Geographical Variation in Calanus helgolandicus s.l. (Copepoda, Calanoida) and Evidence of Recent Speciation of the Black Sea Population

References

• Alldredge, A. L., B. H. Robison, A. Fleminger, J. J. Torres, J. M. King, and W. M. Hamner. 1984. Direct sampling and in situ observation of a persistent copepod aggregation in the mesopelagic zone of the Santa Barbara Basin. Marine Biology 80: 75–81.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arcos, F., and A. Fleminger. 1986. Distribution of filter-feeding calanoid copepods in the eastern equatorial Pacific (Latitudes 5°N to 5°S). Cal COFI Reports 27: 170–187.
   Google Scholar
• Baker, A. de C. 1954. The circumpolar continuity of Antarctic plankton species. Discovery Reports 27: 201–218.
   Google Scholar
• Blades, P. I., and M. J. Youngbluth. 1980. Morphological, physiological and behavioral aspects of mating in calanoid copepods. In Evolution and ecology of zooplankton communities, ed. W. C. Kerfoot, 39–51. Special Symposium ASLO. Hanover, N.H.: University Press of New England.
   Google Scholar
• Bucklin, A., and N. H. Marcus. 1985. Genetic differentation of populations of the plank-tonic copepod Labidocera aestiva. Marine Biology 84: 219–224.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carter, J. C. H., W. G. Sprules, M. J. Dadswell, and J. C. Roff. 1983. Factors governing geographical variation in body size of Diaptomus minutus (Copepoda, Calanoida). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 40: 1303–1307.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caspers, H. 1957. Black Sea and the Sea of Azov. In Treatise on marine ecology and paleoecology, ed. J. W. Hedgpeth, 801–889. Vol. 1, Ecology. Geological Society of America. Memoir 67.
   Google Scholar
• Chen, Ya-Qu. 1986. The vertical distribution of some pelagic copepods in the eastern tropical Pacific. Cal COFI Reports 27: 205–227.
   Google Scholar
• Claus, C. 1863. Die frei-lebenden Copepoden. Leipzig: Wilhelm Engelmann.
   Google Scholar
• Climap Proj. Members, 1976. The surface of the ice-age earth. Science 191: 1131–1144.
   Google Scholar
• Deevey, G. B. 1960. Relative effects of temperature and food on seasonal variation in length of marine copepods in some eastern American and western European waters. Bulletin of the Bingham Oceanographic Collection 17: 54–86.
   Google Scholar
• Deevey, G. B. 1964. Annual variations in length of copepods in the Sargasso Sea off Bermuda. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 44: 589–600.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deevey, G. B. 1966. Seasonal variations in length of copepods in South Pacific New Zealand waters. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 17: 155–168.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dowidar, N. M., and A. M. El-Maghraby. 1970. The neritic zooplankton of the south eastern Mediterranean at Alexandria. United Arab Republic, Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries Bulletin 1: 227–273.
   Google Scholar
• Eberhard, W. G. 1985. Sexual selection and animal genitalia. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Endler, J. A. 1977. Geographic variation, speciation and clines. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Erinc, S. 1978. Changes in the physical environment in Turkey since the end of the last Glacial. In The environmental history of the near and middle east since The last Ice Age, ed. W. C. Brice, 87–110. New York: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ferrari, F. D., and T. E. Bowman. 1980. Pelagic copepods of the family Oithonidae (Cyclopoida) from the east coast of Central and South America. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 312: 1–27.
   Google Scholar
• Fleminger, A. 1967. Taxonomy, distribution and polymorphism in the Labidocera jollae group with remarks on evolution within the group (Copepoda: Calanoida). Proceedings of the United States National Museum 120(3567): 1–61.
   Google Scholar
• Fleminger, A. 1973. Pattern, number, variability and taxonomic significance of integumental organs (sensilla and glandular pores) in the genus Eucalanus (Copepoda: Calanoida). Fishery Bulletin, U.S., 71: 965–1010.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fleminger, A. 1975. Geographical distribution and morphological divergence in American coastal-zone planktonic copepods of the genus Labidocera. In Estuarine Research 1, ed. L. E. Cronin, 392–419. New York: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Fleminger, A. 1985. Dimorphism and possible sex change in copepods of the family Calanidae. Marine Biology 88: 273–294.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fleminger, A. 1986. The Pleistocene equatorial barrier between the Indian and Pacific Oceans and a likely cause for Wallace's line. Pelagic Biogeography technical papers in Marine Sci. 49: 84–97.
   Google Scholar
• Fleminger, A., and K. Hulsemann. 1973. Relationship of Indian Ocean epiplanktonic calanoids to the world oceans. In The biology of the Indian Ocean, ed. B. Zeitzschel, 339–347. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
   Google Scholar
• Fleminger, A., and K. Hulsemann. 1974. Systematics and distribution of the four sibling species comprising the genus Pontellina Dana (Copepoda, Calanoida). Fishery Bui- letin, U.S., 72: 63–120.
