455
Views
11
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Rebel Without a (Conscious) Cause: Priming a Nonconscious Goal for Psychological Reactance

&
Pages 9-16 | Published online: 19 Feb 2009

REFERENCES

  • Asch , S. E. ( 1951 ). Effects of group pressure on the modification and distortion of judgments . In H. Guetzkow (Ed.), Groups, leadership and men (pp. 177 – 190 ). Pittsburgh , PA : Carnegie Press .
  • Atkinson , J. W. , & Birch , D. (1970). A dynamic theory of action . New York : Wiley.
  • Avnet , T. , & Higgins , E. T. ( 2003 ). Locomotion, assessment, and regulatory fit: Value transfer from “how” to “what.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , 39 , 525 – 530 .
  • Bargh , J. A. ( 1990 ). Auto-motives: Preconscious determinants of social interaction . In E. T. Higgins & R. M. Sorrentino (Eds.), Handbook of motivation and cognition (Vol. 2 , pp. 93 – 130 ). New York : Guilford Press .
  • Bargh , J. A. , & Chartrand , T. L. ( 2000 ). The mind in the middle: A practical guide to priming and automaticity research . In H. T. Reis (Ed.), Handbook of research methods in social and personality psychology (pp. 253 – 285 ). Cambridge , England : Cambridge University Press .
  • Bargh , J. A. , Chen , M. , & Burrows , L. ( 1996 ). Automaticity of social behavior: Direct effects of trait construct and stereotype activation on action . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 71 , 230 – 244 .
  • Bargh , J. A. , Gollwitzer , P. M. , Lee-Chai , A. , Barndollar , K. , & Trötschel , R. ( 2001 ). The automated will: Nonconscious activation and pursuit of behavioral goals . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 81 , 1014 – 1027 .
  • Brehm , J. W. ( 1966 ). A theory of psychological reactance . New York : Academic Press .
  • Brehm , S. S. , & Brehm , J. W. ( 1981 ). Psychological reactance: A theory of freedom and control . New York : Academic Press .
  • Bushman , B. J. , & Stack , A. D. ( 1996 ). Forbidden fruit versus tainted fruit: Effects of warning labels on attraction to television violence . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied , 2 , 207 – 226 .
  • Carver , C. S. , & Scheier , M. F. ( 1981 ). Attention and self-regulation: A control theory approach to human behavior . New York : Springer .
  • Chartrand , T. L. , & Bargh , J. A. ( 1996 ). Automatic activation of impression formation and memorization goals: Nonconscious goal priming reproduces effects of explicit task instructions . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 71 , 464 – 478 .
  • Chartrand , T. L. , & Bargh , J. A. ( 2002 ). Nonconscious motivations: Their activation, operation, and consequences . In A. Tesser , D. A. Stapel , & J. V. Wood (Eds.), Self and motivation: Emerging psychological perspectives ( , 1st ed. , pp. 13 – 41 ). Washington DC : American Psychological Association.
  • Chartrand , T. L. , Dalton , A. N. , & Fitzsimons , G. J. ( 2007 ). Nonconscious relationship reactance: When significant others prime opposing goals . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , 43 , 719 – 726 .
  • Clee , M. A. , & Wicklund , R. A. ( 1980 ). Consumer behavior and psychological reactance . Journal of Consumer Research , 6 , 389 – 405 .
  • Dowd , E. T. , Milne , C. R. , & Wise , S. L. ( 1991 ). The Therapeutic Reactance Scale: A measure of psychological reactance . Journal of Counseling and Development , 69 , 541 – 545 .
  • Fitzsimons , G. M. , & Bargh , J. A. ( 2003 ). Thinking of you: Nonconscious pursuit of interpersonal goals associated with relationship partners . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 84 , 148 – 163 .
  • Fogarty , J. S. ( 1997 ). Reactance theory and patient noncompliance . Social Science and Medicine , 45 , 1277 – 1288 .
  • Foster , J. , Liberman , N. , & Higgins , E. T. ( 2005 ). Accessibility from active and fulfilled goals . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , 41 , 220 – 239 .
  • Fulcher , E. P. , & Hammerl , M. ( 2001 ). When all is revealed: A dissociation between evaluative learning and contingency awareness . Consciousness and Cognition , 10 , 524 – 549 .
  • Geers , A. L. , Weiland , P. E. , Kosbab , K. , Landry , S. J. , & Helfer , S. G. ( 2005 ). Goal activation, expectations, and the placebo effect . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 89 , 143 – 159 .
  • Hammerl , M. , & Fulcher , E. P. 2005 . Reactance in affective-evaluative learning: Outside of conscious control? Cognition and Emotion , 19 , 197 – 216 .
  • Hass , R. G. & Linder , D. E. (1972) . Counterargument availability and the effects of message structure on persuasion . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 23 , 219 – 233 .
  • Heilman , M. E. ( 1976 ). Oppositional behavior as a function of influence attempt intensity and retaliation threat . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 33 , 574 – 578 .
  • Hong , S. M. , & Faedda , S. ( 1996 ). Refinement of the Hong Psychological Reactance Scale . Educational and Psychological Measurement , 56 , 173 – 182 .
  • Jones , R. A. , & Brehm , J. W. ( 1970 ). Persuasiveness of one- and two-sided communications as a function of awareness that there are two sides . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , 6 , 47 – 56 .
  • Kirsch , I. ( 1997 ). Specifying nonspecifics: Psychological mechanisms of placebo effects . In A. Harrington (Ed.), The placebo effect: An interdisciplinary exploration (pp. 166 – 186 ). Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press .
  • Kirsch , I. ( 1999 ). How expectancies shape experience . Washington , DC : American Psychological Association .
  • Kohn , P. M. , & Barnes , G. E. ( 1977 ). Subject variables and reactance to persuasive communications about drugs . European Journal of Social Psychology , 7 , 97 – 109 .
  • Milgram , S. ( 1963 ). Behavioral study of obedience . Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology , 67 , 371 – 378 .
  • Miller , G. A. , Galanter , E. , & Pribram , K. H. ( 1960 ). Plans and structure of behavior . New York : Holt .
  • Moskowitz , G. B. ( 2002 ). Preconscious effects of temporary goals on attention . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , 38 , 397 – 404 .
  • Pennebaker , J. W. , & Sanders , D. Y. ( 1976 ). American graffiti: Effects of authority and reactance arousal . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 2 , 264 – 267 .
  • Rosnow , R. L. , & Davis , D. J. ( 1977 ). Demand characteristics and the psychological experiment . Et cetera , 14 , 301 – 313 .
  • Schwarz , N. , Frey , D. , & Krumpf , M. ( 1980 ). Interactive effects of writing and reading a persuasive essay on attitude change and selective exposure . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , 16 , 1 – 17 .
  • Shah , J. ( 2003 ). Automatic for the people: How representations of significant others implicitly affect goal pursuits . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 84 , 661 – 681 .
  • Silva , P. J. ( 2005 ). Deflecting reactance: The role of similarity in increasing compliance and reducing resistance . Basic and Applied Social Psychology , 27 , 277 – 284 .
  • Tabachnick , B. G. , & Fidell , L. S. ( 2007 ). Using multivariate statistics (.) , 5th ed . Boston , MA : Pearson .
  • Wicklund , R. A. ( 1974 ). Freedom and reactance . Potomac , MA : Erlbaum .
  • Worchel , S. , & Andreoli , V. ( 1974 ). Attribution of causality as a means of restoring behavioral freedom . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 29 , 237 – 245 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.