References
- Alexander, D., & Karger, E. (2020). Do stay-at-home orders cause people to stay at home? Effects of stay-at-home orders on consumer behavior. Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago Working Paper 2020–12.
- Alicino, C., Bragazzi, N. L., Faccio, V., Amicizia, D., Panatto, D., Gasparini, R., Icardi, G., & Orsi, A. (2015). Assessing Ebola-related web search behaviour: Insights and implications from an analytical study of Google Trends-based query volumes. Infectious Diseases of Poverty, 4(1), 54. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/s40249-015-0090-9
- Baddeley, M. (2020). Hoarding in the age of COVID-19. Journal of Behavioral Economics for Policy, 4(S), 69–75.
- Bade, R. (2020, November 16). Pelosi reversal on Capitol dinner shows perils for Democrats in coronavirus era. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/pelosi-dinner-reversal-coronavirus/2020/11/16/34f2305a-2825-11eb-9b14-ad872157ebc9_story.html.
- Baker, S. R., Farrokhnia, R. A., Meyer, S., Pagel, M., & Yannelis, C. (2020). How does household spending respond to an epidemic? Consumption during the 2020 covid-19 pandemic. National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper WP26949.
- Barrios, J. M., & Hochberg, Y. (2020). Risk perception through the lens of politics in the time of the COVID-19 pandemic. No. w27008, National Bureau of Economic Research.
- Bashirian, S., Jenabi, E., Khazaei, S., Barati, M., Karimi-Shahanjarini, A., Zareian, S., Rezapur-Shahkolai, F., & Moeini, B. (2020). Factors associated with preventive behaviours of COVID-19 among hospital staff in Iran in 2020: An application of the Protection Motivation Theory. Journal of Hospital Infection, 105(3), 430–433. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2020.04.035
- Barua, A., Levin, D. (2020, August 27). What’s weighing on consumer spending: Fear of covid-19 and its economic impact. Deloitte. https://www2.deloitte.com/us/en/insights/economy/spotlight/economics-insights-analysis-08-2020.html.
- Baum, M. A. (2011). Red state, blue state, flu state: Media self-selection and partisan gaps in swine flu vaccinations. Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law, 36(6), 1021–1059. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1215/03616878-1460569
- Bertoni, S. (2020, October 14). Why Target, Walmart, and Best Buy are booming amid the pandemic and being held as heroes. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/stevenbertoni/2020/10/14/why-these-retail-giants-are-booming-amid-the-pandemic-and-being-hailed-as-heroes/
- Bieber, C. (2020, September 1). Which industries are being hit hardest by the coronavirus crisis? NASDQ. https://www.nasdaq.com/articles/which-industries-are-being-hit-hardest-by-the-coronavirus-crisis-2020-09-01.
- Bockarjova, M., & Steg, L. (2014). Can protection motivation theory predict pro-environmental behavior? Explaining the adoption of electric vehicles in the Netherlands. Global Environmental Change, 28, 276–288. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2014.06.010
- Carvalho, V. M., Hansen, S., Ortiz, A., Garcia, J. R., Rodrigo, T., Rodriguez Mora, S., & Ruiz de Aguirre, P. (2020). Tracking the COVID-19 crisis with high-resolution transaction data. Cambridge Working Papers in Economics WP2030.
- Centers for Disease Control. (2020, September 17). COVID-19 in children and teens. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/daily-life-coping/children/symptoms.html.
- Davidson, H. (2020, March 24). Around 20% of global population under coronavirus lockdown. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/24/nearly-20-of-global-population-under-coronavirus-lockdown.
- Dimock, M., Wike, R. (2020, November 13). Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/11/13/america-is-exceptional-in-the-nature-of-its-political-divide/.
- Donthu, N., & Gustafsson, A. (2020). Effects of COVID-19 on business and research. Journal of Business Research, 117, 284–289. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.06.008
- Driediger, F., & Bhatiasevi, V. (2019). Online grocery shopping in Thailand: Consumer acceptance and usage behavior. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 48, 224–237. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2019.02.005
- Dunn, A., Hood, K., & Driessen, A. (2020). Measuring the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on consumer spending using card transaction data. US Bureau of Economic Analysis Working Paper WP2020-5.
- Fenichel, E. P., Castillo-Chavez, C., Ceddia, M. G., Chowell, G., Parra, P. A. G., Hickling, G. J., Holloway, G., Horan, R., Morin, B., Perrings, C., Springborn, M., Velazquez, L., & Villalobos, C. (2011). Adaptive human behavior in epidemiological models. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 108(15), 6306–6311. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1011250108
- Fenichel, E. P., Kuminoff, N. V., & Chowell, G. (2013). Skip the trip: Air Travelers' behavioral responses to pandemic influenza. PLoS One, 8(3), e58249.
- Field, A. (2013). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics. SAGE.
- Funk, S., Salathé, M., & Jansen, V. A. (2010). Modelling the influence of human behaviour on the spread of infectious diseases: a review. Journal of the Royal Society Interface, 7(50), 1247–1256. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2010.0142
- Gittleson, B. (2020, November 23). White House planning holiday parties indoors despite pandemic warnings. NBC News. https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/white-house-planning-holiday-parties-indoors-pandemic-warnings/story?id=74357120.
- Gollust, S. E., Nagler, R. H., & Fowler, E. F. (2020). The emergence of COVID-19 in the US: A public health and political communication crisis. Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law, 45(6), 967–981.
- Goolsbee, A., & Syverson, C. (2021). Fear, lockdown, and diversion: Comparing drivers of pandemic economic decline 2020. Journal of Public Economics, 193, 104311. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2020.104311
- Grashuis, J., Skevas, T., & Segovia, M. S. (2020). Grocery shopping preferences during the COVID-19 pandemic. Sustainability, 12(13), 5369. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/su12135369
- Haapala, I., & Probart, C. (2004). Food safety knowledge, perceptions, and behaviors among middle school students. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior, 36(2), 71–76. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S1499-4046(06)60136-X
- Haischer, M. H., Beilfuss, R., Hart, M. R., Opielinski, L., Wrucke, D., Zirgaitis, G., Uhrich, T. D., & Hunter, S. K. (2020). Who is wearing a mask? Gender-, age-, and location-related differences during the COVID-19 pandemic. PLoS One, 15(10), e0240785. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0240785
- Hall, M. C., Prayag, G., Fieger, P., & Dyason, D. (2020). Beyond panic buying: Consumption displacement and COVID-19. Journal of Service Management, 32(1), 113–128. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1108/JOSM-05-2020-0151
- Hays, K. (2020). Pandemic likely to leave Amazon, Walmart Even More Dominant: Functionality and consumer reliance during the coronavirus-induced shutdown are giving the megaretailers little but opportunity. WWD: Women’s Wear Daily, 4.
- Jones, C. (2020). Three industries that are being decimated by the coronavirus. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/chuckjones/2020/03/28/three-industries-that-are-being-decimated-by-the-coronavirus/?sh=47d940c39423.
- Jones, J. H., & Salathe, M. (2009). Early assessment of anxiety and behavioral response to novel swine-origin influenza A(H1N1). PLoS One, 4(12), e8032.
- Kelleher, S. R. (2020, March 25). Poll: Americans are wary about traveling after covid-19 curve flattens. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/suzannerowankelleher/2020/03/25/poll-americans-are-wary-about-traveling-after-covid-19-curve-flattens/?sh=76dcaced16b9.
- Kirk, C. P., & Rifkin, L. S. (2020). I'll trade you diamonds for toilet paper: Consumer reacting, coping and adapting behaviors in the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Business Research, 117, 124–131.
- Kok, G., Jonkers, R., Gelissen, R., Meertens, R., Schaalma, H., & de Zwart, O. (2010). Behavioural intentions in response to an influenza pandemic. BMC Public Health, 10(1), 174. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-10-174
- Laato, S., Islam, A. N., Farooq, A., & Dhir, A. (2020). Unusual purchasing behavior during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic: The stimulus-organism-response approach. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 57, 102224. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2020.102224
- Lee, B. Y. (2020). Sturgis motorcycle rally in South Dakota causes a coronavirus outbreak in Minnesota. Forbes, December 6. Retrieved April 17, 2020, from https://www.forbes.com/sites/brucelee/2020/12/05/sturgis-motorcycle-rally-in-south-dakota-caused-covid-19-coronavirus-outbreak-in-minnesota/?sh=7d9796aa70ec
- Lorin, J., & Court, E. (2020, November 19) “Keep grandma safe” colleges implore students heading home. Bloomberg. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-11-19/-keep-grandma-safe-colleges-implore-students-heading-home.
- McKinsey. (2020, October 26). Consumer sentiment and behavior continue to reflect the uncertainty of the COVID-19 crisis. McKinsey & Company. https://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/marketing-and-sales/our-insights/a-global-view-of-how-consumer-behavior-is-changing-amid-covid-19.
- Monod, M., Blenkinsop, A., Xi, X., Hebert, D., Bershan, S., Tietze, S., Baguelin, M., Bradley, V. C., Chen, Y., Coupland, H., Filippi, S., Ish-Horowicz, J., McManus, M., Mellan, T., Gandy, A., Hutchinson, M., Unwin, H. J. T., van Elsland, S. L., Vollmer, M. A. C., … Ratmann, O. (2021). Age groups that sustain resurging COVID-19 epidemics in the United States. Science, 371(6536), eabe8372. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abe8372
- Mueller, A. L., McNamara, M. S., & Sinclair, D. A. (2020). Why does COVID-19 disproportionately affect older people? Aging, 12(10), 9959–9981.
- N.A. Center for Disease Control. (2019). Retrieved April 17, 2019, from https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/need-extra-precautions/older-adults.html
- N.A. Johns Hopkins University Medical School COVID Dashboard. Retrieved May 8, 2021, from https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html.
- Nowlan, L., & Zane, D. M. (2021). Getting conservatives and liberals to agree on the COVID-19 threat. Journal of the Association for Consumer Research, 7(1), 000–000. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1086/711838
- Nguyen, T. D., Gupta, S., Andersen, M., Bento, A., Simon, K. I., & Wing, C. (2020). Impacts of state reopening policy on human mobility (No. 27235). National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Oana, D. (2020). The impact of the current crisis generated by the COVID-19 pandemic on consumer behavior. Studies in Business and Economics, 15(2), 85–99. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2478/sbe-2020-0027
- Pan, T., Shu, F., Kitterlin-Lynch, M., & Beckman, E. (2021). Perceptions of cruise travel during the COVID-19 pandemic: Market recovery strategies for cruise businesses in North America. Tourism Management, 85, 104275. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2020.104275
- Pandise, E. (2020, November 22). From friendly’s to j. crew, mainstreet bankruptcies continue. NBC News. https://www.nbcnews.com/business/consumer/which-major-retail-companies-have-filed-bankruptcy-coronavirus-pandemic-hit-n1207866.
- Pantano, E., Pizzi, G., Scarpi, D., & Dennis, C. (2020). Competing during a pandemic? Retailers’ ups and downs during the COVID-19 outbreak. Journal of Business Research, 116, 209–213.
- Peer, E., Brandimarte, L., Samat, S., & Acquisti, A. (2017). Beyond the Turk: Alternative platforms for crowdsourcing behavioral research. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 70, 153–163. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2017.01.006
- Pereira, B., & Stornelli, J. (2020). Collective health versus individual freedome: Goal centrality and political identity shape COVID-19 prevention behaviors. The Association for Consumer Research, preprint, https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1086/711837
- Plotnikoff, R. C., & Higginbotham, N. (1995). Predicting low-fat diet intentions and behaviors for the prevention of coronary heart disease: An application of protection motivation theory among an Australian population. Psychology & Health, 10(5), 397–408. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/08870449508401959
- Rippetoe, P. A., & Rogers, R. W. (1987). Effects of components of protection-motivation theory on adaptive and maladaptive coping with a health threat. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52(3), 596–604.
- Rogers, R. W. (1975). A protection motivation theory of fear appeals and attitude Change1. The Journal of Psychology, 91(1), 93–114. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.1975.9915803
- Roggeveen, A. L., & Sethuraman, R. (2020). How the COVID-19 pandemic may change the world of retailing. Journal of Retailing, 96(2), 169–171. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretai.2020.04.002
- Ruan, W., Kang, S., & Song, H. (2020). Applying protection motivation theory to understand international tourists’ behavioural intentions under the threat of air pollution: A case of Beijing, China. Current Issues in Tourism, 23(16), 2027–2015. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2020.1743242
- Rubin, G. J., Amlôt, R., Page, L., & Wessely, S. (2009). Public perceptions, anxiety, and behaviour change in relation to the swine flu outbreak: Cross sectional telephone survey. BMJ (Clinical Research ed.), 339, b2651. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.b2651
- Sadique, M. Z., Edmunds, W. J., Smith, R. D., Meerding, W. J., De Zwart, O., Brug, J., & Beutels, P. (2007). Precautionary behavior in response to perceived threat of pandemic influenza. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 13(9), 1307–1313.
- Schafer, R. B., Schafer, E., Bultena, G., & Hoiberg, E. (1993). Coping with a health threat: A study of food safety 1. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 23(5), 386–394. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1993.tb01094.x
- Schaul, K., Rabinowitz, K., Mellnik, T. (2020, November 5). 2020 turnout is highest in over a century. Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2020/elections/voter-turnout/.
- Sharifirad, G., Yarmohammadi, P., Sharifabad, M. A. M., & Rahaei, Z. (2014). Determination of preventive behaviors for pandemic influenza A/H1N1 based on protection motivation theory among female high school students in Isfahan, Iran. Journal of Education and Health Promotion, 3, 7.
- Sheth, J. (2020). Impact of Covid-19 on consumer behavior: Will the old habits return or die? Journal of Business Research, 117(C), 280–283. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.05.059
- Stanciu, S., Radu, R. I., Sapira, V., Bratoveanu, B. D., & Florea, A. M. (2020). Consumer behavior in crisis situations. Research on the effects of COVID-19 in Romania. Annals of the University Dunarea de Jos of Galati: Fascicle: I, Economics & Applied Informatics, 26(1), 5–13.
- Stanley, M. A., & Maddux, J. E. (1986). Cognitive processes in health enhancement: Investigation of a combined protection motivation and self-efficacy model. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 7(2), 101–113. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1207/s15324834basp0702_2
- Sundaram, A. (2020, September 16). Yelp data shows 60% of business closures due to the coronavirus pandemic are now permanent. CNBC. https://www.cnbc.com/2020/09/16/yelp-data-shows-60percent-of-business-closures-due-to-the-coronavirus-pandemic-are-now-permanent.html.
- Svrluga, S. (2020, September 24). After months of planning and billions in spending, will colleges’ virus prevention efforts get trashed by a few student parties? Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/education/2020/09/24/coronaviruscollege-student-party-gatherings/.
- Texas Medical Association. (2020, July 22). Be informed: Know your risk during COVID-19. https://www.texmed.org/TexasMedicineDetail.aspx?id=54216.
- Timpka, T., Spreco, A., Gursky, E., Eriksson, O., Dahlström, Ö., Strömgren, M., Ekberg, J., Pilemalm, S., Karlsson, D., Hinkula, J., & Holm, E. (2014). Intentions to perform non-pharmaceutical protective behaviors during influenza outbreaks in Sweden: A cross-sectional study following a mass vaccination campaign. PLoS One, 9(3), e91060. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0091060
- Tomes, N. (2010). Destroyer and teacher: Managing the masses during the 1918–1919 influenza pandemic. Public Health Reports, 125(3_suppl), 48–62. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/00333549101250S308
- Vaughan, E. (1993). Chronic exposure to an environmental hazard: Risk perceptions and self-protective behavior. Health Psychology, 12(1), 74–85. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.12.1.74
- Vira, A. (2020, June 13). Another person who attended Lake of the Ozarks party on Memorial Day weekend tests positive for coronavirus. CNN. Retrieved April 17, 2020, from https://www.cnn.com/2020/06/12/us/ozarks-missouri-party-coronavirus-positive/index.html
- Vermund, S. H., & Pitzer, V. E. (2021). Asymptomatic transmission and the infection fatality risk for COVID-19: Implications for school reopening. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 72(9), 1493–1496. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa855
- Watson, L., & Spence, M. T. (2007). Causes and consequences of emotions on consumer behaviour. European Journal of Marketing, 41(5/6), 487–511. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1108/03090560710737570
- Wen, Z., Huimin, G., & Kavanaugh, R. R. (2005). The impacts of SARS on the consumer behaviour of Chinese domestic tourists. Current Issues in Tourism, 8(1), 22–38. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500508668203