Determination of Antibody Affinity

References

• Aasted , B. and Bloom , M. E. 1984 . Mink with Aleutian disease have high-affinity antiviral antibodies . Scand. J. Immunol. , 19 : 411 – 418 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alsheikhiy , A. R. , Orvell , C. , Andersson , T. and Perlmann , P. 1985 . The role of serologically defined epitopes on mumps virus HN-glycoprotein in the induction of virus-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Analysis with monoclonal antibodies . Scand. J. Immunol. , 22 : 529 – 538 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amit , A. G. , Mariuzza , R. A. , Phillips , S. E. V. and Poljak , R. J. 1986 . Three-dimensional structure of an antigen-antibody complex at 2.8 Å resolution . Science , 233 : 747 – 753 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderer , F. A. , Koch , M. A. and Hirschle , S. D. 1971 . Tobacco mosaic virus specific immunoglobulins from horse serum. II. Structural specificity and association constants . Eur. J. Immunol. , 1 : 81 – 86 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Arend , W. P. and Mannik , M. 1974 . Determination of soluble immune complex molar composition and antibody association constants by ammonium sulphate precipitation . J. Immunol. , 112 : 451 – 461 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Azimzadeh , A. and Van Regenmortel , M. H. V. 1990 . Antibody affinity measurements . J. Mol. Recogn. , 3 : 108 – 116 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Azimzadeh , A. and Van Regenmortel , M. H. V. 1991 . Measurement of affinity of viral monoclonal antibodies by ELISA titration of free antibody in equilibrium mixtures . J. Immunol. Methods , 141 : 199 – 208 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Azimzadeh , A. , Weiss , E. and Van Regenmortel , M. H. V. 1992a . Measurement of affinity of viral monoclonal antibodies using Fab'-peroxidase conjugate. Influence of antibody concentration on apparent affinity . Mol. Immunol. , 29 : 601 – 608 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Azimzadeh , A. , Pellequer , J. L. and Van Regenmortel , M. H. V. 1992b . Operational aspects of antibody affinity constants measured by liquid-phase and solid-phase assays . J. Mol. Recogn. , 5 : 9 – 18 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bates , R. M. , Ballard , D. W. and Voss , E. W. 1985 . Comparative properties of monoclonal antibodies comprising a high-affinity anti-fluorescyl idiotype family . Mol. Immunol. , 22 : 871 – 877 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bator , J. M. and Reading , C. L. 1989 . Measurement of antibody affinity for cell surface antigens using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay . J. Immunol. Methods , 125 : 167 – 176 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berzofsky , J. A. 1984 . Monoclonal and Anti-Idiolypic Antibodies: Probes for Receptor Structure and Function , Edited by: Venter , J. C. , Fraser , C. M. and Lindstrom , J. 1 – 19 . New York : Alan R. Liss .
   Google Scholar
• Bose , R. , Holford-Strevens , V. and Sehon , A. H. 1986 . The influence of antibody affinity on the radioallergosorbent test (RAST) and in vitro histamine release. Studies with hapten-specific monoclonal IgE antibodies . J. Immunol. Methods , 89 : 249 – 255 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breschkin , A. M. , Ahem , J. and White , D. O. 1981 . Antigenic determinants of influenza virus hemagglutinin. VIII. Topography of the antigenic regions of influenza virus hemagglutinin determined by competitive radioimmunoassay with monoclonal antibodies . Virology , 113 : 130 – 140 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brunda , M. J. , Minden , P. , Sharpton , T. R. , McClatchy , J. K. and Farr , R. S. 1977 . Precipitation of radiolabeled antigen-antibody complexes with protein-A containing . Staphylococcus aureus, J. Immunol. , 119 : 193 – 198 .
   Google Scholar
• Budd , R. C. and Smith , K. A. 1986 . Interleukin-2 monoclonal antibody affinity adsorption. The critical role of binding kinetics for optimal immunoadsorption . J. Immunol. Methods , 95 : 237 – 248 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butler , J. E. 1992 . Structure of Antigens , Edited by: Van Regenmortel , M. H. V. 209 – 259 . Boca Raton : CRC Press .
