Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay

References

• Absolom , D. R. and van Oss , C. J. 1986 . The nature of the antigen-antibody bond and the factors affecting its association and dissociation . CRC Crit. Revs. Immunol. , 6 : 1 – 46 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Aida , Y. , Onuma , M. , Kasai , N. and Izawa , H. 1987 . Use of viable-cell ELISA for detection of monoclonal antibodies recognizing tumor-associated antigens on bovine lymphosarcoma cells . Am. J. Vet. Res. , 48 : 1319 – 1324 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Chemical Society . 1980 . Guidelines for data acquisition and data quality evaluation in environmental chemistry . Anal. Chem. , 52 : 2242 (ACS) Committee on Environmental Improvement.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arends , J. 1971 . Comparison between covalently bound and free antibodies, used for radioimmunoassay . Acta Endocrinol. , 68 : 425 – 430 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Atassi , H. and Atassi , M. Z. 1986 . Antibody recognition of ragweed antigen Ra3: Localization of the full profile of the continuous antigenic sites by synthetic overlapping peptides representing the entire peptide chain . Eur. J. Immunol. , 16 : 229 – 239 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avner , B. , Avner , B. P. , Gaydos , B. , Liao , S. K. , Thurman , G. B. and Oldham , R. K. 1988 . Characterization of a method using viable human target cells as the solid phase in a cell concentration fluorescence immunoassay (CCFIA) for screening of monoclonal antibodies and hybridoma super-natants . J. Immunol. Methods , 113 : 123 – 135 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avrameas , S. 1969 . Coupling of enzymes to proteins with glutaraldehyde. Use of the conjugates for the detection of antigens and antibodies . Immunochemistry , 6 : 43 – 52 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Avrameas , S. and Guilbert , B. 1971 . A method for quantitative determination of cellular immunoglobulins by enzyme-labeled antibodies . Eur. J. Immunol. , 1 : 394 – 396 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Azimzadeh , A. and Van Regenmortel , M. H. V. 1991 . Measurement of affinity of viral monoclonal antibodies by ELISA titration of free antibody in equilibrium mixtures . J. Immunol. Methods , 141 : 199 – 208 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrett , D. J. , Amman , A. J. , Stenmark , S. and Wara , D. W. 1980 . Immunoglobulin G and M antibodies to pneumococcal polysaccharide detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay . Infect. Immun. , 27 : 411 – 417 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bobrow , M. N. , Harris , T. D. , Shaughnessy , K. J. and Litt , G. J. 1989 . Catalyzed reporter deposition, a novel method of signal amplification. Application to immunoassays . J. Immunol. Methods , 125 : 279 – 285 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bobrow , M. N. , Shaughnessy , K. J. and Litt , G. J. 1991 . Catalyzed reporter deposition, a novel method of signal amplification. II. Application to membrane immunoassays . J. Immunol. Methods , 137 : 103 – 112 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borzini , P. , Tedesco , F. , Greppi , N. , Rebulla , P. , Parravicini , A. and Sirchia , G. 1981 . An immuno-enzymatic assay for the detection and quantitation of platelet antibodies: The platelet β-galactosidase test (PGT) . J. Immunol. Methods , 44 : 323 – 332 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown , W. R. , Dierks , S. E. , Butler , J. E. and Gershoni , J. M. 1991 . Immunochemistry of Solid-Phase Immunoassay , Edited by: Butler , J. E. 151 – 172 . Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press . Immunoblotting: membrane filters as the solid phase for immunoassays
   Google Scholar
• Bugari , G. , Poiesi , C. , Beretta , A. , Ghielmi , A. and Albertini , A. 1990 . Quantitative immunoenzymatic assay of human lutropin, with use of a bi-specific monoclonal antibody . Clin. Chem. , 36 : 47 – 52 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bull , H. B. 1956 . Adsorption of bovine serum albumin on glass . Biochem. Biophys. Acta , 19 : 464 – 471 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butler , J. E. 1988 . ELISA and Other Solid Phase Immunoassay , Edited by: Kemeny , D. M. and Challacombe , S. J. 107 – 133 . New York : John Wiley & Sons . The amplified ELISA (a-ELISA): Immunochemistry and applications
   Google Scholar
• Butler , J. E. 1991 . Structure of Antigens , Edited by: Van Regenmortel , M. H. V. 209 – 259 . Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press . The behavior of antigens and antibodies immobilized on a solid-phase
   Google Scholar
• Butler , J. E. and Hamilton , R. G. 1991 . Immunochemistry of Solid-Phase Immunoassay , Edited by: Butler , J. E. 173 – 198 . Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press . Quantitation of specific antibodies: methods of expression, standards, solid-phase considerations, and specific applications
   Google Scholar
• Butler , J. E. and Heyermann , H. 1986 . The heterogeneity of bovine IgG2. I. The A1 allotype is a major determinant recognized by rabbit antibodies to bovine IgG2 . Mol. Immunol. , 23 : 291 – 296 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butler , J. E. , Joshi , K. S. and Brown , W. R. 1991 . Immunochemistry of Solid-Phase Immunoassay , Edited by: Butler , J. E. 221 – 231 . Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press . The application of traditional immunochemical methods to evaluate the performance of capture antibodies immobilized on microtiter wells
   Google Scholar
• Butler , J. E. , Navarro , P. and Heyermann , H. 1993 . The heterogeneity of bovine IgG2. VI. The specificity of anti-bovine IgG2 reagents for the A1 and A2 allotypic variants of IgG2a . Vet Immunol. Immunopath. , 40 : 119 – 133 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butler , J. E. , Feldbush , T. L. , McGivern , P. L. and Stewart , N. 1978a . The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA): A measure of antibody concentration or affinity . Immunochemistry , 15 : 131 – 136 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Butler , J. E. , McGivern , P. L. and Swanson , P. 1978b . Amplification of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in the detection of class-specific antibodies . J. Immunol. Methods , 20 : 365 – 383 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butler , J. E. , Peterman. , J. H. and Koertge , T. E. 1985 . Enzyme Mediated Immunoassay , Edited by: Ngo , T. T. and Lenhoff , H. M. 241 – 276 . New York : Plenum Press . The amplified enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (a-ELISA)
   Google Scholar
• Butler , J. E. , Spradling , J. E. , Suter , M. , Dierks , S. E. , Heyermann , H. and Petermann , J. H. 1986 . The immunochemistry of sandwich ELISAs. I. The binding of characteristics of immunoglobulins to monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies adsorbed on plastic and their detection by symmetrical and asymmetrical antibody-enzyme conjugates . Mol. Immunol. , 23 : 971 – 982 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butler , J. E. , Heo , Y. , Adams , P. and Richerson , H. B. 1990 . The antigen-limited nature of microtiter ELISAs requires partial depletion of IgG to permit reliable determination of rabbit serum IgA antibody activity . Mol. Immunol. , 27 : 319 – 325 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butler , J. E. , Ni , L. , Nessler , R. , Joshi , K. S. , Suter , M. , Rosenberg , B. , Chang , J. , Brown , W. R. and Cantarero , L. A. 1992 . The physical and functional behavior of capture antibodies adsorbed on polystyrene . J. Immunol. Methods , 150 : 77 – 90 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cantarero , L. A. , Butler , J. E. and Osborne , J. W. 1980 . The binding characteristics of various proteins to polystyrene and their significance for solid-phase immunoassays . Anal. Biochem. , 105 : 375 – 383 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlson , B. A. , Giebink , G. S. , Spika , J. S. and Gray , E. D. 1982 . Measurement of immunoglobulin G and M antibodies to type 3 pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay . J. Clin. Microbiol. , 16 : 63 – 69 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castro , A. and Monji , N. 1985 . Enzyme Mediated Immunoassay , Edited by: Ngo , T. T. and Lenhoff , H. M. 299 – 311 . New York : Plenum Press . Steric hindrance enzyme immunoassay (SHEIA)
   Google Scholar
• Catt , K. and Tregear , G. W. 1967 . Solid-phase radioimmunoassay immunoassay in antibody-coated tubes . Science , 158 : 1570 – 1572 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chin , N. W. and Lanks , K. W. 1977 . Covalent attachment of lactoperoxidase to polystyrene tissue culture flasks . Anal. Biochem. , 83 : 709 – 719 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cobbold , S. P. and Waldmann , H. 1981 . A rapid solid-phase enzyme-linked binding assay for screening monoclonal antibodies to cell-surface antigens . J. Immunol. Methods , 44 : 125 – 133 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crothers , D. M. and Metzger , H. 1972 . The influence of polyvalency on the binding properties of antibodies . Immunochemistry , 9 : 341 – 357 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Czerkinsky , C. C. , Nilsson , L. A. , Nygren , H. , Ouchterlony , O. and Tarkowski , A. 1983a . A solid-phase enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay for enumeration of specific antibody-secreting cells . J. Immunol. Methods , 65 : 109 – 121 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Czerkinsky , C. , Rees , A. S. , Burgmeier , L. A. and Challacombe , S. J. 1983b . The detection and specificity of class specific antibodies to whole bacterial cells using a solid phase radioimmunoassay . Clin. Exp. Immunol. , 53 : 192 – 200 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Czerkinsky , C. , Nilsson , L. A. , Tarkowski , A. , Koopman. , W. J. , Mestecky , J. and Ouchterlony , O. 1988a . ELISA and Other Solid Phase Immunoassays , Edited by: Kemeny , D. M. and Challacombe , S. J. 217 – 239 . Chichester, New York : John Wiley & Sons . The solid phase enzyme-linked immunospot assay (ELISPOT) for enumerating antibody-secreting cells: methodology and applications
   Google Scholar
• Czerkinsky , C. , Moldoveanu , Z. , Mestecky , J. , Nilsson , L.-A. and Ouchterlony , O. 1988b . A novel two color ELISPOT assay. I. Simultaneous detection of distinct types of antibody-secreting cells . J. Immunol. Methods , 115 : 31 – 37 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Lisa , C. 1976 . Hemolytic plaque inhibition: The physical chemical limits on use as affinity assay . J. Immunol. , 117 : 2249 – 2257 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diamandis , E. P. , Kitching , R. and Christopoulos , T. K. 1991 . Enzyme amplified time-resolved fluoroimmunoassays, Abstract, 43rd Meeting Amer. Assoc. Clin. Chem . Clin. Chem. , 37 : 1038
   Google Scholar
• Douillard , J. Y. , Hoffman , T. and Herberman , R. B. 1980 . Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for screening monoclonal antibody production: Use of intact cells as antigen . J. Immunol. Methods , 39 : 309 – 316 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drexler , G. , Eichinger , A. , Wolf , C. and Sieghart , W. 1986 . A rapid and simple method for efficient coating of microtiter plates using low amounts of antigen in the presence of detergent . J. Immunol. Methods , 95 : 117 – 122 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekins , R. P. 1983 . Immunoassays for Clinical Chemistry , Edited by: Hunter , W. M. and Corrie , T. E. T. 76 – 104 . Edinburgh : Churchill Livingstone . The precision profile: Its use in assay design, assessment and quality control
   Google Scholar
• Ekins , R. P. 1991 . Immunochemistry of Solid-Phase Immunoassay , Edited by: Butler , J. E. 105 – 138 . Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press . Competitive, noncompetitive and multi-analyte microspot immunoassays
   Google Scholar
• Engvall , E. 1978 . Preparation of enzyme-labeled staphylococcal protein A and its use for detection of antibodies . Scand. J. Immunol. , 8 ( Suppl. 7 ) : 25
   Google Scholar
• Esser , P. 1988 . Principles in adsorption to polystyrene , NUNC Bull. 6 Roskilde, , Denmark : NUNC .
   Google Scholar
• Evan , G. I. 1984 . A Simple and Rapid Solid Phase Enzyme-Linked Immunoadsorbence Assay for Screening Monoclonal Antibodies to Poorly Soluble Proteins . J. Immunol. Methods , 73 : 427 – 435 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feng , L. , Andrade , J. D. and Hu , C. Z. 1989 . Scanning tunneling microscopy of proteins on graphite surfaces . Scan. Microsc , 3 : 399 – 410 .
   Google Scholar
• Fersht , A. 1977 . “ 10 ” . In Enzyme Structure and Mechanism , Reading, England and San Francisco, California : W. H. Freeman .
   Google Scholar
• Franci , C. and Vidal , J. 1988 . Coupling redox and enzymic reactions improves the sensitivity of the ELISA-spot assay . J. Immunol. Methods , 107 : 239 – 244 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franz , B. and Stegemann , M. 1991 . Immunochemistry of Solid-Phase Immunoassay , Edited by: Butler , J. E. 277 – 284 . Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press . The kinetics of solid-phase microtiter immunoassay
   Google Scholar
• Gardas , A. and Lewartowska , A. 1988 . Coating of proteins to polystyrene ELISA plates in the presence of detergents . J. Immunol. Methods , 106 : 251 – 255 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gatley , S. 1985 . DNA Probes: A New Technology in its Development and Application , London. : IBC Technical Services . Enzyme amplification and its relevance as a non-isotopic detection system for the use with nucleic acid probes
   Google Scholar
• Geerligs , H. J. , Weijer , W. J. , Bloemhoff , W. , Welling , G. W. and Welling-Wester , S. 1988 . The influence of pH and ionic strength on the coating of peptides of herpes simplex virus type I in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay . J. Immunol. Methods , 106 : 239 – 244 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geysen , H. M. , Meloen , R. H. and Barteling , S. J. 1984 . Use of peptide synthesis to probe viral antigens for epitopes to a resolution of a single amino acid . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , 81 : 3998 – 4002 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grantstrom , M. , Wretlind , B. , Markman , B. and Cryz , S. 1988 . Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to evaluate the immunogenicity of a polyvalent Klebsiella capsular polysaccharide vaccine in humans . J. Clin. Microbiol. , 26 : 2257 – 2261 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green , N. M. 1963 . Avidin 1. The Use of [14C]Biotin for Kinetic Studies and for Assay . Biochem. J. , 89 : 585 – 591 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guesdon , J.-L. 1992 . Immunoenzymatic techniques applied to the specific detection of nucleic acids: A review . J. Immunol. Methods , 150 : 33 – 49 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guesdon , J.-L. , Naquira Velarde , F. and Avrameas , S. 1983 . Solid-phase immunoassays using chimera antibodies prepared with monoclonal or polyclonal anti-enzyme and anti-erythrocyte antibodies . Ann. Immunol. (Inst. Pasteur) , 134C : 265
   Google Scholar
• Gugerli , P. 1983 . Immunoenzymatic Techniques , Edited by: Avrameas , S. , Fruet , P. , Masseyeff , R. and Feldman , G. 369 Amsterdam, New York : Elsevier Science Publishers . Use of enzyme immunoassay in phytopathology
   Google Scholar
• Helle , M. , Boeije , L. , de Groot , E. , de Vos , A. and Aarden , L. 1991 . Sensitive ELISA for interleukin-6. Detection of IL-6 in biological fluids: synovial fluids and sera . J. Immunol. Methods , 138 : 47 – 56 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hendriksen , C. F. , vander Gun , J. W. , Nagel , J. and Kreeftenberg , J. G. 1988 . The toxin binding inhibition test as a reliable in vitro alternative to the toxin neutralization test in mice for the estimation of tetanus antitoxin in human sera . J. Biol. Stand. , 16 : 287 – 297 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Herrmann , J. E. , Hendry , R. M. and Collins , M. F. 1979 . Factors involved in enzyme-linked immunoassay of viruses and evaluation of the method for identification of enteroviruses . J. Clin. Microbiol. , 10 : 210 – 217 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirano , T. , Yamakawa , N. , Miyajima , H. , Maeda , K. , Takai , S. , Ueda , A. , Taniguchi , O. , Hashimoto , H. , Hirose , S. , Okumura , K. and Ovary , Z. 1989 . An improved method for the detection of IgE antibody of defined specificity by ELISA using rat monoclonal anti-IgE antibody . J. Immunol. Methods , 119 : 145 – 150 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hobbs , R. N. 1989 . Solid-phase immunoassay of serum antibodies to peptides. Covalent antigen binding to adsorbed phenylalanine-lysine copolymers . J. Immunol. Methods , 117 : 257 – 266 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holt , P. G. , Sedgwick , J. D. , Stewart , G. A. , O'Leary , C. and Krska , K. 1984 . ELISA-plaque assay for the detection of antibody secreting cells: Observations on the nature of the solid phase and on variations in plaque diameter . J. Immunol. Methods. , 74 : 1 – 7 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ishikawa , E. and Kato , K. 1978 . Ultrasensitive enzyme immunoassay . Scand. J. Immunol. , 8 (Suppl. 7): 43
   Google Scholar
• Ishikawa , E. , Imagawa , M. , Hashida , S. , Yoshitake , S. , Hamaguchi , Y. and Ueno , T. 1983 . Enzyme-labeling of antibodies and their fragments for enzyme immunoassay and immunohistochemical staining . J. Immunoassay , 4 : 209 – 327 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ishikawa , E. , Hashida , S. , Kohno , T. and Tanaka , K. 1988 . Nonisotopic Immunoassay , Edited by: Ngo , T. T. 27 – 55 . New York & London : Plenum Press . Methods for enzyme-labeling of antigens antibodies and their fragments
   Google Scholar
• Jablonski , E. , Moomaw , E. W. , Tullis , R. H. and Ruth , J. L. 1986 . Preparation of oligodeoxynucleotide-alkaline phosphatase conjugates and their use as hybridization probes . Nucleic Acids Res. , 14 : 6115 – 6128 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jerne , N. K. , Henry , C. , Nordin , A. A. , Fuji , H. , Koros , A. M. C. and Lefkovits , I. 1974 . Plaque forming cells: Methodology and theory . Transplantation Rev. , 18 : 130 – 191 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joshi , K. S. , Hoffmann , L. G. and Butler , J. E. 1992 . The immunochemistry of sandwich ELISAs. V. The capture antibody performance of polyclonal antibody-enriched fractions prepared by various methods . Mol. Immunol. , 29 : 971 – 981 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karawegen , L. , Behrsing , O. , Kaiser , G. and Micheel , G. 1988 . Production and ELISA application of bispecific monoclonal antibodies against fluorescein isothiocyannte (FITC) and horseradish peroxidase . J. Immunol. Methods , 111 : 95 – 99 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karush , F. 1978 . Immunochemistry, an advanced textbook , Edited by: Glynn , L. E. and Steward , M. W. 233 – 262 . Chichester. : Wiley . The affinity of antibody: range, variability and the role of multivalence
   Google Scholar
• Kato , N. , Naruse , H. , Irie , M. and Tsuji , A. 1979 . Fluorophotometric enzyme immunoassay of thyroid-stimulating hormone . Anal. Biochem. , 96 : 419 – 425 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katz , M. A. and Schiffman , G. 1985 . Comparison of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with radioimmunoassay for the measurement of pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide antibodies . Mol. Immunol. , 22 : 313 – 319 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kendall , M. E. and Hymer , W. C. 1987 . Cell blotting: a new approach to quantify hormone secretion from individual rat pituitary cells . Endocrinology , 121 : 2260 – 2262 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kenny , G. E. and Dunsmoor , C. L. 1983 . Principles, problems, and strategies in the use of antigenic mixtures for the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay . J. Clin. Microbiol. , 17 : 655 – 665 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessler , C. , Holtke , H.-J. , Seibl , R. , Burg , J. and Miihlegger , K. 1989 . A novel DNA labeling and detection system based on the digoxigenin:Anti-digoxigenin ELISA principle . J. Clin. Chem. Clin. Biochem. , 27 : 130 – 132 .
