Integration of Laboratory and Field Measurements on Soil and Bronze Artifacts: Facilitating Conservation Treatment and Management of Archaeological Collections

References

• Angelini, Emma, Francesco Rosalbino, and Sabrina Grassini. 2014. “Simulation of Corrosion Processes of Buried Archaeological Bronze Artefacts.” In Corrosion of Metallic Heritage Artefacts: Investigation, Conservation and Prediction of Long Term Behaviour, edited by P. Dillmann, G. Béranger, P. Piccardo, and H. Matthiesen, 203–218. Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing Limited.
   Google Scholar
• ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials). 2019. ASTM D4972-19 Standard Test Methods for pH of Soils. Philadelphia: ASTM. doi:10.1520/D4972-19. www.astm.org .
   Google Scholar
• Carroll, Scott. 1997. “New Thoughts on the Preservation of Bronzes.” Anatolian Archaeological Studies 6: 301–307.
   Google Scholar
• Chase, W. T., M. Notis, and A. D. Pelton. 2007. “New Eh-pH (Pourbaix) Diagrams of the Copper-Tin System.” In Use of Electrochemical Techniques in Metal Conservation. Interim Meeting of the ICOM-CC Metal Working Group, Vol. 3, Amsterdam, September 17–21, edited by Ch. Degrigny, R. van Langh, I. Joosten, B. Ankersmit, 15–21. Amsterdam: Rijksmuseum.
   Google Scholar
• Chemello, Claudia G., Lynn B. Brostoff, Ronald H. Cunningham, and Harriet F. Beaubien. 2005. “Characterization of Metal Corrosion Products from Kaman-Kalehöyük Turkey by Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD). Part 1, Five Copper Alloy Fibulae.” Anatolian Archaeological Studies 14: 211–222.
   Google Scholar
• Hassairi, Hèla, Latifa Bousselmi, and Ezzeddine Triki. 2010. “Bronze Degradation Processes in Simulating Archaeological Soil Media.” Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry 14 (3): 393–401. doi:10.1007/s10008-009-0881-7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holmes, P. K., and H. Orin Halvorson. 1963. “The Inactivation and Reactivation of Salt-Requiring Enzymes from an Extreme Obligate Halophile.” Canadian Journal of Microbiology 9 (6): 904–906.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kimura, M., M. Matsunaga, and I. Nakai. 1998. “Chemical Study of White Materials in the Pits, Soil Materials and Mud Bricks from Kaman-Kalehöyük.” Anatolian Archaeological Studies 7: 305–324. (in Japanese).
   Google Scholar
• Liang, Z., K. Jiang, and T. Zhang. 2021. “Electrochemical and Passive Behaviour of Cu–Sn Bronze in Simulated Archaeological Soil Media.” Materials and Corrosion 72 (4): 743–756. doi:10.1002/maco.202011894.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lide, D. R. 2001. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 485. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
   Google Scholar
• MacLeod, Ian D. 1987. “Stabilization of Corroded Copper Alloys: A Study of Corrosion and Desalination Mechanisms.” In ICOM CC 8th Triennial Meeting Preprints Vol. III, Sydney, September 6–11. Los Angeles, CA: Getty Conservation Institute. 1079–1085 https://www.icom-cc-publications-online.org/3272.
   Google Scholar
• MacLeod, Ian D. 1991. “Identification of Corrosion Products on Non-Ferrous Metal Artefacts Recovered from Shipwrecks.” Studies in Conservation 36 (4): 222–234.
   Google Scholar
• MacLeod, Ian D. 2002. “In-Situ Corrosion Measurements and Managing Shipwreck Sites.” In International Handbook of Underwater Archaeology, edited by C. V. Ruppe, and J. F. Barstad, 697–714. New York: Plenum Press.
   Google Scholar
• Macleod, Ian D. 2019. “Collecting In-Situ Data in the Field and Laboratory: Artefact Corrosion and Conservation.” Paper presented at the Archaeological Conservation Symposium for the Japanese Institute of Anatolian Archaeology (JIAA), Kaman, July 6–7, Accessed January 10, 2022. http://www.jiaa-kaman.org/pdfs/Cons_sympo19/Cons_sympo19_Ian.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• MacLeod, Ian D., and J. A. Davies. 1987. “Desalination of Glass, Stone and Ceramics Recovered from Shipwreck Sites.” In ICOM CC 8th Triennial Meeting Preprints Vol. III, Sydney, September 6-11. Los Angeles, CA: Getty Conservation Institute. 1003–1007. https://www.icom-cc-publications-online.org/3259
   Google Scholar
• MacLeod, Ian D., and Alice B. Paterakis. 2021. “Bronze Corrosion on Archaeological Sites: Correlation of Past and Present Microenvironments via In Situ pH, Chloride and Redox Measurements.” In Transcending Boundaries: Integrated Approaches to Conservation. ICOM-CC 19th Triennial Conference Preprints, Beijing, May 17–21, edited by J. Bridgland, 17–21. Paris: International Council of Museums. https://www.icom-cc-publications-online.org/4258.
   Google Scholar
• Masubuchi, Mariya, and Izumi Nakai. 2003. “X-ray Fluorescence Analysis of Bronze Pins from Kaman-Kalehöyük.” Anatolian Archaeological Studies 12: 123–135.
