Physically Attractive Social Information Sources Lead to Increased Selective Exposure to Information

REFERENCES

• Ashmore , R. D. , & Longo , L. C. ( 1995 ). Accuracy of stereotypes: What research on physical attractiveness can teach us . In Y.-T. Lee , L. J. Jussim & C. R. McCauley (Eds.), Stereotype accuracy: Toward appreciating group difference (pp. 63 – 86 ). Washington , DC : American Psychological Association .
   Google Scholar
• Calvert , J. D. ( 1988 ). Physical attractiveness: A review and reevaluation of its role in social skill research . Behavioral Assessment , 10 , 29 – 42 .
   Google Scholar
• Chaiken , S. ( 1979 ). Communicator physical attractiveness and persuasion . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 3 , 1387 – 1397 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaiken , S. ( 1987 ). The heuristic model of persuasion . In M. P. Zanna , J. M. Olson & C. P. Herman (Eds.), Social influence: The Ontario symposium ( Vol. 5 , pp. 3 – 39 ). Hillsdale , NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Dion , K. , Berscheid , E. , & Walster , E. ( 1972 ). What is beautiful is good . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 24 , 285 – 290 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ditto , P. H. , & Lopez , D. F. (1992). Motivated skepticism: Use of differential decision criteria for preferred and nonpreferred conclusions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 63, 568–584.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ditto , P. H. , Scepansky , J. A. , Munro , G. D. , Apanovitch , A. M. , & Lockhart , L. K. ( 1998 ). Motivated sensitivity to preference-inconsistent information . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 75 , 53 – 69 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Festinger , L. ( 1957 ). A theory of cognitive dissonance . Stanford , CA : Stanford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Fischer , P. , Fischer , J. K. , Weisweiler , S. , & Frey , D. (in press) . Selective exposure to information: How different modes of decision making affect subsequent confirmatory information processing . British Journal of Social Psychology.
   Google Scholar
• Fischer , P. , & Greitemeyer , T. ( in press ). A new look at selective exposure effects: An integrative model . Current Directions in Psychological Science .
   Google Scholar
• Fischer , P. , Greitemeyer , T. , & Frey , D. ( 2008 ). Self-regulation and selective exposure: The impact of depleted self-regulation resources on confirmatory information processing . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 94 , 382 – 395 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischer , P. , Jonas , E. , Frey , D. , & Schulz-Hardt , S. ( 2005 ). Selective exposure to information: The impact of information limits . European Journal of Social Psychology , 35 , 469 – 492 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischer , P. , Jonas , E. , Kastenmüller , A. , & Frey , D. ( 2008 ). Selective exposure and decision framing: The impact of gain and loss framing on biased information seeking after decisions . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , 44 , 312 – 320 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischer , P. , Schulz-Hardt , S. , & Frey , D. ( 2008 ). Selective exposure and information quantity: How different information quantities moderate decision makers' preference for consistent and inconsistent information . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 94 , 231 – 244 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frey , D. ( 1981a ). Postdecisional preference for decision-relevant information as a function of the competence of its source and the degree of familiarity with this information . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , 17 , 51 – 67 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frey , D. ( 1981b ). Reversible and irreversible decisions: Preference for consonant information as a function of attractiveness of decision alternatives . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 7 , 621 – 626 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frey , D. ( 1986 ). Recent research on selective exposure to information . In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology ( Vol. 19 , pp. 41 – 80 ). New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Frey , D. , & Wicklund , R. ( 1978 ). A clarification of selective exposure: The impact of choice . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , 14 , 132 – 139 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greitemeyer , T. , & Schulz-Hardt , S. ( 2003 ). Preference-consistent evaluation of information in the hidden profile paradigm: Beyond group-level explanations for the dominance of shared information in group decisions . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 84 , 322 – 339 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greitemeyer , T. , Schulz-Hardt , S. , Brodbeck , F. , & Frey , D. ( 2006 ). Information sampling and group decision making: The effects of an advocacy procedure and task experience . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied , 12 , 31 – 42 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janis , I. ( 1982 ). Groupthink: Psychological studies of policy decisions and fiascoes . Boston : Houghton Mifflin .
   Google Scholar
• Jonas , E. , Graupmann , V. , & Frey , D. ( 2006 ). The influence of mood on the search for supporting vs. conflicting information . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 32 , 3 – 15 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jonas , E. , Schulz-Hardt , S. , Frey , D. , & Thelen , N. ( 2001 ). Confirmation bias in sequential information search after preliminary decisions: An expansion of dissonance theoretical research on “selective exposure to information.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 80 , 557 – 571 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kastenmüller , A. , Fischer , P. , Jonas , E. , Greitemeyer , T. , Köppl , J. , et al. . (in press) . Selective exposure: The impact of framing information search instructions as gains and losses . European Journal of Social Psychology.
   Google Scholar
• Kray , L. J. , & Galinsky , A. D. ( 2003 ). The debiasing effect of counterfactual mind- sets: Increasing the search for disconfirmatory information in group decisions . Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes , 91 , 69 – 81 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lundgren , S. R. , & Prislin , R. ( 1998 ). Motivated cognitive processing and attitude change . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 24 , 715 – 726 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore , J. S. , Graziano , W. G. , & Millar , M. C. ( 1987 ). Physical attractiveness, sex role orientation, and the evaluation of adults and children . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 13 , 95 – 102 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petty , R. E. , & Cacioppo , J. T. ( 1986 ). Communication and persuasion: Central and peripheral routes to attitude change . New York : Springer-Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Schulz-Hardt , S. , Fischer , P. , & Frey , D. ( 2010 ). Confirmation bias in accuracy-motivated decision-making: A cognitive explanation for biased information seeking . Manuscript under revision .
   Google Scholar
• Schulz-Hardt , S. , Frey , D. , Lüthgens , C. , & Moscovici , S. ( 2000 ). Biased information search in group decision making . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 78 , 655 – 669 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwarz , N. , Frey , D. , & Kumpf , M. ( 1980 ). Interactive effects of writing and reading a persuasive essay on attitude change and selective exposure . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , 16 , 1 – 17 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shavitt , S. , Swan , S. , Lowrey , T. M. , & Wänke , M. ( 1994 ). The interaction of endorser attractiveness and involvement in persuasion depends on the goal that guides message processing . Journal of Consumer Psychology , 3 , 137 – 162 .
   Google Scholar