REFERENCES
- Whiteneck G, Adler C, Carter R, et al. The management of high quadriplegia. New York; Demos Publications, 1989.
- Lathem P, Gregorio T, Garbers. High level quadriplegia: the occupational therapy challenge. Amer J Occup Ther 1985: 39 11; 705–714.
- Malick M, Meyers C. Manual on the management of the quadriplegic upper extremity. Washington; Library of Congress, 1978.
- Burt C, Guilford A. The linear shoulder-elbow orthosis: an innovative avenue toward independence. SCI Digest 1982: 4; 37–42.
- Masanic C, Milner M, Goldenberg A. The development of semi-autonomous control for the UT/HMRC robotic aid. In: Kurtz I (ed). Rehabilitation Engineering Department Annual Report. Toronto; Rehabilitation Engineering Department, 1989; 88–89.
- Hammel J, Hall K, Lees D, et al. Clinical evaluation of a desktop robotic assistant. J Rehab Research 1989: 26 3; 1–16.
- Rehabilitation R&D Evaluation Unit. An evaluation of capuchin monkeys trained to help severely disabled individuals. J Rehab Res & Dev 1991: 2 28; 91–96.
- Nathan RH, Ohry A. Upper limb functions regained in quadriplegia: a hybrid computerized neuromuscular stimulation system. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1990: 71; 415–421.
- Nathan RH. An FNS-based system for generating upper limb function in the C4 quadriplegic. Med & Biol Eng & Comp 1989: 27; 549–556.
- Nathan RH. Electrostimulation of the upper limb: programmed hand function. IEE/Eighth Annual Conference of the Eng Med Biol Soc 1986: 8; 653–655.
- Hoshimiya N, Naito A, Yajima M, Handa Y. A multichannel FES system for the restoration of motor functions in high spinal cord injury patients: a respiration-controlled system for multijoint upper extremity. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 1989: 7 36; 754–760.
- Handa Y, Naito A, Ichie M, Handa T, Matsushita N, Hoshimiya N. EMG-based stimulation patterns of FES for the paralyzed upper extremities. Ninth International Symposium on Advances in External Control of Human Extremities. Dubrovnik, Yugoslavia 1987: 329–337.
- Peckham PH, Keith MW, Kilgore KL, Stroh KC, Hart RL. Surgical alterations and functional electrical stimulation for restoration of hand function. Proceedings of the RENSA International Conference 1992: 15; 27–28.
- Triolo RJ. Personal Communication. 1992
- Mulcahey MJ, Smith BT, Triolo R, Betz R. Restoration of hand function in the C7 spinal cord injured child. J. Amer Paraplegia Soc 1991: 142; 101–102.
- Smith BT, Mulcahey MJ, Triolo R, Betz R. The application of a modified neuroprosthetic hand system in a child with a C7 spinal cord injury. Paraplegia 1992: 30; 598–606.
- Weiss A, Betz R. Transfer of paralyzed innervated muscles and functional neuromuscular stimulation to restore prehensile activity in spinal cord injury patients. American Academy of Pediatrics. New Orleans, 1991.
- Zancolli E. Claw-hand caused by paralysis of the intrinsic muscles. J Bone Joint Surg 1957: 39-A 5; 1076–1080
- Mayer L, Green W. Experiences with the Steindler flexorplasty at the elbow. J Bone Joint Surg 1954: 36-A 4;775–789.
- Marshall R, Williams D, Birch R, Bonney G. Operations to restore elbow flexion after brachial plexus injuries. J Bone Joint Surg 1988:70-B 4; 577–582.
- Carroll R, Hill N. Triceps transfer to restore elbow flexion. J Bone Joint Surg 1970: 52-A 2; 239–243.
- Clark J. Reconstruction of the biceps brachii by pectoral muscle transplantation. British J Surg 1946: 34 134; 12–13.
- Brooks D, Seddon H. Pectoral transplantation for paralysis of the flexors of the elbow. J Bone Joint Surg 1959: 41-B 1; 36–43.
- Atkins R, Bell M, Sharrard W. Pectoralis major transfer for paralysis of elbow flexion in children. J Bone Joint Surg 1985: 67-B 4; 640–644.
- Carroll R, Kleinman W. Pectoralis major transplantation to restore elbow flexion to the paralytic limb. J Hand Surg 1979: 4 6; 501–507.
- Tsai T, Kalisman M, Burns J, Kleinert H. Restoration of elbow flexion by pectoralis major and pectoralis minor transfer. J Hand Surg 1983: 8 2; 186–190.
- Spira E. Replacement of biceps brachii by pectoralis minor transplant. J Bone Joint Surg 1957: 39; 126.
- Steindler A. Operative treatment of paralytic conditions of the upper extremity. J Orthop Surg 1919: 1; 608–624.
- Steindler A. Tendon transplantation in the upper extremity. Surgery 1939: 44; 260–271.
- Carroll R, Gartland J. Flexorplasty of the elbow. J Bone Joint Surg 1953: 35-A 3; 706–710.
- Kettelkamp D, Larson C. Evaluation of the Steindler flexorplasty. J Bone Joint Surg 1963: 45-A 3; 513–517.
- Bunnell S. Restoring flexion to the paralytic elbow. J Bone Joint Surg 1951: 33-A 3; 566–571.
- Stern P, Neale H, O'Gregory R, Kreilein J. Latissimus dorsi musculocutaneous flap for elbow flexion. J Hand Surg 1982: 7 1: 25–29
- Moneim M, Omer G. Latissimus dorsi muscle transfer for restoration of elbow flexion after brachial plexus disruption. J Hand Surg 1986: 11 1; 135–139.
- Stern P, Carey J. The latissimus dorsi flap for reconstruction of the brachium and shoulder. J Bone Joint Surg 1988: 70-A 4; 526–535.
- Richards R. Personal Communication. 1991.
- Parry CB. Strength-duration curves. In: Light S (ed). Electrodiagnosis and Electromyography. New Haven, CT; Elizabeth Light, 1961; 241–257.
- Schottstaedt E, Larsen L, Bost F. Complete muscle transposition. J Bone Joint Surg 1955: 37-A 5; 897–904.
- Segal A, Seddon H, Brooks D. Treatment of paralysis of the flexors of the elbow. J Bone Joint Surg 1959: 41-B 1; 44–50.
- Zancolli E, Mitre H. Latissimus dorsi transfer to restore elbow flexion: an appraisal of eight cases. J Bone Joint Surg 1973: 55A; 1265–1275.
- Manktelow RT. Free muscle transfers. In: Green DP (ed). Operative Hand Surgery. Vol. 2, 2nd ed. New York; Churchill Livingstone, 1988; 1221–1224.
- Buckett JR, Peckham, PH, Thrope GB, Braswell SD, Keith MW. A flexible portable functional neuromuscular stimulation neuroprosthetic system. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 1988: 35; 897–904.
- Abbas JJ, Chizeck HJ, Borges G., Chow P, Lambert P, Moynahan M. A software structure for implementing multi-state feedback controllers in FNS systems. IEEE/Tenth Annual Conference of the Eng & Biol Soc, New Orleans 1988: 10; 1653–1654.
- Mortimer JT, Boyer DM, Lord RH, Swanker JW. Shoulder position transduction for proportional two axis control of orthotic/prosthetic systems. In: Herberts P, et al. (eds). The Control of Upper-Extremity Prostheses and Orthoses. Springfield, Illinois; Charles C. Thomas, 1974; 131–145.
- Johnson MW, Peckham PH. Evaluation of shoulder movement as a command control source. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 1990: 9 37; 876–885.
- Vodovnik L, Rebersek S. Myoelectrical and myomechanical prehension systems using functional electrical stimulation. In: Herberts P, et al. (eds). The Control of Upper-Extremity Prostheses and Orthoses. Springfield, Illinois; Charles C. Thomas, 1974; 151–165.
- Simpson DC. The choice of control system for the multi-movement prostheses: extended physiological proprioception. In: Herberts P, et al. (eds). The Control of Upper-Extremity Prostheses and Orthoses. Springfield, Illinois; Charles C. Thomas, 1974; 146–150.