   Google Scholar
• Mitsubishi Gas Chemical Company. 2022. Preservation of Unearthed Metal Artifacts. Accessed January 10, 2022. https://www.mgc.co.jp/eng/products/sc/rpsystem/metal/artifact.html.
   Google Scholar
• Nord, A. G., E. Mattsson, and K. Tronner. 2005. “Factors Influencing the Long-term Corrosion of Bronze Artefacts in Soil.” Protection of Metals 41: 309–316. doi:10.1007/s11124-005-0045-9.
   Google Scholar
• Omura, Sachihiro. 2011. “Kaman- Kalehöyük Excavations in Central Anatolia.” In The Oxford Handbook on Ancient Anatolia (10,000–323 BCE), edited by Gregory McMahon, and Sharon Steadman, 1095–1111. Oxford: University of Oxford Press. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195376142.013.0051.
   Google Scholar
• Oudbashi, Omid. 2018. “A Methodological Approach to Estimate Soil Corrosivity for Archaeological Copper Alloy Artefacts.” Heritage Science 6 (2): 1–15, doi:10.1186/s40494-018-0167-4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oudbashi, Omid, Ata Hasanpour, and P. Parviz Davami. 2016. “Investigation on Corrosion Stratigraphy and Morphology in Some Iron Age Bronze Alloys Vessels by OM, XRD and SEM–EDS Methods.” Applied Physics A 122: 262. doi:10.1007/s00339-016-9793-4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paterakis, Alice B. 2011. “Kaman Soil Samples.” Unpublished report, JIAA (Japanese Institute of Anatolian Archaeology), Turkey.
   Google Scholar
• Paterakis, Alice B. 2013. “Soil Testing and Bronze Artifacts at Kaman.” Unpublished report, JIAA (Japanese Institute of Anatolian Archaeology), Turkey.
   Google Scholar
• Paterakis, Alice B. 2018. “Conservation of Metals.” In The Encyclopedia of Archaeological Sciences, edited by Sandra L. López Varela, Vol. 1, 298–303. London: Wiley-Blackwell. doi:10.1002/9781119188230.saseas0120.
   Google Scholar
• Paterakis, Alice B., and Hickey-Friedman Laramie. 2011. “Stabilization of Iron Artifacts from Kaman-Kalehöyük: A Comparison of Chemical and Environmental Methods.” Studies in Conservation 56 (3): 179–190. doi:10.1179/204705811X13110713013236.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paterakis, Alice B., and Melissa Mariano. 2013. “Oxygen Absorbers and Desiccants in the Protection of Archaeological Iron: Maintaining Some Control.” In Metal 2013. Proceedings of the Interim Meeting of the ICOM-CC Metals Working Group, Edinburgh, September 16–20, edited by E. Hyslop, V. Gonzalez, L. Troalen, and L. Wilson, 185–191. Edinburgh: Historic Scotland.
   Google Scholar
• Paterakis, Alice B., and Melissa Mariano. 2016. “Oxygen Absorption for the Protection of Archaeological Iron: Improving Maintenance.” In Metal 2016. Proceedings of the Interim Meeting of the ICOM-CC Metals Working Group, New Delhi, September 26–30, edited by R. Menon, C. Chemello, and A. Pandya, 203–2010. Paris: International Council of Museums.
   Google Scholar
• Pearson, Colin. 1987. Conservation of Marine Archaeological Objects. London: Butterworths.
   Google Scholar
• Pourbaix, Marcel. 1974. Atlas of Electrochemical Equilibria in Aqueous Solutions. 2nd ed. Houston/Brussels: National Association of Corrosion Engineers/Cebelcor.
   Google Scholar
• Robbiola, L., J.-M. Blengino, and C. Fiaud. 1998. “Morphology and Mechanisms of Formation of Natural Patinas on Archaeological Cu–Sn Alloys.” Corrosion Science 40 (12): 2083–2111. doi:10.1016/S0010-938X(98)00096-1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RP System. 2019. Revolutionary Preservation System, Mitsubishi Gas Chemical America. Accessed November 28, 2021 and January 10, 2022. http://ageless.mgc-a.com/product/rp-system/.
   Google Scholar
• Selwyn, Lyndsie. 2004. Metals and Corrosion: A Handbook for the Conservation Professional. Ottawa: Canadian Conservation Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Thickett, David. 2021. “Oxygen Depletion Testing of Metals.” Heritage 4: 2377–2389. doi:10.3390/heritage4030134.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tronner, K., A. G. Nord, and G. Ch. Borg. 1995. “Corrosion of Archaeological Bronze Artefacts in Acidic Soil.” Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 85: 2725–2730. doi:10.1007/BF01186246.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Twilley, John. 1996. “Scientific Analysis of Six Bronze Fibulae from Kaman-Kalehöyük.” Anatolian Archaeological Studies 5: 237–250.
   Google Scholar
• Tylecote, R. F. 1979. “The Effect of Soil Conditions on the Long-Term Corrosion of Buried Tin-Bronzes and Copper.” Journal of Archaeological Science 6 (4): 345–368. doi:10.1016/0305-4403(79)90018-9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar