617
Views
24
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Standing Out From the Crowd: How Comparison to Prototypes Can Decrease Health-Risk Behavior in Young Adults

, , &
Pages 228-238 | Received 06 Jan 2010, Accepted 23 Jan 2011, Published online: 05 Aug 2011

REFERENCES

  • Ajzen , I. ( 1996 ). The social psychology of decision making . In E. Higgins & A. Kruglanski (Eds.), Social psychology: Handbook of basic principles (pp. 297 – 328 ). New York , NY : Guilford .
  • Ajzen , I. , & Fishbein , M. ( 1980 ). Understanding attitudes and predicting social behavior . Englewood Cliffs , NJ : Prentice-Hall .
  • Anderson , C. A. , & Sedikides , C. ( 1991 ). Thinking about people: Contributions to a typological alternative to associationistic and dimensional models of person perception . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 60 , 203 – 217 .
  • Andrews , J. A. , Hampson , S. E. , Barckley , M. , Gerrard , M. , & Gibbons , F. X. ( 2008 ). The effect of early cognitions on cigarette and alcohol use during adolescence . Psychology of Addictive Behaviors , 22 ( 1 ), 96 – 106 .
  • Blanton , H. , & Christie , C. ( 2003 ). Deviance regulation: A theory of action and identity . Review of General Psychology , 7 , 115 – 149 .
  • Blanton , H. , & Stapel , A. ( 2008 ). Unconscious and spontaneous and … complex: The three selves model of social comparison assimilation and contrast . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 94 , 1018 – 1032 .
  • Blanton , H. , VandenEijnden , R. J. J. M. , Buunk , B. P. , Gibbons , F. X. , Gerrard , M. , & Bakker , A. ( 2001 ). Accentuate the negative: Social images in the prediction and promotion of condom use . Journal of Applied Social Psychology , 31 , 274 – 295 .
  • Brooks-Gunn , J. , & Furstenberg , F. F. ( 1989 ). Adolescent sexual behavior . American Psychologist , 44 , 249 – 257 .
  • Buunk , B. P. , & Ybema , J. F. ( 1997 ). Social comparisons and occupational stress: The identification-contrast model . In B. P. Buunk & F. X. Gibbons (Eds.), Health, coping, and well-being: Perspectives from social comparisons theory (pp. 359 – 388 ). Hillsdale , NJ : Erlbaum .
  • Eagly , A. H. , & Chaiken , S. ( 1993 ). The psychology of attitudes . Fort Worth , TX : Harcourt Brace Jovanovich .
  • Festinger , L. ( 1954 ). A theory of social comparison processes . Human Relations , 7 , 117 – 140 .
  • Frankish , K. , & Evans , J. St. B. T. ( 2009 ). The duality of mind: An historical perspective . In J. Evans & K. Frankish (Eds.), In two minds: Dual processes and beyond (pp. 1 – 29 ). Oxford , England : Oxford University Press .
  • Gerrard , M. , Gibbons , F. X. , Brody , G. H. , Murry , V. M. , Cleveland , M. J. , & Wills , T. A. ( 2006 ). A theory-based dual-focus alcohol intervention for preadolescents: The Strong African American Families program . Psychology of Addictive Behaviors , 20 , 185 – 195 .
  • Gerrard , M. , Gibbons , F. X. , Lane , D. J. , & Stock , M. L. ( 2005 ). Smoking cessation: Social comparison level predicts success for adult smokers . Health Psychology , 24 , 623 – 629 .
  • Gerrard , M. , Gibbons , F. X. , Reis-Bergan , M. , Trudeau , L. , Vande Lune , L. S. , & Buunk , B. ( 2002 ). Inhibitory effects of drinker and nondrinker prototypes on adolescent alcohol consumption . Health Psychology , 21 , 601 – 609 .
  • Gibbons , F. X. , & Gerrard , M. ( 1995 ). Predicting young adults’ health risk behavior . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 69 , 505 – 517 .
  • Gibbons , F. X. , & Gerrard , M. ( 1997 ). Health images and their effects on health behavior . In B. P. Buunk & F. X. Gibbons (Eds.), Health, coping, and well-being: Perspectives from social comparison theory (pp. 63 – 94 ). Hillsdale , NJ : Erlbaum .
  • Gibbons , F. X. , Gerrard , M. , Blanton , H. , & Russell , D. W. ( 1998 ). Reasoned action and social reaction: Willingness and intention as independent predictors of health risk . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 74 , 1164 – 1180 .
  • Gibbons , F. X. , Gerrard , M. , Lando , H. A. , & McGovern , P. G. ( 1991 ). Social comparison and smoking cessation: The role of the “typical smoker” . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , 27 , 239 – 258 .
  • Gibbons , F. X. , Gerrard , M. , & Lane , D. J. ( 2003 ). A social-reaction model of adolescent health risk . In J. M. Suls & K. A. Wallston (Eds.), Social psychological foundations of health and illness (pp. 107 – 136 ). Oxford , England : Blackwell .
  • Gibbons , F. X. , Gerrard , M. , Reimer , R. , & Pomery , E. A. ( 2006 ). Unintentional Behavior: A subrational approach to health risk . In J. de Wit & D. de Ridder (Eds.), Self-regulation in health behaviour (pp. 5 – 70 ). Sussex , UK : Wiley .
  • Gilbert , D. T. , Giesler , R. B. , & Morris , K. A. ( 1995 ). When comparisons arise . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 69 , 227 – 236 .
  • Kremers , S. P. J. , Mudde , A. N. , De Vries , N. K. , Brug , J. , & De Vries , H. ( 2004 ). Unplanned smoking initiation: New insights and implications for interventions . Patient Education and Counseling , 55 , 345 – 352 .
  • Lockwood , P. , & Kunda , Z. ( 1997 ). Superstars and me: Predicting the impact of role models on the self . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 73 ( 1 ), 91 – 103 .
  • Mussweiler , T. , Rüter , K. , & Epstude , K. ( 2004 ). The ups and down of social comparison: Mechanisms of assimilation and contrast . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 87 , 832 – 844 .
  • National Academy of Sciences, Committee on Developing a Strategy to Reduce, & Prevent Underage Drinking . ( 2004 ). Reducing underage drinking: A collective responsibility . Washington , DC : The National Academies Press .
  • Niedenthal , P. M. , Cantor , N. , & Kihlstrom , J. F. ( 1985 ). Prototype matching: A strategy for social decision making . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 48 , 575 – 584 .
  • Ouellette , J. A. , Gerrard , M. , Gibbons , F. X. , & Reis-Bergan , M. ( 1999 ). Parents, peers, and prototypes: Antecedents of adolescent alcohol expectancies, alcohol consumption, and alcohol-related problems in rural youth . Psychology of Addictive Behaviors , 13 , 183 – 197 .
  • Pomery , E. A. , Gibbons , F. X. , Reis-Bergan , M. , & Gerrard , M. ( 2009 ). From willingness to intention: Experience moderates the shift from reactive to reasoned behavior . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 35 , 894 – 908 .
  • Rankin , J. L. , Lane , D. J. , Gibbons , F. X. , & Gerrard , M. ( 2004 ). Adolescent self-consciousness: Longitudinal age changes and gender differences in two cohorts . Journal of Research on Adolescence , 14 ( 1 ), 1 – 21 .
  • Reyna , V. F. , & Farley , F. ( 2006 ). Risk and rationality in adolescent decision making: Implications for theory, practice and public policy . Psychological Science in the Public Interest , 7 ( 1 ), 1 – 44 .
  • Stapel , D. A. , & Koomen , W. ( 2001 ). I, we, and the effects of others on me: How self-construal level moderates social comparison effects . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 80 , 766 – 781 .
  • Taylor , S. E. , & Lobel , M. (1989). Social comparison activity under threat: Downward evaluation and upward contacts. Psychological Review , 96, 569–575.
  • Thornton , B. , Gibbons , F. X. , & Gerrard , M. ( 2002 ). Risk perception and prototype perception: Independent processes predicting risk behavior . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 28 , 986 – 999 .
  • Webb , T. L. , & Sheeran , P. ( 2006 ). Does changing behavioral intentions engender behavior change? A meta-analysis of the experimental evidence . Psychological Bulletin , 132 , 249 – 268 .
  • Wood , P. K. , Sher , K. J. , & Rutledge , P. C. ( 2007 ). College student alcohol consumption, day of the week, and class schedule . Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research , 31 , 1195 – 1207 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.