1,318
Views
35
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Cultural Differences in Targets of Stigmatization Between Individual- and Group-Oriented Cultures

, &
Pages 98-108 | Published online: 04 Feb 2013

REFERENCES

  • Ashmore , R. D. , Deaux , K. , & McLaughlin-Volpe , T. ( 2004 ). An organizing framework for collective identity: Articulation and significance of multidimensionality . Psychological Bulletin , 130 , 80 – 114 .
  • Berry , J. W. ( 1994 ). Ecology of individualism and collectivism . In U. Kim , H. C. Triandis , C. Kagitçibasi , S. C. Choi , & G. Yoon (Eds.), Individualism and collectivism: Theory, method, and applications (pp. 77 – 84 ). Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage .
  • Brewer , M. B. , & Chen , Y.-R. ( 2007 ). Where (who) are collectives in collectivism? Toward conceptual clarification of individualism and collectivism . Psychological Bulletin , 114 , 133 – 151 .
  • Brewer , M. B. , & Gardner , W. ( 1996 ). Who is this “We”? Levels of collective identity and self representations . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 71 , 83 – 93 .
  • Chen , F. F. , & West , S. G. ( 2008 ). Measuring individualism and collectivism: The importance of considering different components, reference groups, and measurement invariance . Journal of Research in Personality , 42 , 259 – 294 .
  • Cho , K. ( 2007 ). [Confucian background of East Asian collectivism]. Seoul , Korea : Jisik-Sanup Publishing .
  • Choi , I. , & Nisbett , R. ( 1998 ). Situational salience and cultural differences in the correspondence bias and actor-observer bias . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 9 , 949 – 960 .
  • Choi , I. , Nisbett , R. E. , & Norenzayan , A. ( 1999 ). Causal attribution across cultures: Variation and universality . Psychological Bulletin , 125 , 47 – 63 .
  • Crandall , C. C. , & Martinez , R. ( 1996 ). Culture, ideology, and antifat attitudes . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 22 , 1165 – 1176 .
  • Dovidio , J. F. , Hewstone , M. , Glick , P. , & Esses , V. M. (Eds.). ( 2010 ). SAGE handbook of prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination . London , UK : Sage .
  • Dovidio , J. F. , Major , B. , & Crocker , J. ( 2000 ). Stigma: Introduction and overview . In T. F. Heatherton , R. E. Kleck , M. R. Hebl , & J. G. Hull (Eds.), The social psychology of stigma (pp. 1 – 28 ). New York , NY : Guilford .
  • Esses , V. M. , Jackson , L. M. , Dovidio , J. F. , & Hodson , G. ( 2005 ). Instrumental relations among groups: Group competition, conflict, and prejudice . In J. F. Dovidio , P. Glick , & L. A. Rudman (Eds.), On the nature of prejudice: Fifty years after Allport (pp. 227 – 243 ). Malden , MA : Blackwell .
  • Faulkner , J. , Schaller , M. , Park , J. H. , & Duncan , L. A. ( 2004 ). Evolved disease-avoidance mechanisms and contemporary xenophobic attitudes . Group Processes and Intergroup Behavior , 7 , 333 – 353 .
  • Feldman , S. ( 2003 ). Enforcing social conformity: A theory of authoritarianism . Political Psychology , 24 , 41 – 74 .
  • Fiske , A. , Kitayama , S. , Markus , H. R. , & Nisbett , R. E. ( 1998 ). The cultural matrix of social psychology . In D. T. Gilbert , S. T. Fiske , & G. Lindzey (Eds.), The handbook of social psychology (pp. 915 – 981 ). New York , NY : McGraw-Hill .
  • Gardner , W. L. , & Seeley , E. A. ( 2001 ). Confucius, “Jen,” and the benevolent use of power: The interdependent self as psychological contract preventing exploitation . In A. Y. Lee-Chai & J. A. Bargh (Eds.), The use and abuse of power (pp. 263 – 280 ). Philadelphia , PA : Psychology Press .
  • Gelfand , M. J. , Raver , J. L. , Nishii , L. , Leslie , L. M. , Lun , J. , Lim , B. C. , … Yamaguchi , S. ( 2011 ). Differences between tight and loose cultures: A 33-nation study . Science , 332 , 1100 – 1104 .
  • Goffman , E. ( 1963 ). Stigma: Notes on the management of spoiled identity . Englewood Cliffs , NJ : Prentice-Hall .
  • Heaven , P. C. ( 1990 ). Human values and suggestions for reducing unemployment . British Journal of Social Psychology , 29 , 257 – 264 .
  • Heine , S. J. , Lehman , D. R. , Markus , H. R. , & Kitayama , S. ( 1999 ). Is there a universal need for positive self-regard? Psychological Review , 106 , 766 – 794 .
  • Hofstede , G. ( 1980 ). Motivation, leadership, and organization: Do American theories apply abroad? Organizational Dynamics , 9 , 42 – 63 .
  • Hofstede , G. ( 1991 ). Cultures and organizations: Software of the mind . London , UK : McGraw-Hill .
  • Jones , E. E. , Farina , A. , Hastorf , A. H. , Markus , H. , Miller , D. T. , & Scott , R. A. ( 1984 ). Social stigma: The psychology of marked relationships . New York , NY : Freeman .
  • Kashima , Y. , Siegal , M. , Tanaka , K. , & Kashima , E. S. ( 1992 ). Do people believe behaviors are consistent with attitudes? Toward a cultural psychology of attribution processes . British Journal of Social Psychology , 331 , 111 – 124 .
  • Katz , I. , & Hass , R. G. (1988). Racial ambivalence and American value conflict: Correlational and priming studies of dual cognitive structures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 55, 893–905.
  • Kim , H. , & Markus , H. R. ( 1999 ). Deviance or uniqueness, harmony or conformity? A cultural analysis . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 77 , 785 – 800 .
  • Kim , U. ( 1994 ). Individualism and collectivism: Conceptual clarification and elaboration . In U. Kim , H. C. Triandis , C. Kagitçibasi , S. C. Choi , & G. Yoon (Eds.), Individualism and collectivism. Theory, method, and applications (pp. 19 – 40 ). Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage .
  • Kim , U. , Triandis , H. C. , Kagitcibasi , C. , Choi , S-C , & Yoon , G. ( 1994 ). Individualism and collectivism: Theory, method, and applications (Cross-cultural research and methodology series, Vol. 18) . Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage .
  • Kitayama , S. , & Cohen , D. ( 2007 ). Handbook of cultural psychology . New York , NY : Guilford .
  • Kitayama , S. , Duffy , S. , & Uchida , Y. ( 2007 ). Self as cultural mode of being . In S. Kitayama , & D. Cohen (Eds.), Handbook of cultural psychology (pp. 136 – 174 ). New York , NY : Guilford .
  • Kluckhohn , C. ( 1951 ). Values and value-orientations in the theory of action: An exploration in definition and classifications . In T. Parsons & E. Shils (Eds.), Toward a general theory of action (pp. 388 – 433 ). Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press .
  • Lee , I. , Pratto , F. , & Johnson , B. T. ( 2011 ). Intergroup consensus/disagreement in support of group based hierarchy: An examination of socio-structural and psycho-cultural Factors . Psychological Bulletin , 137 , 1029 – 1064 .
  • Markus , H. R. , & Kitayama , S. ( 1991 ). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation . Psychological Review , 98 , 224 – 253 .
  • Markus , H. R. , & Kitayama , S. ( 1994 ). The cultural construction of self and emotion: Implications for social behavior . In S. Kitayama & H. R. Markus (Eds.), Emotion and culture: Empirical studies of mutual influence (pp. 89 – 132 ). Washington , DC : American Psychological Association .
  • Markus , H. R. , Mullally , P. , & Kitayama , S. ( 1997 ). Selfways: Diversity in modes of cultural participation . In U. Neisser & D. A. Jopling (Eds.), The conceptual self in context: Culture, experience, self-understanding (pp. 13 – 61 ). Cambridge , England : Cambridge University Press .
  • Marques , J. M. , & Paez , D. ( 1994 ). The “black sheep effect”: Social categorization, rejection of ingroup deviates, and perception of group variability . European Review of Social Psychology , 5 , 37 – 68 .
  • Masuda , T. , & Nisbett , R. E. ( 2001 ). Attending holistically versus analytically: Comparing the context sensitivity of Japanese and Americans . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 81 , 922 – 934 .
  • Menon , T. , Morris , M. W. , Chiu , C. Y. , & Hong , Y. Y. ( 1999 ). Culture and construal of agency: Attribution to individual versus group dispositions . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 76 , 701 – 717 .
  • Morris , M. W. , & Peng , K. ( 1994 ). Culture and cause: American and Chinese attributions for physical and social events . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 67 , 949 – 971 .
  • Napier , J. L. , & Jost , J. T. ( 2008 ). The “antidemocratic personality” revisited: A cross-national investigation of working-class authoritarianism” . Journal of Social Issues , 64 , 595 – 617 .
  • Nelson , T. (Ed.). ( 2009 ). Handbook of prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination . New York , NY : Psychology Press .
