Characterization of Yellow and Red Natural Organic Colorants on Japanese Woodblock Prints by EEM Fluorescence Spectroscopy

References

• Amat, A., C. Clementi, C. Miliani, A. Romani, A. Sgamellotti, and S. Fantacci. 2010. Complexation of apigenin and luteolin in weld lake: A DFT/TDDFT investigation. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 12: 6672–84. doi: 10.1039/b925700d
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brunetti, B., C. Miliani, F. Rosi, B. Doherty, L. Monico, A. Romani, and A. Sgamellotti. 2016. Non-invasive investigation of paintings by portable instrumentation: The MOLAB experience. Topics in Current Chemistry 374(10): 1–35.
   Google Scholar
• Cardon, D. 2007. Natural dyes. Sources, tradition, technology and science. London: Archetype Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Chignell, C. F., P. Bilski, K. J. Reszka, A. G. Motten, R. H. Sik, and T. A. Dahl. 1994. Spectral and photochemical properties of curcumin. Photochemistry and Photobiology 59(3): 295–302. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1994.tb05037.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clarke, M. 2002. Limitations of fluorescence spectroscopy as a tool for non-destructive in situ identification of organic pigments, dyes and inks. Art 2002: Proceeding of the Sixth International Conference on Non-destructive Testing and Microanalysis for the Diagnostics and Conservation of the Cultural and Environmental Heritage. Antwerp. 1–8.
   Google Scholar
• Claro, A., M. J. Melo, S. Schäfer, J. S. Seixas de Melo, F. Pina, K. J. van den Berg, and A. Burnstock. 2008. The use of microspectrofluorimetry for the characterization of lake pigments. Talanta 74: 922–29. doi: 10.1016/j.talanta.2007.07.036
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clementi, C., G. Basconi, R. Pellegrino, and A. Romani. 2014. Carthamus tinctorius L.: A photophysical study of the main coloured species for artwork diagnostic purposes. Dyes and Pigments 103: 127–37. doi: 10.1016/j.dyepig.2013.12.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clementi, C., B. Doherty, P. L. Gentili, C. Miliani, A. Romani, B. G. Brunetti, and A. Sgamellotti. 2008. Vibrational and electronic properties of painting lakes. Applied Physics A: Material Science and Processes 92: 25–33. doi: 10.1007/s00339-008-4474-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clementi, C., C. Miliani, A. Romani, and G. Favaro. 2006. In-situ fluorimetry: A powerful non-destructive diagnostic technique for natural dyes used for pictorial art in tapestry. Part 1: Spectral characterization of orcein in solution, on silk and wool laboratory standards and fragments of renaissance tapestry. Spectrochimica Acta Part A 64: 906–12. doi: 10.1016/j.saa.2005.08.024
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clementi, C., C. Miliani, G. Verri, S. Sotiropoulou, A. Romani, B. G. Brunetti, and A. Sgamellotti. 2009. Application of the Kubelka-Munk correction for self-absorption fluorescence emission in carmine lake paint layers. Applied Spectroscopy 63(12): 1323–30. doi: 10.1366/000370209790109058
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de la Rie, R. 1982. Fluorescence of paint and varnish layers (part 1). Studies in Conservation 27: 1–7. doi: 10.2307/1505977
   Google Scholar
• Favaro, G., C. Clementi, A. Romani, and V. Vickackaite. 2007. Acidichromism and ionochromism of luteolin and apigenin, the main components of the naturally occurring yellow weld: A spectrophotometric and fluorimetric study. Journal of Fluorescence 17: 707–14. doi: 10.1007/s10895-007-0222-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feller, R., M. Curran, and C. Bailie. 1984. Identification of traditional organic colorants employed in Japanese prints and determination of their rates of fading. In Japanese woodblock prints: A catalogue of the Mary A. Ainsworth collection, ed. Roger Keyes. Oberlin: Allen Memorial Art Museum. 253–66.
   Google Scholar
• Fiske, B., and L. S. Morenus. 2004. Ultraviolet and infrared examination of Japanese woodblock prints: Indentifying reds and blues. The Book and Paper Group Annual. American Institute for Conservation 23: 21–32.
   Google Scholar
• Grzywacz, C. M., J. Wouters, S. Bomin, and F. Yuquan. 2010. Asian organic colorants: A collaborative research project. In Conservation of ancient sites on the silk road, ed. Neville Agnew. Los Angeles: The Getty Conservation Institute. 450–56.
   Google Scholar
• Hinde, E., P. Nell, R. Sloggett, and A. Roberts. 2013. Fluorimetric analysis of the constituent dyes within daylight fluorescent pigments: Implications for display and preservation of daylight fluorescent artwork. Journal of the American Institute for Conservation 52(2): 97–106. doi: 10.1179/0197136013Z.0000000008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirano, C. 1939. The making of Japanese prints and the history of ukiyo-e. In Kiyonaga, A study of his life and times. Published for the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 29–57.
   Google Scholar
• Höfener, S., P. C. Kooijman, J. Groen, F. Ariese, and L. Visscher. 2013. Fluorescence behavior of (selected) flavonoids: A combined experimental and computational study. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 15: 12572–81. doi: 10.1039/c3cp44267e
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ishii, K. 1929. Nishiki-e no hori to sori. Tokyo: Geisōdō, 1929. The engraving and printing of Japanese prints English translation by Tim Clark, Ohrid, Yugoslavia: 1981 and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA: 1982, available as a bound manuscript at Rübel Asiatic Research Collection, Fine Arts Library, Harvard University.
   Google Scholar
• Kanada, M. M. 1989. Color woodblock printing: The traditional method of ukiyo-e. Tokyo: Shufunotomo.
   Google Scholar
• Kaotaka, M. 2009. Rokurō UEMURA dye archive. MFA internal report, Textile Conservation Lab, Boston.
   Google Scholar
• Kazuma, K., T. Takahashi, K. Sato, H. Takeuchi, T. Matsumoto, and T. Okuno. 2000. Quinochalcones and flavonoids from freshs florets in different cultivars of Carthamus tinctorius L. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 64(8): 1588–99. doi: 10.1271/bbb.64.1588
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lakowitz, J. R. 2006. Principles of fluorescence spectroscopy. New York: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Leona, M., and J. Winter. 2001. Fiber optic reflectance spectroscopy: A unique tool for the investigation of Japanese paintings. Studies in Conservation 46(3): 153–62.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, Q., Y. Liu, Y. Li, and S. Yao. 2006. Non-aqueous capillary electrophoresis coupled with laser-induced native fluorescence detection for the analysis of berberine, palmatine, and jatrorrhizine in Chinese herbal medicines. Journal of Separation Science 29: 1268–74. doi: 10.1002/jssc.200600032
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marks, A. 2010. Japanese woodblock prints: Artists, publishers and masterworks, 1680–1900. North Clarendon, Vermont: Tuttle Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Melo, M. J., and A. Claro. 2010. Bright light: Microspectrofluorimetry for the characterization of lake pigments and dyes in works of art. Accounts of Chemical Research 43(6): 857–66. doi: 10.1021/ar9001894
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miliani, C., A. Daveri, L. Spaabaek, A. Romani, V. Manuali, A. Sgamellotto, and B. G. Brunetti. 2010. Bleaching of red lake paints in encaustic mummy portraits. Applied Physics A 100: 703–11. doi: 10.1007/s00339-010-5748-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miliani, C., A. Romani, and G. Favaro. 1998. A spectrophotometric and fluorimetric study of some anthraquinoid and indigoid colorant used in artistic paintings. Spectrochimica Acta Part A 54: 581–88. doi: 10.1016/S1386-1425(97)00240-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miliani, C., A. Romani, and G. Favaro. 2000. Acidichromic effects in 1,2-di- and 1,2,4-tri-hydroxyanthraquinones. A spectrophotometric and fluorimetric study. Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 13: 141–50. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1395(200003)13:3<141::AID-POC220>3.0.CO;2-J
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mouri, C., and R. Laursen. 2012. Identification of anthraquinone markers for distinguishing Rubia species in madder-dyed textiles by HPLC. Microchimica Acta 179: 105–13. doi: 10.1007/s00604-012-0868-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakamura, R., Y. Tanaka, A. Ogata, and N. Masakazu. 2014. Scientific evidence by fluorescence spectrometry for safflower red on ancient Japanese textiles stored in the shosoin treasure house repository. Studies in Conservation 51(6): 367–76. doi: 10.1179/2047058413Y.0000000082
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakamura, R., Y. Tanaka, A. Ogata, and M. Naruse. 2009. Dye analysis of shosoin textiles using excitation-emission matrix fluorescence and ultraviolet-visible reflectance spectroscopic techniques. Analytical Chemistry 81(14): 5691–98. doi: 10.1021/ac900428a
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nevin, A., A. Cesaratto, S. Bellei, C. D'Andrea, L. Toniolo, G. Valentini, and D. Comelli. 2014. Time-resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy and imaging: New approaches to the analysis of cultural heritage and its degradation. Sensors 14: 6338–55. doi: 10.3390/s140406338
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park, Y. S., H. Choi, S. H. Yun, S. Kim, T. K. Kim, N. S. Yoon, and Y. J. Lim. 2001. Quantitative analysis of crocetin colorants in gardenias (gardenia jasminoides ellis) by LC/DAD/MA. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry 7(6): 375–79.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patra, D., and C. Barakat. 2011. Synchronous fluorescence spectroscopic study of solvatochromic curcumin dye. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy 79: 1034–41. doi: 10.1016/j.saa.2011.04.016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pieris, R. H., C. Halle, H. Budman, C. Moresoli, S. Peldszus, P. Huck, and R. Legge. 2010. Identifying fouling events in a membrane-based drinking water treatment process using principal component analysis of fluorescent excitation-emission matrices. Water Research 44: 185–94. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2009.09.036
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reigle Newland, A. ed. 2006. The hotei encyclopedia of Japanese woodblock prints. 2 vols. Leiden: Hotei Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Romani, A., C. Clementi, C. Miliani, B. G. Brunetti, A. Sgamellotti, and G. Favaro. 2008. Portable equipment for luminescence lifetime measurements on surfaces. Applied Spectroscopy 62(12): 1395–99. doi: 10.1366/000370208786822250
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romani, A., C. Clementi, C. Miliani, and G. Favaro. 2010. Fluorescence spectroscopy: A powerful technique for the noninvasive characterization of artwork. Accounts of Chemical Research 43(6): 837–46. doi: 10.1021/ar900291y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rondão, R., J. S. Seixas de Melo, J. Pina, M. J. Mello, T. Vitorino, and A. J. Parola. 2013. Brazilwood reds: The (photo)chemistry of brazilin and brazilein. Journal of Physical Chemistry A 117(41): 10650–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sasaki, Y., and K. Sasaki. 2013. Analysis of protoberberines in historical textiles: Determining the provenance of East Asian textiles by analysis of phellodendron. e-Preservation Science 10: 83–89.
   Google Scholar
• Shimoyama, S., and Y. Noda. 1993. Non-destructive determination of natural dyestuffs used for ancient coloured cloths using a three-dimensional fluorescence spectrum technique. Dyes in History and Archaeology 12: 45–56.
   Google Scholar
• Shimoyama, S., and Y. Noda. 1994. Non-destructive determination of plant dyestuffs used in ancient madder dyeing, employing a three-dimensional fluorescence spectrum technique. Dyes in History and Archaeology 13: 14–25.
   Google Scholar
• Shimoyama, S., and Y. Noda. 1996. Non-destructive analysis of dyes in a Chinese brocade: Determination of plant dyes in a 16th/17th-century textile by a three-dimensional fluorescence spectrum technique with fibre optics. Dyes in History and Archaeology 15: 70–84.
   Google Scholar
• Shimoyama, S., Y. Noda, and S. Kasuhara. 1996. Non-destructive analysis of Ukiyo-e prints: Determination of plant dyestuffs used for traditional Japanese woodblock prints, employing a three-dimensional fluorescence spectrum technique and quartz fibre optics. Dyes in History and Archaeology 15: 1–26. Textile Research Associates, York, UK.
   Google Scholar
• Simonot, L., M. Thoury, and J. Delaney. 2011. Extension of the Kubelk-Munk theory for fluorescent turbid media to a nonopaque layer on a background. Journal of the Optical Society of America 28(7): 1349–57. doi: 10.1364/JOSAA.28.001349
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soltzberg, L., S. Lor, N. Okey-Igwe, and R. Newman. 2012. 3-D fluorescence characterization of synthetic organic dyes. American Journal of Analytical Chemisty 3: 622–31. doi: 10.4236/ajac.2012.39081
   Google Scholar
• Tokuno, T., and S. R. Koehler, ed. 1894. Japanese wood-cutting and wood-cut printing. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution and Government Printing Office.
   Google Scholar
• van Bommel, M. R., I. V. Berghe, A. M. Wallert, R. Boitelle, and J. Wouters. 2007. High-performance liquid chromatography and non-destructive three-dimensional fluorescence analysis of early synthetic dyes. Journal of Chromatography A 1157: 260–72. doi: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.05.017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Bommel, M., M. Geldof, and E. Hendriks. 2005. An investigation of organic red pigments used in paintings by Vincent van Gogh (November 1885 to February 1888), ArtMatters, Netherlands Technical Studies in Art 3: 111–37.
   Google Scholar
• Vickackaite V., A. Romani, D. Pannacci, and G. Favaro. 2004. Photochemical and thermal degradation of a naturally occurring dye used in artistic painting. A chromatographic, spectrophotometric and fluorimetric study on saffron. International Journal of Photoenergy 6: 175–83. doi: 10.1155/S1110662X04000224
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wallert, A. 1986. Fluorescent assay of quinine, lichen and redwood dyestuffs. Studies in Conservation 31: 145–55.
   Google Scholar
• Yoshida, T., and R. Yuki. 1966. Japanese print-making: A handbook of traditional and modern techniques. Rutland, VT: Charles E. Tuttle.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, X., C. Mouri, M. Mikage, and R. Laursen. 2010. Preliminary studies toward identification of sources of protoberberine alkaloids used as yellow dyes in Asian objects of historical interest. Studies in Conservation 554: 177–85. doi: 10.1179/sic.2010.55.3.177
   Google Scholar
• Further Reading
   Google Scholar
• Barrett, T. 1983. Japanese papermaking: Traditions, tools and techniques. New York: Weatherhill.
   Google Scholar
• Clark, T., A. Nishimura Morse, and L. Virgin, with A. Hockley. 2001. The Dawn of the Floating World 1650–1765: Early Ukiyo-e Treasures from the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Royal Academy of Arts, London, and Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. The Torii mitsu print (fig.2, MFA #11.19030) is included in this catalogue.
   Google Scholar
• Hughes, S. 1978. Washi: The world of Japanese paper. Tokyo: Kodansha International.
   Google Scholar
• Jett, P., J. Winter, and B. McCarthy, eds. 2005. Scientific research on the pictorial arts of Asia: Proceedings of the second forbes symposium at the freer gallery of Art. London: Archetype Publications and Freer Gallery of Art.
   Google Scholar
• Meech, J. and J. Oliver, eds. 2008. Designed for pleasure: The world of Edo Japan in prints and paintings, 1680–1860. Seattle: Asia Society and Japanese Art Society of America in association with University of Washington Press.
   Google Scholar
• Stratis, H. K., and B. Salvesen, eds. 2002. The broad spectrum: Studies in the materials, techniques and conservation of color on paper. London: Archetype Publications.
   Google Scholar
• References Used by Uemura for Information on Textile Dyes
   Google Scholar
• Engi Shiki: A written compendium of religious laws and ceremonies that were practiced during the Engi era (901–923 CE) in Japan.
   Google Scholar
• Izumo Fudoki: The Records of Izumo, were written about 733 and describe the life and customs of the area, from present day Matsue City toward the Grand Shrine of Izumo and along the coast of Shimane. During the Nara period (710–794), the Southeastern side of Matsue was the center of politics, economy, and culture of the Izumo region.
   Google Scholar
• List of dye plants: Compiled by the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (1925–1978); currently the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries), titled “Nōrinsho Sanrinkyoku hen, Senryo-yo hompo shinrin shokubutsu ichiranhy.
   Google Scholar
• Natsume described in the manuscript “Somemono-hayashinan (染物早指南)” from 1854 AD (this is a woodblock printed book and the MFA has a copy, dated 1853).
   Google Scholar
• Shoku Nihongi: An imperially commissioned Japanese history text. Completed in 797AD, it is the second of the Six National Histories, covering the period from 697–791.
   Google Scholar
• Tale of Genji: A classic work of Japanese literature written by the noblewoman and lady-in-waiting Murasaki Shikibu in the early years of the 11th century, around the peak of the Heian period.
   Google Scholar