   Google Scholar
• Fleminger, A., and K. Hulsemann. 1977. Geographical range and taxonomic divergence in North Atlantic Calanus (C. helgolandicus, C. finmarchicus, and C. glacialis). Marine Biology 40: 233–248.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fleminger, A., B. H. R. Othman, and J. G. Greenwood. 1982. The Labidocera pectinata group: An Indo-West Pacific lineage of planktonic copepods with descriptions of two new species. Journal of Plankton Research 4: 245–270.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frost, B., and A. Fleminger. 1968. A revision of the genus Clausocalanus (Copepoda: Calanoida) with remarks on distributional patterns in diagnostic characters. Bulletin of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography 12: 1–235.
   Google Scholar
• Furnestin, M.-L. 1979. Aspects of the zoogeography of the Mediterranean plankton. In Zoogeography and diversity of plankton, ed. S. van der Spoel and A. C. Pierrot-Bults, 191–253. New York: Halsted Press (Wiley).
   Google Scholar
• Gaudy, R. 1985. Features and peculiarities of zooplankton communities from the western Mediterranean. In Mediterranean marine ecosystems, ed. M. Moraitou-Apostolopoulou and V. Kiortsis 279–301. New York: Plenum Press.
   Google Scholar
• Giesbrecht, W. 1892. Systematik und Faunistik der pelagischen Copepoden des Golfes von Neapel. Fauna und Flora des Golfes von Neapel 19: 1–831, 54 pis.
   Google Scholar
• Halim, Y. 1976. Marine biological studies in Egyptian Mediterranean waters: A review. Acta Adriatica 18: 31–38.
   Google Scholar
• Harding, J. P. 1963. The chromosomes of Calanus finmarchicus and C. helgolandicus. Crustaceana 6: 81–88.
   Google Scholar
• Hirche, H. J. 1983. Overwintering of Calanus finmarchicus and Calanus helgolandicus. Marine Ecology Progress Series 11: 281–290.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hure, J., and B. Scotto di Carlo. 1968. Comparazione tra lo zooplancton del Golfo di Napoli e dell' Adriatico meridionale presso Dubrovnik. I. Copepoda. Pubblicazione dalla Stazione Zoologica di Napoli 36: 21–102.
   Google Scholar
• Jaschnov, W. A. 1955. Morphology, distribution and systematics of Calanus finmarchicus s.l. (in Russian). Zoologicheskii Zhurnal 34: 1210–1223.
   Google Scholar
• Karavaev, V. 1894. The pelagic crustaceans of the Black Sea (in Russian). Kiev Universitet. Obshchestvo est estvaispytalelei, Zapiski, Memoires 13: 35–62.
   Google Scholar
• Karavaev, V. 1895. The copepod fauna of the Black Sea (in Russian). Kiev Universitet. Obshchestvo est estvaispytalelei, Zapiski, Memoires 14: 117–174.
   Google Scholar
• Kiortsis, V. 1985. Mediterranean marine ecosystems: Establishment of zooplankton communities in transitional and partly isolated areas. In Mediterranean marine ecosystems, ed. M. Moraitou-Apostolopoulou and V. Kiortsis, 377–385. New York: Plenum Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kos, M. S. 1972. Intraspecific differentiation of Calanus plumchrus Marukawa. In Geographical and seasonal variability of marine plankton, ed. Zh. A. Zvereva Explorations of the Marine Fauna 12(20). Zoologicheskii Institut. Leningrad: Israel Program of Scientific Translations 1975 (English translation), 128–168. Jerusalem: Keter Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Kovalev, A. V. 1969. Variability in certain planktonic Copepoda (Crustacea) in Mediterranean Sea Basins (in Russian). In Biologiia Moria (Marine Biology) 17: 144–197, 231. Productive-biological processes in the plankton of southern seas. Kiev:
   Google Scholar
• Kovalev, A. V., E. P. Shelukhin, and V. N. Ivanov. 1975. On the taxonomic status of the Black Sea representative of the genus Calanus (Copepoda). Zoologicheskii Zhurnal 54: 195–199.
   Google Scholar
• Kraft, J. C., I. Kayan, and O. Erol. 1980. Geomorphic reconstruction in the environs of ancient Troy. Science 209: 776–782.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kukla, G. J., and R. K. Matthews. 1972. When will the present interglacial end?. Science 178: 190–191.
   Google Scholar
• Lakkis, S. 1976. Considerations on the distribution of pelagic copepods in the eastern Mediterranean off the coast of Lebanon. Acta Adriatica 18: 41–52.
   Google Scholar
• Malt, S. J. 1983. Polymorphism and pore signature patterns in the copepod genus Oncaea (Cyclopoida). Journal of the marine biological Association of the United Kingdom 63: 449–466.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mauchline, J. 1977. The integumental sensilla and glands of pelagic Crustacea. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 57: 973–994.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mauchline, J., and T. Nemoto. 1977. The occurrence of integumental organs in copepodid stages of calanoid copepods. Bulletin of the Plankton Society of Japan 24: 32–38.