  • Nisbett , R. E. ( 2003 ). The geography of thought: How Asians and Westerners think differently and why . New York , NY : Free Press .
  • Nisbett , R. E. , Peng , K. , Choi , I. , & Norenzayan , A. ( 2001 ). Culture and systems of thought: Holistic vs. analytic cognition . Psychological Review , 108 , 291 – 310 .
  • Oyserman , D. , Coon , H. M. , & Kemmelmeier , M. ( 2002 ). Rethinking individualism and collectivism: Evaluation of theoretical assumption and meta-analyses . Psychological Bulletin , 128 , 3 – 72 .
  • Quinn , D. M. , & Crocker , J. ( 1999 ). When ideology hurts: Effects of belief in the Protestant Ethic and feeling overweight on the psychological well-being of women . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 77 , 402 – 414 .
  • Rhee , E. , Uleman , J. S. , & Lee , H. K. ( 1996 ). Variations in collectivism and individualism by ingroup and culture: Confirmatory factor analyses . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 71 , 1037 – 1054 .
  • Rokeach , M. ( 1973 ). The nature of human values . New York , NY : Free Press .
  • Schwartz , S. H. ( 1992 ). Universals in the content and structure of values: Theory and empirical tests in 20 countries . In M. Zanna (Ed.), Advanced in experimental social psychology (pp. 1 – 65 ). New York , NY : Academic Press .
  • Schwartz , S. H. ( 1994 ). Beyond individualism/collectivism: New cultural dimensions of values . In U. Kim , H. C. Triandis , C. Kagitçibasi , S. C. Choi , & G. Yoon (Eds.), Individualism and collectivism. Theory, method, and applications (pp. 85 – 119 ). Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage .
  • Simmel , G. ( 1917 ). Grundfragen der Soziologie [Fundamental questions of sociology] . Berlin , Germany : Göschen .
  • Smith , E. R. , & Henry , S. ( 1996 ). An in-group becomes part of the self: Response time evidence . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 22 , 635 – 642 .
  • Smith , P. B. , & Bond , M. H. ( 1993 ). Social psychology across cultures: Analysis and perspectives . Hemel Hempstead , England : Harvester Wheatsheaf .
  • Sotelo , M. J. , & Gimeno , L. ( 2003 ). What does human development index rating mean in terms of individualism/collectivism? European Psychologist , 97 – 100 .
  • Stephan , W. G. , & Stephan , C. W. ( 2000 ). An integrated threat theory of prejudice . In S. Oskamp (Ed.), Reducing prejudice and discrimination /i> (pp. 23 – 46 ). Mahwah , NJ : Erlbaum .
  • Stephan , W. G. , Ybarra , O. , & Morrison , K. R. ( 2009 ). Intergroup threat theory . In Nelson , T. D. (Ed.), Handbook of prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination (pp. 43 – 59 ). New York , NY : Erlbaum .
  • Triandis , H. C. ( 1994 ). Theoretical and methodological approaches to the study of collectivism and individualism . In U. Kim , H. C. Triandis , C. Kagitçibasi , S. C. Choi , & G. Yoon (Eds.), Individualism and collectivism. Theory, method, and applications (pp. 19 – 40 ). Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage .
  • Triandis , H. C. ( 1995 ). Individualism and collectivism . Boulder , CO : Westview .
  • Triandis , H. C. , & Gelfand , M. J. ( 1998 ). Converging measurement of horizontal and vertical individualism and collectivism . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 74 , 118 – 128 .
  • Van de Vijver , F. J. R. , & Watkins , D. ( 2006 ). Assessing similarity of meaning at the individual and country level: An investigation of measure of independent and interdependent self . European Journal of Psychological Assessment , 22 , 69 – 77 .
  • Waldzus , S. , Mummendey , A. , & Wenzel , M. ( 2005 ). When “different” means “worse”: In-group prototypicality in changing intergroup contexts . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , 41 , 76 – 83 .
  • Weber , M. ( 2008 ). The Protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism . Digireads.com Publishing. (Original work published 1905)
  • Whiting , B. B. , & Whiting , J. W. M. ( 1975 ). Children of six cultures: A psycho-cultural analysis . Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press .
  • Williams , R. M. , Jr. ( 1968 ). Values . In E. Sills (Ed.), International encyclopedia of the social sciences . New York , NY : Macmillan .
  • Williams , T. P. , & Sogon , S. ( 1984 ). Group composition and conforming behavior in Japanese students . Japanese Psychological Research , 26 , 231 – 234 .
  • World Values Survey. (n.d.) . 2005 official data file v.20090901, 2009. World Values Survey Association. Madrid, Spain: ASEP/JDS. Available from http://www.worldvaluessurvey.org

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.