   Google Scholar
• Chitarra , V. , Alzari , P. M. , Bentley , G. A. , Bhat , T. N. , Eiselé , J-L. , Houdusse , A. , Les-Car , J. , Souchon , H. and Poljak , R. J. 1993 . Three-dimensional structure of a heterolitic antigen-antibody cross-reaction complex . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , 90 : 7711 – 7715 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark , B. R. and Todd , C. W. 1982 . Avidin as a precipitant for biotin-labeled antibody in a radio-immunoassay for carcinoembryonic antigen . Anal. Biochem. , 121 : 257 – 262 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collignon , A. , Geniteau-Legendre , M. , Sandre , C. , Quero , A. M. and Labarre , C. 1988 . Specific binding characteristics of high affinity monoclonal antidigitoxin antibodies . Hybridoma , 7 : 355 – 366 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cot , M. C. , Salhi , S. L. , Piechaczyk , M. , Pau , B. and Bastide , J. M. 1987 . Production and characterization of highly specific anti-methotrexate monoclonal antibodies . Hybridoma , 6 : 87 – 95 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cowan , R. and Underwood , P. A. 1988 . J. Theor. Biol. , 132 : 319 – 335 . Steric effects in antibody reactions with polyvalent antigen
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dahmus , M. E. , Laybourn , P. and Borrebaeck , C. A. K. 1988 . Production of monoclonal antibody against electrophoretically purified RNA polymerase II subunits using in vitro immunization . Mot. Immunol. , 25 : 997 – 1003 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darst , S. A. , Robertson , C. R. and Berzofsky , J. A. 1988 . Adsorption of the protein antigen myoglobin affects the binding of conformation-specific monoclonal antibodies . Biophys. J. , 53 : 533 – 539 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Day , E. 1990 . Advanced Immunochemistry , 693 New York : Wiley-Liss .
   Google Scholar
• Eisen , H. N. 1964a . in Medical Research , Edited by: Eisen , H. N. 106 – 114 . Chicago : Year Book Publishers . Methods
   Google Scholar
• Eisen , H. N. 1964b . Methods in Medical Research , Edited by: Eisen , H. N. 115 – 121 . Chicago : Year Book Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Foote , J. and Winter , G. 1992 . Antibody framework residues affecting the conformation of the hypervari-able loops . J. Mol. Biol. , 224 : 487 – 499 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fazekas de St. Groth , S. 1979 . Immunological Methods , Edited by: Lefkovits , I. and Permis , B. 1 – 42 . New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Frankel , M. E. and Gerhard , W. 1979 . The rapid determination of binding constants for antiviral antibodies by a radioimmunoassay. An analysis of the interaction between hybridoma proteins and influenza virus . Mol. Immunol. , 16 : 101 – 106 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friguet , B. , Djavadi-Ohaniance , L. and Goldberg , M. E. 1984 . Some monoclonal antibodies raised with a native protein bind preferentially to the denatured antigen . Mol. Immunol. , 21 : 673 – 677 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friguet , B. , Chaffotte , A. F. , Djavadi-Ohaniance , L. and Goldberg , M. E. 1985 . Measurements of the true affinity constant in solution of antigen-antibody complexes by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay . J. Immunol. Methods , 77 : 305 – 319 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friguet , B. , Djavadi-Ohaniance , L. and Goldberg , M. E. 1989 . Protein Structure. A Practical Approach , Edited by: Creighton , T. E. 287 – 310 . IRL Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gherardi , E. , Pannell , R. and Milstein , C. 1990 . A single-step procedure for cloning and selection of antibody-secreting hybridomas . J. Immunol. Methods , 126 : 61 – 68 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibson , A. L. , Herron , J. N. , He , X. M. , Patrick , V. A. , Mason , M. L. , Lin , J. N. , Kranz , D. M. , Voss , E. W. and Edmundson , A. B. 1988 . Differences in crystal properties and ligand affinities of an antifluorescyl Fab (4–4-20) in two solvent systems . Proteins , 3 : 155 – 160 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giles , B. , Klapper , D. G. and Clem , L. W. 1983 . Intramolecular heterogeneity of ligand binding of two IgM antibodies derived from murine hybridomas . Mol. Immunol. , 20 : 737 – 744 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glass , D. N. , Caffin , J. , Maini , R. N. and Scott , J. R. 1973 . Measurement of DNA antibodies by double antibody precipitation . Ann. Rheum. Dis. , 32 : 342 – 345 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hardie , G. and