   Google Scholar
• McDowell, S. E., and H. T. Rossby. 1978. Mediterranean water: an intense mesoscale eddy off the Bahamas. Science 202: 1085–1087.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moraitou-Apostolopoulou, M. 1985. The zooplankton communities of the eastern Mediterranean (Levantine Basin, Aegean Sea): Influence of man made factors. In Mediterranean marine ecosystems, ed. M. Moraitou-Apostolopoulou and V. Kiortsis, 303–331. New York: Plenum Press.
   Google Scholar
• Pasteur, R., V. Berdugo, and B. Kimor. 1976. The abundance, composition and seasonal distribution of epizooplankton in coastal and offshore waters of the eastern Mediterranean. Acta Adriatica 18: 55–79.
   Google Scholar
• Petipa, T. S., L. I. Sazhina, and E. P. Delalo. 1960. Vertical distribution of zooplankton in the Black Sea in relation to hydrological conditions (English Translation). Doklady Akademiia Nauk SSSR 133: 964–967.
   Google Scholar
• Porumb, F. 1980. Presence de quelques espèces mediterranéennes dans le zooplancton de la mer Noire. Revue Roumaine de Biologie (Serie Biologie animale) 25: 167–170.
   Google Scholar
• Puzanov, I. I. 1965. Consecutive stages of Mediterranean of the Black Sea Fauna: New data (in Russian). Gidrobiologicheskii Zhurnal 2: 22–34.
   Google Scholar
• Ross, D. A. 1977. The Black Sea and the Sea of Azov. In The ocean basins and margins, eds. A. E. M. Nairn, W. H. Kanes, and F.G. Stehli: Vol. 4 A, The Eastern Mediterranean, 445–481. New York: Plenum Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sara, M. 1985. Ecological factors and their biogeographic consequences in the Mediterranean ecosystems. In Mediterranean marine ecosystems, eds. M. Moraitou-Apostolopoulou and V. Kiortsis, 1–17. New York: Plenum Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sars, G. O. 1903. An account of the Crustacea of Norway. Vol. IV, Copepoda. Calanoida. Bergen Museum.
   Google Scholar
• Schneppenheim, R., and C. M. MacDonald. 1984. Genetic variation and population structure of krill (Euphausia superba) in the Atlantic sector of Antarctic waters and off the Antarctic Peninsula. Polar Biology 3: 19–28.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sibley, C. G. 1961. Hybridization and isolating mechanisms. In Vertebrate speciation, ed. W. F. Blair, 69–88. Austin: University Texas Press.
   Google Scholar
• Simpson, G. G., A. Roe and R. C. Lewontin, 1960. Quantitative Zoology. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Co.
   Google Scholar
• Sverdrup, H. V., M. W. Johnson, and R. H. Fleming. 1942. The oceans, their physics, chemistry and general biology. New York: Prentice-Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Tate, M. W., and R. C. Clelland. 1957. Nonparametric and shortcut statistics. Danville, Illinois: Interstate Printers and Publishers, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Tolmazin, D. 1985. Changing coastal oceanography of the Black Sea. II: Mediterranean effluent. Progress in Oceanography 15: 277–316.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vervoort, W. 1965. Notes on the biogeography and ecology of free-living marine Copepoda. In Biogeography and Ecology in Antarctica, eds. P. van Oye and J. van Mieghem, 381–400. Monographs in Biology 15.
   Google Scholar
• Vinogradov, M. Ye., M. V. Flint, and E. A. Shushkina. 1985. Vertical distribution of mesoplankton in the open area of the Black Sea. Marine Biology 89: 95–107.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vinogradov, M. Ye., and E. A. Shushkina. 1982. Estimate of the concentration of Black Sea jellyfish, ctenophores and Calanus based on observations from the Argus submersible. Oceanology 22: 351–355.
   Google Scholar
• Vuèetiè, T. 1965. Quelques données sur la longueur des adultes de Calanus helgolandicus Claus provenant de Veliko Jezero (Ile de Mljet). Rapports et Procès-verbaux des Réunions. International commission pour l' Exploration Scientifique de la mer Mediterranée 18: 431–438.
   Google Scholar
• Watts, D. R., and D. B. Oison. 1978. Gulf stream ring coalescence with the Gulf Stream off Cape Hatteras. Science 202: 971–972.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, D. F., R. C. Thunell, and J. P. Kennett. 1978. Periodic freshwater flooding and stagnation of the eastern Mediterranean Sea during the late Quaternary. Science 201: 252–254.
   Google Scholar
• Wooster, W., and J. Reid. 1963. Eastern boundary currents. In The Sea, Vol. 2, ed. M. N. Hill, 253–280. New York: Interscience Publishers.
   Google Scholar