   Google Scholar
• Khalil , O. S. 1991 . Immunochemistry of Solid-phase Immunoassay , Edited by: Butler , J. E. 67 – 83 . Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press . Photophysics of heterogeneous immunoassays
   Google Scholar
• Koertge , T. E. and Butler , J. E. 1985 . The relationship between the binding of primary antibody to solid-phase antigen in microtiter plates and its detection by the ELISA . J. Immunol. Methods , 83 : 283 – 299 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koertge , T. E. , Butler , J. E. and Dierks , S. E. 1985 . Characterization of the soluble immune complex (EIC) of the amplified enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (a-ELISA) and an evaluation of this assay for quantitation by reaction stoichiometry . J. Immunoassay , 6 : 371 – 390 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kourilsky , P. , Avrameas , S. , Cami , B. and Guesdon , J.-L. 1978 . French Patent application , 78 : 10975
   Google Scholar
• Kourilsky , P. , Avrameas , S. , Cami , B. and Guesdon , J.-L. 1986 . United States Patent application , 581 : 333
   Google Scholar
• LaCroix , M. , Dionne , G. , Zrein , M. , Dwyer , R. J. and Chalifour , R. J. 1991 . Immunochemistry of Solid-Phase Immunoassay , Edited by: Butler , J. E. 261 – 268 . Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press . The use of synthetic peptides as solid-phase antigens
   Google Scholar
• Lansdorp , P. M. , Astaldi , G. C. , Oosterhof , F. , Janssen , M. C. and Zeijlemaker , W. P. 1980 . Immuno-peroxidase procedures to detect monoclonal antibodies against cell surface antigens. Quantitation of binding and staining of individual cells . J. Immunol. Methods , 39 : 393 – 405 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lauritzen , E. , Masson , M. , Rubin , I. and Holm , A. 1990 . Dot immunobinding and immunoblotting of picogram and nanogram quantities of small peptides on activated nitrocellulose . J. Immunol. Methods , 131 : 257 – 267 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lebacq , P. , Squalli , D. , Duchenne , M. , Pouletty , P. and Joannes , M. 1988 . A new sensitive non-isotopic method using sulfonated probes to detect picogram quantities of specific DNA sequences on blot hybridization . J. Biochem. Biophys. Methods , 15 : 255 – 266 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lehtonen , O. P. 1981 . Immunoreactivity of solid phase hapten binding plasmacytoma protein (ABPC 24) . Mol. Immunol. , 18 : 323 – 329 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lenz , D. E. 1976 . Antibody quantitation using an immunoadsorbent and the unlabeled antibody enzyme method . J. Immunol. Methods , 13 : 113 – 123 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li , C. K. N. 1985 . ELISA-based determination of immunological binding constants . Mol. Immunol. , 22 : 321 – 327 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindo , T. , Börmer , O. , Ugelstad , J. and Nustad , K. 1990 . Immunometric assay for flow cytometry using mixtures of two particle types of different affinity . J. Immunol. Methods , 126 : 183 – 189 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Litman , D. J. , Hanlon , T. M. and Ullman , E. F. 1980 . Enzyme channeling immunoassays: a new homogeneous enzyme immunoassay technique . Anal. Biochem. , 106 : 223 – 229 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lo , Y. M. , Mehal , W. Z. and Fleming , K. A. 1988 . Rapid production of vector-free biotinylated probes using the polymerase chain reaction . Nucleic Acids Res. , 16 : 8719
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magaud , J. P. , Sargent , I. and Mason , D. Y. 1988 . Detection of human white cell proliferative responses by immunoenzymatic measurement of bromodeoxyuridine uptake . J. Immunol. Methods , 106 : 95 – 100 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mason , D. W. and Williams , A. F. 1980 . The kinetics of antibody binding to membrane antigens in solution and at the cell surface . Biochem. J. , 187 : 1 – 20 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazia , D. , Schatten , G. and Sale , W. 1975 . Adhesion of cells to surfaces coated with polylysine. Applications to electron microscopy . J. Cell Biol. , 66 : 198 – 200 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCapra , F. 1973 . Chemiluminescence of organic compounds . Prog. Org. Chem. , 8 : 231 – 277 .
   Google Scholar
• McCullough , K. C. , Crowther , J. R. and Butcher , R. N. 1985 . Alteration in antibody reactivity with foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) 146S antigen before and after binding to a solid phase or complexing with specific antibody . J. Immunol. Methods , 82 : 91 – 100 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Metzger , H. 1992 . The Joy of Aggregation, Presidential Address , Anaheim, CA : American Association of Immunologists .
   Google Scholar
• Michaeli , I. , Absoiom , D. R. and van Oss , C. J. 1980 . Diffusion of adsorbed protein within the plane of adsorption . J. Colloid Interface Sci. , 77 : 586 – 587 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miranda , Q. R. , Bailey , G. D. , Fraser , A. S. and Tenoso , H. J. 1977 . Solid-phase enzyme immunoassay for herpes simplex virus . J. Infect. Dis. , 136 (Supp]): S304-S310
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moller , S. A. and Borrebaeck , C. A. 1985 . A filter immuno-plaque assay for the detection of antibody-secreting cells in vitro . J. Immunol. Methods , 79 : 195 – 204 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muchens , R. E. and Scott , M. L. 1990 . A fast and efficient method for quantitation of monoclonal antibodies in an ELISA using a novel incubation system . J. Immunol. Methods , 131 : 83 – 89 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakane , P. K. and Kawaoi , A. 1974 . Peroxidase-labeled antibody. A new method of conjugation . J. Histochem. Cytochem. , 22 : 1084 – 1091 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakane , P. K. and Pierce , G. B. Jr. 1966 . Enzyme-labeled antibodies: Preparation and application for the localization of antigens . J. Histochem. Cytochem. , 14 : 929 – 931 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nardelli , B. , McHugh , L. and Mage , M. 1989 . Polyacrylamide streptavidin: A novel reagent for simplified construction of soluble multivalent macromolecular conjugates . J. Immunol. Methods , 120 : 233 – 239 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neurath , A. R. , Strick , N. and Lee , E. S. 1990 . B cell epitope mapping of human immunodeficiency virus envelope glycoproteins with long (19- to 36-residue) synthetic peptides . J. Gen. Virol. , 71 : 85 – 95 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newman , P. J. , Kahn , R. A. and Hines , A. 1981 . Detection and characterization of monoclonal antibodies to platelet membrane proteins . J. Cell Biol. , 90 : 249 – 253 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ngo , T. T. 1991 . Immunochemistry of Solid-Phase Immunoassay , Edited by: Butler , J. E. 85 – 102 . Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press . Enzyme systems and enzyme conjugates for solid-phase ELISA