Van Regenmortel , M. H. V. 1975 . Immunochemical studies of tobacco mosaic virus—I: Refutation of the alleged homogeneous binding of purified antibody fragments . Immunochemistry , 12 : 903 – 908 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Harper , M. , Lema , F. , Boulot , G. and Poljak , R. J. 1987 . Antigen specificity and cross-reactivity of monoclonal anti-lysozyme antibodies . Mol. Immunol. , 24 : 97 – 108 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herbert , V. , Lau , K. S. , Gottlieb , C. W. and Bleicher , S. J. 1965 . Coated charcoal immunoassay of insulin . J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. , 25 : 1375 – 1384 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hetherington , S. V. 1988 . The intrinsic affinity constant (K) of anticapsular antibody to oligosaccharides of Haemophilus influenzae type b . J. Immunol. , 140 : 3966 – 3970 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hornick , C. L. and Karush , F. 1972 . Antibody affinity. III. The role of multivalence . Immunochemistry , 9 : 325 – 340 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hudson , B. W. 1968 . An investigation of the effect of antigen concentration on protein antigen-antiprotein association constants . Immunochemistry , 5 : 87 – 105 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ishiguro , H. , Ohkubo , I. , Mizokami , M. , Titani , K. and Sasaki , M. 1989 . The use of monoclonal antibodies to define levels of cystatin C in normal human serum . Hybridoma , 8 : 303 – 313 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson , D. C. , Howlett , G. J. , Nestorowicz , A. and Webster , R. G. 1983 . The equilibrium constant for the interaction between a monoclonal Fab fragment and an influenza virus neuraminidase . J. Immunol. , 130 : 1313 – 1316 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobsen , C. , Frich , J. R. and Steensgaard , J. 1982 . Determination of affinity of monoclonal antibodies against human IgG . J. Immunol. Methods , 50 : 77 – 88 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karush , F. 1978 . Comprehensive Immunology. Immunoglobulins , Edited by: Litman , G. W. and Good , R. A. 85 – 116 . New York : Plenum Press .
   Google Scholar
• Karush , F. and Tang , X. X. 1988 . Affinity of antipeptide antibodies measured by resonance energy transfer . J. Immunol. Methods , 106 : 63 – 70 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaufman , E. N. and Jain , R. K. 1992 . Effect of bivalent interaction upon apparent antibody affinity—experimental confirmation of theory using fluorescence photobleaching and implications for antibody binding assays . Cancer Res. , 52 : 4157 – 4167 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelley , R. F. and O'Connell , M. P. 1993 . Thermodynamic analysis of an antibody functional epitope . Biochemistry , 32 : 6828 – 6835 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelley , R. F. , O'Connell , M. P. , Carter , P. , Presta , L. , Eigenbrot , C. , Covarrubias , M. , Snedecor , B. , Bourell , J. H. and Vetterlein , D. 1992 . Antigen binding thermodynamics and antiproliferative effects of chimeric and humanized anti-p185HER2 antibody Fab fragments . Biochemistry , 31 : 5434 – 5441 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim , Y. T. , Kalver , S. and Siskind , G. W. 1975 . A comparison of the Farr technique with equilibrium dialysis for the measurement of antibody concentration and affinity . J. Immunol. Methods , 6 : 347 – 354 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirkland , T. N. , Ziegler , E. J. , Tobias , P. , Ward , D. C. , Michalek , S. M. , McGhee , J. R. , Macher , I. , Urayama , K. and Appelmelk , B. J. 1988 . Inhibition of lipopolysaccharide activation of 70Z/3 cells by anti-lipopolysaccharide antibodies . J. Immunol. , 141 : 3208 – 3213 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klotz , I. M. 1953 . The Proteins , Edited by: Neurath , H. and Bailey , K. 727 – 806 . New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kranz , D. M. and Voss , E. W. 1981 . Partial elucidation of an anti-hapten repertoire in BALB/c mice: Comparative characterization of several monoclonal anti-fluorescyl antibodies . Mot. Immunol. , 18 : 889 – 898 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kranz , D. M. , Herron , J. N. and Voss , E. W. 1982 . Mechanisms of ligand binding by monoclonal anti-fluorescyl antibodies . J. Biol. Chem. , 257 : 6987 – 6995 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krüger , U. , Wickert , L. and Wagener , C. 1989 . Determination of epitope specificities and affinities of monoclonal antibodies in solution phase using biotin-labeled carcinoembryonic antigen and avidin as precipitating agent . J. Immunol. Methods , 117 : 25 – 32 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larralde , C. and Farber , S. 1972 . Confidence intervals for affinity constants, heterogeneity indices, and concentration of reactive sites estimated by the 50% ammonium sulphate method on rat's anti-DNP sera . Immunochemistry , 9 : 699 – 707 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Larvor , M. P. , Djavadi-Ohaniance , L. , Friguet , B. , Baleux , F. and Goldberg , M. E. 1991 . Peptide/antibody recognition: Synthetic peptides derived from the E. coli tryptophan synthetase b2 subunit interact with high affinity with an anti-b2 monoclonal antibody . Mol. Immunol. , 28 : 523 – 531 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Latif , N. A. and Mandal , C. 1987 . Liposome as an adjuvant for the production of estradiol antibodies . Immunol. Lett. , 15 : 237 – 242 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lehtonen , O. P. 1981 . Immunoreactivity of solid phase hapten measured by a hapten binding plasmacytoma protein (ABPC 24) . Mol. Immunol. , 18 : 323 – 329 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis , R. M. , Furie , B. C. and Furie , B. 1983 . Conformation-specific monoclonal antibodies directed against the calcium-stabilized structure of human prothrombin . Biochemistry , 22 : 948 – 954 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li , C. K. N. 1985 . ELISA-based determination of immunological binding constants . Mol. Immunol. , 22 : 321 – 327 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lubeck , M. and Gerhard , W. 1982 . Conformational changes at topologically distinct antigenic sites on the influenza A/PR/8/34 virus HA molecule are induced by the binding of monoclonal antibodies . Virology , 118 : 1 – 7 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malmborg , A. C. , Michaelsson , A. , Ohlin , M. , Jansson , B. and Borrebaeck , C. A. K. 1992 . Real time analysis of antibody-antigen reaction kinetics . Scand. J. Immunol. , 35 : 643 – 650 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mamet-Bratley , M. D. 1966 . Evidence concerning homogeneity of the combining sites of purified antibody . Immunochemistry , 3 : 155 – 162 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mandrell , R. E. and Zollinger , W. D. 1982 . Measurement of antibodies to meningococcal group B polysaccharide: Low avidity binding and equilibrium binding constants . J. Immunol. , 129 : 2172 – 2178 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marks , J. D. , Griffiths , A. D. , Malmqvist , M. , Clackson , T. P. , Bye , J. M. and Winter , G. 1992 . Bypassing immunization—building high affinity human antibodies by chain shuffling . Biotechnology , 10 : 779 – 783 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mason , D. W. and Williams , A. F. 1980 . The kinetics of antibody binding to membrane antigens in solution and at the cell surface . Biochem. J. , 187 : 1 – 20 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mason , D. W. and Williams , A. F. 1986 . Handbook of Experimental Immunology. Immunochemistry , Edited by: Weir , D. M. 38 – 38 . Oxford : Blackwell Scientific Publications . 1.17
   Google Scholar
• McLnerney , T. L. , Howlett , G. J. , Gruen , L. C. and Jackson , D. C. 1993 . Quantitative analysis of the interaction between lysozyme and monoclonal antibody D1.3 . Mol. Immunol. , 30 : 47 – 54 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mukkur , M. K. S. 1984 . Thermodynamics of hapten-antibody interactions . CRC Crit. Rev. Biochem. , 16 : 133 – 167 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mushens , R. E. and Scott , M. L. 1990 . A fast and efficient method for quantification of monoclonal antibodies in an ELISA using a novel incubation system . J. Immunol. Methods , 131 : 83 – 89 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakamura , M. , Burastero , S. E. , Ueki , Y. , Larrick , J. W. , Notkins , A. L. and Casali , P. 1988 . Probing the normal and autoimmune B cell repertoire with Epstein-Barr virus. Frequency of B cells producing monoreactive high affinity autoantibodies in patients with Hashimoto's disease and systemic lupus erythematosus . J. Immunol. , 141 : 4165 – 4172 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Novotny , J. , Bruccoleri , E. and Saul , F. A. 1989 . On the attribution of binding energy in antigen-antibody complexes McPC 603, D1.3, and HyHEL-5 . Biochemistry , 28 : 4735 – 4749 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nygren , H. , Kaartinen , M. and Stenberg , M. 1986 . Determination of ellipsometry of the affinity of monoclonal antibodies . J. Immunol. Methods , 92 : 219 – 225 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nygren , H. , Werthen , M. and Stenberg , M. 1987 . Kinetics of antibody binding to solid-phase-immobilised antigen. Effect of diffusion rate limitation and steric interaction . J. Immunol. Methods , 101 : 63 – 71 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Panka , D. J. , Mudgett-Hunter , M. , Parks , D. R. , Peterson , L. L. , Herzenberg , L. A. , Haber , E. and Margolies , M. N. 1988 . Variable region framework differences result in decreased or increased affinity of variant anti-digoxin antibodies . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , 85 : 3080 – 3084 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parker , C. W. 1978 . Handbook of Experimental Immunology. Immunochemistry , Edited by: Weir , D. M. 18 – 18.25 . Oxford : Blackwell Scientific Publications . 1
   Google Scholar
• Parratt , D. , McKenzie , H. , Nielsen , K. H. and Cobb , S. J. 1982 . Radioimmunoassay of Antibody and Its Clinical Applications , Chichester. : John Wiley & Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Pascual , D. and Clem , L. W. 1988 . Ligand binding by murine IgM antibodies: Intramolecular heterogeneity exists in certain, but not all, cases . Mol. Immunol. , 25 : 87 – 94 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pellequer , J. L. and Van Regenmortel , M. H. V. 1993a . Affinity of monoclonal antibodies to large multivalent antigens: Influence of steric hindrance on antibody affinity constants calculated from Scatchard plots . Mol. Immunol. , 30 : 955 – 958 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pellequer , J. L. and Van Regenmortel , M. H. V. 1993b . Measurement of kinetic binding constants of viral antibodies using a new biosensor technology . J. Immunol. Methods , 166 : 133 – 143 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rappaport , I. 1959 . The reversibility of the reaction between rabbit antibody and tobacco mosaic virus . J. Immunol. , 82 : 526 – 534 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robbins , D. L. , Kenny , T. , Wutke , A. and Benisek , W. 1988 . Determination of the affinity of monoclonal 19 S IgM rheumatoid factor for IgG by modified immunoassay (ELISA) . J. Immunol. Methods , 110 : 111 – 116 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodwell , J. D. , Gearhart , P. J. and Karush , F. 1983 . Restriction in IgM expression. IV. Affinity analysis of monoclonal anti-phosphorylcholine antibodies . J. Immunol. , 130 : 313 – 316 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rothstein , T. L. and Gefter , M. L. 1983 . Affinity analysis of idiotype-positive and idiotype-negative Ars-binding hybridoma proteins and Ars-immune sera . Mol. Immunol. , 20 : 161 – 168 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schots , A. , Van der Leede , B. J. , De Jongh , E. and Egberts , E. 1988 . A method for the determination of antibody affinity using a direct ELISA . J. Immunol. Methods , 109 : 225 – 233 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seppälä , I. J. 1975 . Disturbance of hapten-antibody equilibria by ammonium sulphate solutions. A source of error in Ab affinity determination . J. Immunol. Methods , 9 : 135 – 140 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soderquist , M. E. and Walton , A. G. 1980 . Structural changes in proteins adsorbed on polymer surfaces . J. Colloid Interface Sci. , 75 : 386 – 397 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steensgaard , J. , Steward , M. W. and Frich , J. R. 1980 . The significance of antibody affinity heterogeneity in antigen-antibody reactions demonstrated by computer simulation . Mol. Immunol. , 17 : 689 – 698 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stenberg , M. and Nygren , H. 1982 . A receptor-ligand reaction studied by a novel analytical tool—the isoscope ellipsometer . Anal. Biochem. , 127 : 183 – 192 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stenberg , M. and Nygren , H. 1988 . Kinetics of antigen-antibody reactions at solid-liquid interfaces . J. Immunol. Methods , 113 : 3 – 15 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevens , F. J. 1987 . Modification of an ELISA-based procedure for affinity determination: Correction necessary for use with bivalent antibody . Mol. Immunol. , 24 : 1055 – 1060 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steward , M. W. 1977 . Immunochemistry: An Advanced Textbook , Edited by: Glynn , L. E. and Steward , M. W. 233 – 262 . Chichester : John Wiley & Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Steward , M. W. 1986 . Handbook of Experimental Immunology. Immunochemistry. , Edited by: Weir , D. M. 25.1 – 25.30 . Oxford : Blackwell Scientific Publications .
   Google Scholar
• Steward , M. W. and Lew , A. M. 1985 . The importance of antibody affinity in the performance of immunoassays for antibody . J. Immunol. Methods , 78 : 173 – 190 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steward , M. W. and Petty , R. E. 1972a . Use of ammonium sulfate globulin in precipitation for determination of affinity of antiprotein antibodies in mouse serum . Immunology , 22 : 747 – 756 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steward , M. W. and Petty , R. E. 1972b . The antigen-binding characteristics of antibody pools of different relative affinity . Immunology , 23 : 881 – 887 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steward , M. W. and Steensgaard , J. 1983 . Antibody Affinity. Thermodynamic Aspects and Biological Significance , Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press .
   Google Scholar
• Ternynck , T. and Avrameas , S. 1986 . Murine natural monoclonal autoantibodies: A study of their polyspecificities and their affinities . Immunol. Rev. , 94 : 99 – 112 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Underwood , P. A. 1985 . Practical considerations of the ability of monoclonal antibodies to detect antigenic differences between closely related variants . J. Immunol. Methods , 85 : 309 – 323 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Underwood , P. A. 1988 . Measurement of the affinity of antiviral antibodies . Adv. Virus Res. , 34 : 283 – 309 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Van Regenmortel , M. H. V. 1982 . Serology and Immunochemistry of Plant Viruses , 302 New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Van Regenmortel , M. H. V. 1988 . Which value of antigenic valency should be used in antibody avidity calculations with multivalent antigens? . Mol. Immunol. , 25 : 565 – 567 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Regenmortel , M. H. V. and Hardie , G. 1976 . Immunochemical studies of tobacco mosaic virus. II. Univalent and monogamous bivalent binding of the IgG antibody . Immunochemistry , 13 : 503 – 507 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Van Regenmortel , M. H. V. and Hardie , G. 1979 . Determination of avidity of anti-viral antibodies at 50% binding of antibody . J. Immunol. Methods , 27 : 43 – 54 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Varitek , V. A. and Day , E. D. 1979 . Relative affinity of antisera for myelin basic protein (MBP) and degree of affinity heterogeneity . Mol. Immunol. , 16 : 163 – 172 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagener , C. , Clark , B. R. , Rickard , K. J. and Shively , J. E. 1983 . Monoclonal antibodies for carcino-embryonic antigen and related antigens as a model system: Determination of affinities and specificities of monoclonal antibodies by using biotin-labeled antibodies and avidin as precipitating agent in a solution phase immunoassay . J. Immunol. , 130 : 2302 – 2307 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang , M. L. , Skehel , J. J. and Wiley , D. C. 1986 . Comparative analyses of the specificities of anti-influenza hemagglutinin antibodies in human sera . J. Virol. , 57 : 124 – 128 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiseman , T. , Williston , S. , Brandts , J. F. and Lin , L. N. 1989 . Rapid measurement of binding constants and heats of binding using a new titration calorimeter . Anal. Biochem. , 179 : 131 – 137 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yolken , R. H. 1985 . Immunochemistry of Viruses. The Basis for Serodiagnosis and Vaccines , Edited by: Van Regenmortel , M. H. V. and Neurath , A. R. 121 – 138 . Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Zeder-Luz , G. , Altschuh , D. , Geysen , M. , Trifilieff , E. , Sommermeyer , G. and Van Regenmortel , M. H. V. 1993 . Monoclonal antipeptide antibodies: Affinity and kinetic rate constants measured for the peptide and the cognate protein using a biosensor technology . Mol. Immunol. , 30 : 145 – 155 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar