9169-5
- Lubitow, A., Rainer, J., & Bassett, S. (2017). Exclusion and vulnerability on public transit: Experiences of transit dependent riders in Portland. Mobilities, 12(6), 924–937. https://doi.org/10.1080/17450101.2016.1253816
- Lubitow, A., Tompkins, K., & Feldman, M. (2019). Sustainable cycling for all? Race and gender-based bicycling inequalities in Portland. City & Community, 18(4), 1181–1202. https://doi.org/10.1111/cico.12470
- Lucas, K. (2012). Transport and social exclusion: Where are we now? Transport Policy, 20, 105–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2012.01.013
- Lucas, K. (2019). A new evolution for transport-related social exclusion research? Journal of Transport Geography, 81, 102529. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2019.102529
- Martens, K. (2016). Transport justice: Designing fair transportation systems. Routledge.
- Mayors Council on Regional Transit. (2020). Public meeting of the Mayors’ Council (p. 31). https://new.translink.ca/-/media/translink/documents/about-translink/governance-and-board/council-minutes-and-reports/2020/april/presentation_slides_mayors_council_mtg_2020_04_23.pdf
- Preston, V., & McLafferty, S. (2016). Revisiting gender, race, and commuting in New York. Annals of the American Association of Geographers, 106(2), 300–310. https://doi.org/10.1080/00045608.2015.1113118
- Province of British Columbia. (2020a, June 24). BC’s restart plan. https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/safety/emergency-preparedness-response-recovery/covid-19-provincial-support/bc-restart-plan
- Province of British Columbia. (2020b, August 25). British Columbia COVID-19 dashboard. https://experience.arcgis.com/experience/a6f23959a8b14bfa989e3cda29297ded
- Pucher, J., & Renne, J. L. (2003). Socioeconomics of urban travel: Evidence from the 2001 NHTS. Transportation Quarterly, 57(3), 48–77.
- Ravensbergen, L., Buliung, R., & Sersli, S. (2020). Vélomobilities of care in a low-cycling city. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 134, 336–347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2020.02.014
- Rowangould, G. M. (2013). A census of the US near-roadway population: Public health and environmental justice considerations. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 25, 59–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2013.08.003
- San Francisco Municipal Transportation Authority (SFMTA). (2020, April 21). Slow Streets Program to help with social distancing. https://www.sfmta.com/blog/slow-streets-program-help-social-distancing
- Scheiner, J., & Holz-Rau, C. (2012). Gendered travel mode choice: A focus on car deficient households. Journal of Transport Geography, 24, 250–261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2012.02.011
- Schwanen, T., Lucas, K., Akyelken, N., Cisternas Solsona, D., Carrasco, J. A., & Neutens, T. (2015). Rethinking the links between social exclusion and transport disadvantage through the lens of social capital. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 74, 123–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2015.02.012
- Sheller, M. (2018). Mobility justice: The politics of movement in the age of extremes. Verso Books.
- Singleton, P. A., & Goddard, T. (2016). Cycling by choice or necessity? Exploring the gender gap in bicycling in Oregon. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2598(1), 110–118. https://doi.org/10.3141/2598-13
- Skoutelas, P. (2020, July 17). Commentary: COVID-19 isn’t killing mass transit. It’s showing how much we need it. Chicago Tribune. https://www.chicagotribune.com/opinion/commentary/ct-opinion-coronavirus-mass-transit-critical-role-20200717-dutahfjlcvdlxmbrzw5dkymxne-story.html
- Smart, M. J., & Klein, N. J. (2020). Disentangling the role of cars and transit in employment and labor earnings. Transportation, 47(3), 1275–1309. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11116-018-9959-3
- Spurr, B. (2020, May 5). What to expect from historic TTC service cuts coming next week over the COVID-19 crisis. Toronto Star. https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2020/05/05/what-to-expect-from-historic-ttc-service-cuts-coming-next-week-over-the-covid-19-crisis.html
- Statistics Canada. (2020, April 17). Proximity measures database—Early release. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/17-26-0002/172600022020001-eng.htm
- Strome, S., Johns, T., Scicchitano, M. J., & Shelnutt, K. (2016). Elements of access: The effects of food outlet proximity, transportation, and realized access on fresh fruit and vegetable consumption in food deserts. International Quarterly of Community Health Education, 37(1), 61–70. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272684X16685252
- Taylor, B. D., & Morris, E. A. (2015). Public transportation objectives and rider demographics: Are transit’s priorities poor public policy? Transportation, 42(2), 347–367. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11116-014-9547-0
- Taylor, B. D., Ralph, K., & Smart, M. (2015). What explains the gender gap in schlepping? Testing various explanations for gender differences in household-serving travel: Gender gap in schlepping. Social Science Quarterly, 96(5), 1493–1510. https://doi.org/10.1111/ssqu.12203
- Tessum, C. W., Apte, J. S., Goodkind, A. L., Muller, N. Z., Mullins, K. A., Paolella, D. A., Polasky, S., Springer, N. P., Thakrar, S. K., Marshall, J. D., & Hill, J. D. (2019). Inequity in consumption of goods and services adds to racial-ethnic disparities in air pollution exposure. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 116(13), 6001–6006. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1818859116
- Toronto Transit Commission (TTC). (2020a). Riding the TTC during the COVID-19 pandemic. http://ttc.ca/Riding_the_TTC/Safety_and_Security/Riding_the_TTC_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic.jsp
- Toronto Transit Commission (TTC). (2020b). TTC’s Response to COVID-19. http://www.ttc.ca/About_the_TTC/Commission_reports_and_information/Commission_meetings/2020/May_13/Reports/4_%20TTCs_Response_to_COVID_19_Staff_Presentation.pdf
- Transit. (2020, April 27). Who’s left riding public transit? Hint: It’s not White people. Medium. https://medium.com/transit-app/whos-left-riding-public-transit-hint-it-s-not-white-people-d43695b3974a
- TransLink. (2020a). Boardings and journeys. Ridership. https://www.translink.ca/plans-and-projects/data-and-information/accountability-centre/ridership
- TransLink. (2020b). Coronavirus (COVID-19). https://new.translink.ca/rider-guide/coronavirus-precautions?bcgovtm=vancouver%20is%20awesome
- Tyndall, J. (2017). Waiting for the R train: Public transportation and employment. Urban Studies, 54(2), 520–537. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098015594079
- Walker, J. (2020, April 7). In a pandemic, we’re all “transit dependent.” Citylab. https://www.citylab.com/perspective/2020/04/coronavirus-public-transit-subway-bus-ridership-revenue/609556/
- Whitaker, C., Stevelink, S., & Fear, N. (2017). The use of Facebook in recruiting participants for health research purposes: A systematic review. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 19(8), e290. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.7071
- Wolfe, M. K., McDonald, N. C., & Holmes, G. M. (2020). Transportation barriers to health care in the United States: Findings from the National Health Interview Survey, 1997–2017. American Journal of Public Health, 110(6), 815–822. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2020.305579
- Wong, S., McLafferty, S. L., Planey, A. M., & Preston, V. A. (2020). Disability, wages, and commuting in New York. Journal of Transport Geography, 87, 102818. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2020.102818
- Woolard, A. (2016, November 23). The enormous pop-up clinic trying to bridge America’s health divide. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/news/2016/nov/23/enormous-pop-up-clinic-trying-bridge-americas-health-divide
- Zhang, Y., Farber, S., & Young, M. (2020). The benefits of on-demand transit in Belleville: Findings From a user survey (p. 32). University of Toronto. https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/handle/1807/100570
- Zhang, Y., Palm, M., Scheff, J., Farber, S., & Widener, M. (2020). Travel survey recruitment through Facebook and Transit app: Lessons from COVID-19. Transport Findings. https://doi.org/10.32866/001c.18066
- Zielinski, S. (1996). Access over excess: Transcending captivity and transportation disadvantage. In M. Eichler (Ed.), Change of plans towards a non-sexist sustainable city (pp. 131–159). University of Toronto Press. https://toronto.degruyter.com/view/title/563663