   Google Scholar
• Nustad , K. , Johansen , L. , Ugelstad , J. , Ellingsen , T. and Berg , A. 1984 . Hydrophilic monodisperse particles as solid-phase material in immunoassays: comparison in shell-and-core particles with compact particles . Eur. Surg. Res. , 16 : 80 – 87 . (Suppl. 2)
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nygren , H. 1988 . Experimental demonstration of lateral cohesion in a layer of adsorbed protein and layers of gold-antibody complexes bound to surface immobilised antigen . J. Immunol. Methods , 114 : 107 – 114 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nygren , H , Werthen , M. , Czerkinsky , C. and Stenberg , M. 1985 . Dissociation of antibodies bound to surface-immobilized antigen . J. Immunol. Methods , 85 : 87 – 95 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nygren , H. , Werthen , M. and Stenberg , M. 1987 . Kinetics of antibody binding to solid-phase immobilised antigen. Effect of diffusion rate limitation and steric interaction . J. Immunol. Methods , 101 : 63 – 71 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palfree , R. G. and Elliott , B. E. 1982 . An enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detergent solubilized la glycoproteins using nitrocellulose membrane discs . J. Immunol. Methods , 52 : 395 – 408 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papadea , C. , Check , I. J. and Reimer , C. B. 1985 . Monoclonal antibody-based solid-phase immuno-enzymometric assay for quantifying human immunoglobulin G and its subclasses in serum . Clin. Chem. , 31 : 1940 – 1945 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parsons , G. H. 1981 . Antibody-coated plastic tubes in radioimmunoassay . Methods Enzymol. , 73 : 224 – 239 .
   Google Scholar
• Peterman , J. H. 1991a . Immunochemistry of Solid-Phase Immunoassay , Edited by: Butler , J. E. 47 – 65 . Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press . Immunochemical considerations in the analysis of data from non-competitive solid-phase immunoassays
   Google Scholar
• Peterman , J. H. 1991b . Immunochemistry of Solid-Phase Immunoassay , Edited by: Butler , J. E. 293 – 297 . Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press . A summary of the principal immunoassay data analysis packages
   Google Scholar
• Peterman , J. H. and Butler , J. E. 1989 . Application of theoretical considerations to the analysis of ELISA data . Biotechniques , 7 : 608 – 615 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterman , J. H. , Tarcha , P. J. , Chu , V. P. and Butler , J. E. 1988 . The immunochemistry of sandwich ELISAs. IV. The antigen capture capacity of antibody covalently attached to bromoacetyl polystyrene . J. Immunol. Methods , 111 : 271 – 275 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pollard-Knight , D. , Read , C. A. , Downes , M. J. , Howard , L. A. , Leadbetter , M. R. , Pheby , S. A. , McNaughton , E. , Syms , A. and Brady , M. A. 1990 . Nonradioactive nucleic acid detection by enhanced chemiluminescence using probes directly labeled with horseradish peroxidase . Anal. Bio-chem. , 185 : 84 – 89 .
   Google Scholar
• Porstmann , T. and Kiessig , S. T. 1992 . Enzyme immunoassay techniques. An overview . J. Immunol. Methods , 150 : 5 – 21 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porstmann , T. , Porstmann , B. , Schmechta , H. , Nugel , E. , Seifert , R. and Grunow , R. 1981a . Effect of IgG horseradish peroxidase conjugates purified on Con A-Sepharose upon sensitivity of enzyme immunoassay . Acta Biol. Med. Ger. , 40 : 849 – 859 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Porstmann , B. , Porstmann , T. , Gaede , D. , Nugel , E. and Egger , E. 1981b . Temperature dependent rise in activity of horseradish peroxidase caused by nonionic detergents and its use in enzyme immunoassay . Clin. Chim. Acta , 109 : 175 – 181 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porstmann , T. , Porstmann , B. , Nugel , E. , Micheel , B. , Karsten , U. and Fiebach , H. 1983 . Comparison of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies in a two-site binding enzyme immunoassay for alphafetoprotein (AFP) . Clin. Chim. Acta , 135 : 13 – 22 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porstmann , B. , Avrameas , S. , Ternynck , T. , Porstmann , T. , Micheel , B. and Guesdon , J.-L. 1984 . An antibody chimera technique applied to enzyme immunoassay for human alpha-1-fetoprotein with monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies . J. Immunol. Methods , 66 : 179 – 185 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porstmann , T. , Ternynck , T. and Avrameas , S. 1985 . Quantitation of 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine incorporation into DNA: An enzyme immunoassay for the assessment of the lymphoid cell proliferation response . J. Immunol. Methods , 82 : 169 – 179 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porstmann , T. , Porstmann , B. , Evers , U. , Wietschke , R. , Nugel , E. and Schmechta , H. 1987 . Coupling of different isoenzymes of horseradish peroxidase influences the sensitivity of enzyme immunoassay . Biomed. Biochim. Acta , 46 : 867 – 875 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Posner , M. R. , Antoniou , D. , Griffin , J. , Schlossman , S. F. and Lazarus , H. 1982 . An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of monoclonal antibodies to cell surface antigens on viable cells . J. Immunol. Methods , 48 : 23 – 31 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prian , U. and Riordan , W. J. 1990 . Dissociation rate constant of the biotin streptavidin complex . J. Immunol. Methods , 133 : 141 – 143 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quash , G. A. , Thomas , V. , Ogier , G. , el Alaoui , S. , Delcros , J. G. , Ripoll , H. , Roch , A. M. , Legastelois , S. , Gibert , R. and Ripoll , J. P. 1989 . Covalently Modified Antigens and Antibodies in Diagnosis and Therapy , 155 – 186 . NY : Marcel Dekker . Diagnostic and therapeutic procedures with haptens and glycoproteins (antigens and antibodies) coupled covalently by specific sites to insoluble supports
   Google Scholar
• Renart , J. , Reiser , J. and Stark , G. R. 1979 . Transfer of proteins from gels to diazobenzyloxymethyl-paper and detection with antisera: A method for studying antibody specificity and antigen structure . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , 76 : 3116 – 3120 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson , J. E. , Holton , O. , Liu , J. , McMurdo , H. , Murciano , A. and Gohd , R. 1990 . A novel enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of antibodies to HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins based on immobilization of viral glycoproteins in microliter wells coated with concanavalin A . J. Immunol. Methods , 132 : 63 – 71 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubin , R. L. , Hardtke , M. A. and Carr , R. I. 1980 . The effect of high antigen density on solid-phase radioimmunoassays for antibody regardless of immunoglobulin class . J. Immunol. Methods , 33 : 277 – 292 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saito , T. and Nagai , F. 1983 . Immobilization of antibody to a plastic surface by toluene 2,4-diisocyanate and its application to radioimmunoassay . Clin. Chim. Acta , 133 : 301 – 310 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sedgwick , J. D. and Holt , P. G. 1983 . A solid-phase immunoenzymatic technique for the enumeration of specific antibody-secreting cells . J. Immunol. Methods , 57 : 301 – 309 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sedgwick , J. D. and Czerkinsky , C. 1992 . Detection of cell-surface molecules, secreted products of single cells and cellular proliferation by enzyme immunoassay . J. Immunol. Methods , 150 : 159 – 175 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Self , C. H. 1985 . Enzyme amplification—a general method applied to provide an immunoassisted assay for placental alkaline phosphatase . J. Immunol. Methods , 76 : 389 – 393 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shirahama , H. and Suzawa , T. 1985 . Adsorption of bovine serum albumin onto styrene/acrylic acid copolymer latex . Colloid Polymer Sci. , 263 : 141
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S⊘ndergard-Andersen , J. , Lauritzen , E. , Lind , K. and Holm , A. 1990 . Covalently linked peptides for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay . J. Immunol. Methods , 131 : 99 – 104 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sorensen , K. and Brodbeck , U. 1986 . Assessment of coating-efficiency in ELISA plates by direct protein determination . J. Immunol. Methods , 95 : 291 – 293 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Southern , E. M. 1975 . Detection of specific sequences among DNA fragments separated by gel electrophoresis . J. Mol. Biol. , 98 : 503 – 517 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stenberg , M. and Nygren , H. 1982 . A receptor ligand reaction studied by a novel analytical tool—the isoscope ellipsometer . Anal. Biochem. , 127 : 183 – 192 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sternberger , L. A. , Hardy , P. H. Jr. , Cuculis , J. J. and Meyer , H. G. 1970 . The unlabeled antibody enzyme method of immunohistochemistry: preparation and properties of soluble antigen antibody complex (horseradish peroxidase anti horseradish peroxidase) and its use in identification of spirochetes . J. Histochem. & Cytochem. , 18 : 315 – 333 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stacker , J. W. and Heusser , C. H. 1979 . Methods for binding cells to plastic: Application to a solid-phase radioimmunoassay for cell-surface antigens . J. Immunol. Methods , 26 : 87 – 95 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suter , M. and Butler , J. E. 1986 . The immunochemistry of sandwich ELISAs. II. A novel system prevents denaturation of capture antibodies . Immunol. Lett. , 13 : 313 – 317 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suter , L. , Bruggen , J. and Sorg , C. 1980 . Use of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for screening of hybridoma antibodies against cell surface antigens . J. Immunol. Methods , 30 : 407 – 411 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Talwar , G. P. , Banerjee , K. , Reddi , P. P. , Sharnta , M. , Qadri , A. , Gupta , S. K. , Mukherjee , R. , Ray , R. , Ghosh , S. , Deka , N. , Sharma , M. D. , Aparna , K. and Khandekar , P. S. 1992 . Diagnostics for the tropical countries . J. Immunol. Methods , 150 : 121 – 132 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tchen , P. , Fuchs , R. P. , Sage , E. and Leng , M. 1984 . Chemically modified nucleic acids as immunodetectable probes in hybridization experiments . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , 81 : 3466 – 3470 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ternynck , T. , Gregoire , J. and Avrameas , S. 1983 . Enzyme/anti-enzyme monoclonal antibody soluble immune complexes (EMAC): Their use in quantitative immunoenzymatic assay . J. Immunol. Methods , 58 : 109 – 118 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas , V. , El Alaoui , S. , Roch , A. M. and Quash , G. 1990 . A novel covalent enzyme-linked immunoassay (CELIA) for simultaneously measuring free and immune complex bound antibodies with a defined specificity, II. Application to immune complexes containing viral antigens in human sera . J. Immunol. Methods , 133 : 13 – 19 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Towbin , H. , Staehelin , T. and Gordon , J. 1979 . Electrophoretic transfer of protein from polyacrylamide gels to nitrocellulose sheets: Procedure and some applications . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , 76 : 4350 – 4354 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Traincard , F. , Ternynck , T. , Danchin , A. and Avrameas , S. 1983 . An immunoenzymatic procedure for demonstrating immunoenzyme technique of the molecular hybridization of nucleic acids . Ann. Immunol. Inst. Pasteur , 134 : 399 – 404 .
   Google Scholar
• Trent , D. W. , Harvey , C. L. , Qureshi , A. and LeStourgeon , D. 1976 . Solid-phase radioimmunoassay for antibodies to flavivirus structural and nonstructural protein . Infect. & Immunol. , 13 : 1325 – 1333 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ullman , E. F. , Yoshida , R. A. , Blakemore , J. I. , Eimsted , W. , Ernst , R. , Leute , R. , Leung , D. K. , Maggio , E. , Ronald , R. and Sheldon , B. 1979 . Mechanism of inhibition of malate dehydrogenase by thyroxine derivatives and reactivation by antibodies homogeneous enzyme immunoassay for thyroxine . Biochim. Biophys. Acta , 567 : 66 – 74 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Kreveld , M. E. and Van den Hoed , N. 1973 . Mechanism of gel permeation chromatography: Distribution coefficient . J. Chromatogr. , 83 : 111 – 124 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Oss , C. J. , Absolom , D. R. , Grossberg , A. L. and Neumann , A. W. 1979 . Repulsive van der Waals forces. I. Complete dissociation of antigen antibody complexes by means of negative van der Waals forces . Immunol. Commun. , 8 : 11 – 29 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Weemen , B. K. 1985 . ELISA: Highlights of the present state of the art . J. Virol. Meth. , 10 : 371
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vincent , G. , Tchen , P. , Cohen-Solal , M. and Kourilsky , P. 1982 . Synthesis of 8-(2.4-dinitrophenyl-Z, 6-aminohexyl) amino-adenosine 5′ trophosphate biological properties and potential uses . Nucleic Acids Res. , 10 : 6787
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Voller , A. , Bidwell , D. and Bartlett , A. 1976 . Manual of Clinical Immunology , Edited by: Rose , N. R. and Friedman , H. 506 – 512 . Washington, D. C. : American Society for Microbiology . Microplate enzyme immunoassays for the immunodiagnosis of virus infections
   Google Scholar
• Wilson , M. B. and Nakane , P. K. 1979 . Immunoassays in Clinical Laboratory , Edited by: Nakamura , R. M. , Ditto , W. R. and Tucker , E. S. III . 81 New York : Alan R. Liss . Preparation and standardization of enzyme-labeled conjugates
   Google Scholar
• Yokota , T. , Otsuji , E. , Noguchi , A. , Yamaguchi , T. , Sawai , K. and Takahashi , T. 1989 . Antigenic modulation and internalization of monoclonal antibody to human clonic carcinoma cells detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay . Int. J. Cancer , 44 : 1095 – 1099 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yolken , R. H. and Leister , F. J. 1982 . Comparisons of fluorescent and colorigenic substrates for enzyme immunoassays . J. Clin. Microbiol. , 15 : 757 – 760 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yolken , R. H. , Stopa , P. J. and Harris , C. C. 1980 . Manual of Clinical Immunology, , 2nd Ed. , Edited by: Rose , N. R. and Friedman , H. 692 – 699 . Washington, D. C. : American Society for Microbiology . Enzyme immunoassay for the detection of rotovirus antigen and antibody
   Google Scholar
• Yorde , D. E. , Sasse , E. A. , Wang , T. Y. , Hussa , R. O. and Garancis , J. C. 1976 . Competitive enzyme-linked immunoassay with use of soluble enzyme/antibody immune complex for labeling. I. Measurement of human choriogonadotropin . Clin. Chem. , 22 : 1372 – 1377 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeiss , C. R. , Pruzansky , J. J. , Patterson , R. and Roberts , M. 1973 . A solid phase radioimmunoassay for the quantitation of human reagenic antibody against ragweed antigen . J. Immunol. , 110 : 414 – 421 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zigterman , G. J. , Verheul , A. F. E. , Ernste , E. B. , Rombouts , R. F. , DeReuver , M. J. , Jansze , M. , Snippe , H. and Willers , J. M. 1988 . Measurement of the humoral immune response against Streptococcus pneumoniae type 3 capsular polysaccharide and oligosaccharide containing antigens by ELISA and ELISPOT techniques . J. Immunol. Methods , 106 : 101 – 107 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zwadyk , P. Jr. , Cooksey , R. C. and Thornsberry , C. 1986 . Commercial detection methods for biotinylated gene probes: Comparison with 32P-labeled DNA probes . Curr. Microbiol. , 14 : 95 – 100 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar