Electrophrenic Ventilation: A Different Perspective

REFERENCES

• Caldani LMA. Institutiones physiologicae. Venezia: Pezzana, 1786. Cited by Schecter DC. Application of electrotherapy to non-cardiac disorders. Bull NY Acad Med 1970; 46: 932–951.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Glenn WWL, Phelps ML. Diaphragmatic pacing by electrical stimulation of the phrenic nerve. Neurosurg 1985; 17: 974–84.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duchenne G. De l'electrisation localisee et son application a la pathologie et a la therapeutique. Paris, Bailliere 1872: 914. Cited in Vanderlinden RG, Epstein SW, Hyland RH, Smythe HS, Vanderlindin LD. Management of chronic ventilatory insufficiency with electrical diaphragm pacing. Can J Neuro Sci 1988; 15: 63–7.
   Google Scholar
• Sarnoff SJ, Hardenbergh E, Whittenberger JL. Electrophrenic respiration. AmJ Physiol 1948; 155: 1–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Judson JP, Glenn WWL. Radiofrequency electrophrenic respiration: long-term application to a patient with primary hypoventilation. JAMA 1968; 203: 1033–37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glenn WWL, Holcomb WG, McLaughlin AJ, O'Hare JM, Hogan JF, Yasuda R. Total ventilatory support in quadriplegic patient with radiofrequency electrophrenic respiration. N Engl J Med 1972; 286: 513–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glenn WWL, Hogan JF, Loke JSO, Ciesielski TE, Phelps ML, Rowedder R. Ventilatory support by pacing of conditioned diaphragm in quadriplegia. N Engl J Med 1984; 310: 1150–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glenn WWL, Hogan JF, Phelps ML. Ventilatory support of quadriplegic patient with respiratory paralysis by diaphragm pacing. Surg Clinic North Am 1980; 60: 1055–78.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glenn WWL, Holcomb WG, Shaw RK, Hogan JF, Holschuh KR. Long-term ventilatory support by diaphragm pacing in quadriplegia. Ann Surg 1976; 183: 566–76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stauffer ES, Bell GD. Traumatic respiratory quadriplegia and pentaplegia. Orthop Clin North Am 1978; 9: 1081–89.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glenn WWL, Gee JBL, Schacter EN. Diaphragm pacing: application to a patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1978; 75: 273–281.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bach JR, Alba AS, Bodofsky E, Curran FJ, Schultheiss M. Glossopharyngeal breathing and non-invasive aids in the management of post-polio respiratory insufficiency. Birth Defects 1987; 23: 99–113.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bach JR, Alba AS, Bohatiuk G, Saporito L, Lee M. Mouth intermittent positive pressure ventilation in the management of postpolio respiratory insufficiency. Chest 1987; 91: 859–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bach JR, Alba A. Management of chronic alveolar hypoventilation by nasal ventilation. Chest 1990; 97: 52–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bach JR, O'Brien J, Krotenberg R, Alba AS. Management of end stage respiratory failure in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Muscle Nerve 1987; 10: 177–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellis ER, Bye PTP, Bruderer JW, Sullivan CE. Treatment of respiratory failure during sleep in patients with neuromuscular disease, positive-pressure ventilation through a nose mask. Amer Rev Respir Dis 1987; 135: 148–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDermott I, Bach JR, Parker C, Sorter S. Custom-fabricated interfaces for non-invasive intermittent positive pressure ventilation. Int J Prosthodontics 1989; 2: 224–33.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Leger P, Jennequin J, Gerard M, Robert D. Home positive pressure ventilation via nasal mask for patients with neuromuscular weakness or restrictive lung or chest-wall disease. Resp Care 1989; 34: 73–9.
   Google Scholar
• Garay SM, Turino GM, Goldring RM. Sustained reversal of chronic hypercapnia in patients with alveolar hypoventilation syndromes. Amer J Med 1981; 70: 269–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curran FJ, Colbert AP. Ventilator management in Duchenne muscular dystrophy and postpoliomyelitis syndrome: twelve years' experience. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1989; 70: 180–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guilleminault C, Stoohs R, Schneider H, Podszus T, Peter JH, von Wichert P. Central alveolar hypoventilation and sleep: treatment by intermittent positive pressure ventilation through nasal mask in an adult. Chest 1989; 96: 1210–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bach JR, Alba AS. Noninvasive options for ventilatory support of the traumatic high level quadriplegic. Chest 1990; 98: 13–19.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bach JR. New approaches in the rehabilitation of the traumatic high level quadriplegic. Amer J Phys Med Rehabil (in press).
   Google Scholar
• Bach JR, McDermott I. Strapless oral-nasal interfaces for positive pressure ventilation. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1990; 71: 908–11.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bach JR, Zaniewski R, Lee H. Cardiac arrhythmias from a mal positioned Greenfield filter in a traumatic quadriplegic. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 1990; 69: 251–3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bockenek W, Bach JR, Alba AS, Cravioto A. Cartilagenous emboli to the spinal cord: a case study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1990; 71: 754–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bach JR. Psychosocial aspects of home mechanical ventilation. In: Kutscher AH, ed. The ventilator: psychoscial and medical aspects; muscular dystrophy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and other diseases. New York: Foundation of Thanatology (in press).
   Google Scholar
• Bach JR, Beltrame F. Alternative methods of ventilatory support. In: Rothkopf MM, Askanazi J, eds. Home intensive care. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins (in press).
   Google Scholar
• Anonymous. Diaphragm pacer physician's manual. Farmingdale, NY: Avery Laboratories, Inc., 1987.
   Google Scholar
• Glenn WWL, Sairenji H. Diaphragm pacing in the treatment of chronic ventilatory insufficiency. In: Roussos C, Macklem PT, eds. The thorax. New York: Dekker, 1985: 1407–40.
   Google Scholar
• Fodstad H, Blom S, Linderholm H. Artificial respiration by phrenic nerve stimulation in patients with cervical cord and brainstem lesions. Scand J Rehab Med 1983; 15: 173–81.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Glenn WWL. Hiccup J. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1983; 23: 359–60.
   Google Scholar
• Fodstad H, Blom S. Phrenic nerve stimulation in chronic singultus. Neurochirugia 1984; 27: 115–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glenn WWL, Phelps ML, Gersten LM. Diaphragm pacing in the management of central alveolar hypoventilation. In: Guilleminault C, ed. Sleep apnea syndromes. New York: Alan R. Liss, Inc. 1987; 333–45.
   Google Scholar
• Bach JR, Alba A, Mosher R, Delaubier A. Intermittent positive pressure ventilation via nasal access in the management of respiratory insufficiency. Chest 1987; 92: 168–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dingemans LM, Hawn JM. Mobility and equipment for ventilator dependent tetraplegic. Paraplegia 1978–79; 16: 175–183.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gilmartin M, Make B. Home care of the ventilator-dependent person. Respirator Care 1980; 28: 1490–97.
   Google Scholar
• Weese-Mayer DE, Morrow AS, Brouillette RT, Ilbawi MN, Hunt CE. Diaphragm pacing in infants and children: a life-table analysis of implanted components. Am Rev Respir Dis 1989; 139: 974–79.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riordan J. Electrophrenic respiration. Resp Ther 1980; Nov/Dec:69–71.
   Google Scholar
• Vanderlinden RG, Epstein SW, Hyland RH, Smythe HS, Vanderlinden LD. Management of chronic ventilatory insufficiency with electrical diaphragm pacing. Can J Neuro Sci 1988; 15: 63–67.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunt CE, Brouillette RT, Weese-Mayer DE, Morrow A, Ilbawi MN. Diaphragm pacing in infants and children. PACE 1988; 11: 2135–2141.
   Google Scholar
• Glenn WWL, Brouillette RT, Dentz B, et al. Fundamental considerations in pacing of the diaphragm for chronic ventilatory insufficiency: a multi-center study. PACE 1988; 11: 2121–27.
   Google Scholar
• Carter RE, Donovan WH, Halstead L, Wilkerson MA. Comparative study of electrophrenic nerve stimulation and mechanical ventilatory support in traumatic spinal cord injury. Paraplegia 1987; 25: 86–91.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fodstad H. The Swedish experience in phrenic nerve stimulation. PACE 1987; 10: 246–51.
   Google Scholar
• Kim JH, Manuelides EE, Glenn WWL. Diaphragm pacing. Histopathological changes in the phrenic nerve following long term electrical stimulation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1976; 72: 602–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim JH, Manuelides EE, Glenn WWL, Fukuda Y, Cole DS, Hogan JF. Light and electron microscopic studies of phrenic nerves after long-term electrical stimulation. J Neurosurg 1983; 58: 84–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ciesielski TE, Fukuda Y, Glenn WWL, Gorfien J, Jeffery K, Hogan JF. Response of the diaphragm muscle to electrical stimulation of the phrenic nerve. A histochemical and ultrastructural study. J Neurosurg 1983; 58: 92–100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sairenji H, Hogan JH, Glenn WWL. Influence of phrenic nerve stimulation in diaphragm blood flow. Prog Artif Org 1983: 46–952.
   Google Scholar
• Lee MY, Kirk PM, Yarkony GM. Rehabilitation of quadriplegic patients with phrenic nerve pacers. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1989; 70: 549–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glenn WWL, Phelps ML, Elefteriades JA, Dentz B, Hogan JF. Twenty years experience in phrenic nerve stimulation to pace the diaphragm. PACE 1986; 9: 780–4.
   Google Scholar
• Wolner E, Sade RM, Ilbawi MN. Discussion. In: II-bawi MN, Idriss FS, Hunt CE, Brouillette RT, DeLeon SY. Diaphragmatic pacing in infants: techniques and results. Ann Thor Surg 1985; 40: 323–29.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradley TD, Phillipson EA. Pathogenesis and pathophysiology of the obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Med Clin N Amer 1985; 69: 1169–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Splaingard ML, Frates RC, Harrison GM, Carter RE, Jeffereson LS. Home positive-pressure ventilation: twenty years' experience. Chest 1984; 4: 376–382.
   Google Scholar
• Niederman MS, Ferranti RD, Ziegler A, Merrill W, Reynolds HY. Respiratory infection complicating long-term tracheostomy: the implication of persistent gram-negative tracheobronchial colonization. Chest 1984; 85: 39–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Logemann JA. Evaluation and treatment of swallowing disorders. San Diego: College-Hill Press, Inc., 1983: 119.
   Google Scholar
• Bonanno P. Swallowing dysfunction after tracheostomy. Ann Surg 1971; 174: 29–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moar JJ, Lello GE, Mlller SD. Stomal sepsis and fatal haemorrhage following tracheostomy. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1986; 15: 339–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deutschman CS, Wilton P, Sinow J, Dibbell D, Konstantinides FN, Cerra FB. Paranasal sinusitis associated with nasotracheal intubation: a frequently unrecognized and treatable source of sepsis. Crit Care Med 1986; 14: 11–14.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pingleton SK. Complications of acute respiratory failure. Am Rev Respir Dis 1988; 37: 1463–93.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shnur S, Holland I. Concepts—a unique approach to personal care attendants. Rehabilitation Gazette 1987; 28: 10–11.
   Google Scholar
• Alexander MA, Johnson EW, Petty J, Stauch D. Mechanical ventilation of patients with late stage Duchenne muscular dystrophy: management in the home. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1979; 60: 289–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldstein RS, Molotiu N, Skrastins R, et al. Reversal of sleep-induced hypoventilation and chronic respiratory failure by nocturnal negative pressure ventilation in patients with restrictive ventilatory impairment. Am Rev Respir Dis 1987; 135: 1049–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill NS. Clinical applications of body ventilators. Chest 1986; 90: 897–905.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Splaingard ML, Frates RC, Jefferson LS, Rosen CL, Harrison GM. Home negative pressure ventilation: report of 20 years of experience in patients with neuromuscular disease. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1985; 66: 239–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMichan JC, Piepgras DG, Gracey DR, Marsh HM, Sittippong R. Electrophrenic respiration. Mayo Clin Proc 1979; 54: 662–68.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oakes DD, Wilmot CB, Halverson D, Hamilton RD. Neurogrenic respiratory failure: a 5-year experience using implantable phrenic nerve stimulators. Annals of Thor Surg 1980; 30: 118–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar