Can Empathy Promote Cooperation When Status and Money Matter?

References

• Abele, S., Stasser, G., & Chartier, C. (2010). Conflict and coordination in the provision of public goods: A conceptual analysis of continuous and step-level games. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 14(4), 385–401. doi:10.1177/1088868310368535
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bakeman, R. (2005) Recommended effect size statistics for repeated measure designs. Behavior Research Methods, 37, 379–384. doi:10.3758/BF03192707
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Batson, C. D. (2011). Altruism in humans. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Batson, C. D., & Ahmad, N. (2001). Empathy-induced altruism in a prisoner's dilemma II: What if the target of empathy has defected? European Journal of Social Psychology, 31(1), 25–36. doi:10.1002/ejsp.26
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Batson, C. D., Batson, J. G., Todd, R. M., Brummett, B. H., Shaw, L. L., & Aldeguer, C. M. R. (1995). Empathy and the collective good: Caring for one of the others in a social dilemma. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68(4), 619–631. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.68.4.619
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Batson, C. D., & Moran, T. (1999). Empathy-induced altruism in a prisoner's dilemma. European Journal of Social Psychology, 29(7), 909–924. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-0992(199911)29:7<909::AID-EJSP965>3.0.CO;2-L
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennett, R. (2012). Why urban poor donate a study of low-income charitable giving in London. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 41(5), 870–891. doi:10.1177/0899764011419518
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bothner, M. S., Kim, Y. K., & Smith, E. B. (2012). How does status affect performance? Status as an asset vs. status as a liability in the PGA and NASCAR. Organization Science, 23(2), 416–433. doi:10.1287/orsc.1110.0679
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cameron, C. D., & Payne, B. K. (2011). Escaping affect: How motivated emotion regulation creates insensitivity to mass suffering. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 100(1), 1–15. doi:10.1037/a0021643
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cherry, T. L., Kroll, S., & Shogren, J. F. (2005). The impact of endowment heterogeneity and origin on public good contributions: Evidence from the lab. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 57(3), 357–365. doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2003.11.010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cherry, T. L., & Shogren, J. F. (2008). Self-interest, sympathy and the origin of endowments. Economics Letters, 101(1), 69–72. doi:10.1016/j.econlet.2008.04.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cote, S. (2011). How social class shapes thoughts and actions in organizations. Research in Organizational Behavior, 31, 43–71. doi:10.1016/j.riob.2011.09.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cote, S., House, J., & Willer, R. (2015). High economic inequality leads higher-income individuals to be less generous. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 112(52), 15838–15843. doi:10.1073/pnas.1511536112
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fehr, E., & Gächter, S. (2000). Cooperation and punishment in public goods experiments. Institute for Empirical Research in Economics Working Paper, 90(4), 980–994. doi:10.1257/aer.90.4.980
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guinote, A., Cotzia, I., Sandhu, S., & Siwa, P. (2015). Social status modulates prosocial behavior and egalitarianism in preschool children and adults. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 112, 731–736. 10.1073/pnas.1414550112
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henrich, J., Chudek, M., & Boyd, R. (2015). The big man mechanism: How prestige fosters cooperation and creates prosocial leaders. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 370(1683), 20150013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hertwig, R., & Ortmann, A. (2001). Experimental practices in economics: A methodological challenge for psychologists? Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 24(3), 383–403. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11682798
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joireman, J. A., Kuhlman, D. M., Van Lange, P. A. M., Doi, T., & Shelley, G. P. (2003). Perceived rationality, morality, and power of social choice as a function of interdependence structure and social value orientation. European Journal of Social Psychology, 33(3), 413–437. doi:10.1002/ejsp.155
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kafashan, S., Sparks, A., Griskevicius, V., & Barclay, P. (2014). Prosocial behavior and social status The Psychology of Social Status (pp. 139–158). New York: Springer Science & Business Media.
   Google Scholar
• Kamas, L., & Preston, A. (2012). Distributive and reciprocal fairness: What can we learn from the heterogeneity of social preferences? Journal of Economic Psychology, 33(3), 538–553. doi:10.1016/j.joep.2011.12.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelley, H. H., & Thibaut, J. W. (1978). Interpersonal relations: A theory of interdependence. New York: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Komorita, S. S., Parks, C. D., & Hulbert, L. (1992). Reciprocity and the induction of cooperation in social dilemmas. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62(4), 607–617. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.62.4.607
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kraus, M. W., Piff, P. K., & Keltner, D. (2009). Social class, sense of control, and social explanation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97(6), 992–1004. doi:10.1037/a0016357
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kraus, M. W., & Stephens, N. M. (2012). A road map for an emerging psychology of social class. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 6(9), 642–656. doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2012.00453.x
   Google Scholar
• Kroll, S., Cherry, T. L., & Shogren, J. F. (2007). The impact of endowment heterogeneity and origin on contributions in best-shot public good games. Experimental Economics, 10(4), 411–428. doi:10.1007/s10683-006-9144-y
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loury, G. C. (1981). Is equal opportunity enough? The American Economic Review, 71, 122–126.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LV, J., Proulx, M. J., & Osman, M. (2015). The role of personal values and empathy in a cooperative game. Journal of Social Science Research, 9(2), 1834–1844.
   Google Scholar
• Ma-Kellams, C., & Blascovich, J. (2013). The ironic effect of financial incentive on empathic accuracy. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 49(1), 65–71. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2012.08.014
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muehlbacher, S., & Kirchler, E. (2009). Origin of endowments in public good games: The impact of effort on contributions. Journal of Neuroscience, Psychology and Economics, 2(1), 59–67. doi:10.1037/a0015458
   Google Scholar
• Osman, M. (2014). Future-minded: The psychology of agency and control. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Penner, L. A., Dovidio, J. F., Piliavin, J. A., & Schroeder, D. A. (2005). Prosocial behavior: Multilevel perspectives. Annual Review of Psychology, 56, 365–392. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.56.091103.070141
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piff, P. K., Kraus, M. W., Côté, S., Cheng, B. H., & Keltner, D. (2010). Having less, giving more: The influence of social class on prosocial behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 99(5), 771–784. doi:10.1037/a0020092
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rockmann, K. W., & Northcraft, G. B. (2008). To be or not to be trusted: The influence of media richness on defection and deception. Organzation Behavior and Human Decision Process, 107(2), 106–122. doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2008.02.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rumble, A. C., Van Lange, P. A. M., & Parks, C. D. (2010). The benefits of empathy: When empathy may sustain cooperation in social dilemmas. European Journal of Social Psychology, 40(5), 856–866. doi:10.1002/ejsp.659
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stellar, J. E., Manzo, V. M., Kraus, M. W., & Keltner, D. (2012). Class and compassion: Socioeconomic factors predict responses to suffering. Emotion, 12(3), 449–459. doi:10.1037/a0026508
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tyler, T. R., & Blader, S. L. (2003). The group engagement model: Procedural justice, social identity, and cooperative behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 7(4), 349–361. doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr0704_07
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Lange, P. A. M., & Gallucci, M. (2003). Bridging psychology and game theory yields interdependence theory. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 26(2), 177–178. doi:10.1017/S0140525X03470052.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weber, J. M., Kopelman, S., & Messick, D. M. (2004). A conceptual review of decision making in social dilemmas: Applying a logic of appropriateness. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 8(3), 281–307. doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr0803_4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willer, R. (2009a). Groups reward individual sacrifice: The status solution to the collective action problem. American Sociological Review, 74(1), 23–43. doi:10.1177/000312240907400102
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willer, R. (2009b). A status theory of collective action. In S. R. Thye & E. Lawler (Eds.), Altruism and Prosocial Behavior in Group (Vol. 26, pp. 133–163). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. doi:10.1108/s0882-6145(2009)0000026009
   Google Scholar
• Xu, H., Kou, Y., & Zhong, N. (2012). The effect of empathy on cooperation, forgiveness, and “Returning Good for Evil” in the prisoner's dilemma. Public Personnel Management, 41(5), 105–115. doi:10.1177/009102601204100510
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamamoto, S., & Takimoto, A. (2012). Empathy and fairness: Psychological mechanisms for eliciting and maintaining prosociality and cooperation in primates. Social Justice Research, 25(3), 233–255.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar