A Lithic Attribute Analysis on Blades from the Middle Stone Age Site, Hollow Rock Shelter, Western Cape Province, South Africa

References

• Amick, Daniel S., and Raymond P. Mauldin 1997 Effects of Raw Material on Flake Breakage Patterns. Lithic Technology 22(1):18–32.
   Google Scholar
• Andrefsky, William Jr. 1998 Lithics: Macroscopic Approaches to Analysis. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
   Google Scholar
• Andrefsky, William Jr. (editor) 2001 Lithic Debitage: Context, Form, Meaning. The University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.
   Google Scholar
• Archer, Will, Philipp Gunz, Karen L. van Niekerk, Christopher S. Henshilwood, and Shannon P. McPherron 2015 Diachronic Change Within the Still Bay at Blombos Cave, South Africa. PLoS ONE 10(7):e0132428. doi:10.1371/journal.poe.0132428|
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, Kyle S., Curtis W. Marean, Zenobia Jacobs, Benjamin J. Schoville, Simen Oestmo, Erich C. Fisher, Jocelyn Bernatchez, Panagiotis Karkanas, and Thalassa Matthews 2012 An Early and Enduring Advanced Technology Originating 71,000 Years Ago in South Africa. Nature 491:590–593. doi: 10.1038/nature11660
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• d'Errico, Francesco, and Christopher Henshilwood 2007 Additional Evidence for Bone Technology in the Southern African Middle Stone Age. Journal of Human Evolution 52(2):142–163. doi: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2006.08.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Damlien, Hege 2015 Striking a Difference? The Effect of Knapping Techniques on Blade Attributes. Journal of Archaeological Science 63:122–135. doi: 10.1016/j.jas.2015.08.020
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de la Peña, Paloma, Lyn Wadley, and Marlize Lombard 2013 Quartz Bifacial Points in the Howiesons Poort of Sibudu. South African Archaeological Bulletin 68(198):119–136.
   Google Scholar
• Desrosiers, Pierre, M. (editor) 2012 The Emergence of Pressure Blade Making: from Origin to Modern Experimentation. Springer, New York.
   Google Scholar
• Dibble, L Harold., and Zeljko Rezek 2009 Introducing a New Experimental Design for Controlled Studies of Flake Formation: Results for Exterior Platform Angle, Platform Depth, Angle of Blow, Velocity, and Force. Journal of Archaeological Science 36:1945–1954. doi: 10.1016/j.jas.2009.05.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Driscoll, Killian, and Maite García-Rojas 2014 Their Lips are Sealed: Identifying Hard Stone, Soft Stone, and Antler Hammer Direct Percussion in Palaeolithic Prismatic Blade Production. Journal of Archaeological Science 47:134–141. doi: 10.1016/j.jas.2014.04.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans, Ursula 1994 Hollow Rock Shelter: A Middle Stone Age Site in the Cederberg. Southern African Field Archaeology 3:63–73.
   Google Scholar
• Feathers, J. 2015 Luminescence Dating at Diepkloof Rock Shelter – New Dates from Single-Grain Quartz. Journal of Archaeological Science, 63:164–174.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flenniken, Jeffrey J., and Kenneth G. Hirth 2003 Handheld Prismatic Blade Manufacture in Mesoamerica. In Mesoamerican Lithic Technology: Experimentation and Interpretation, edited by K. G. Hirth, pp. 98–107. The University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.
   Google Scholar
• Galbraith, Rex F. 2015 On the Mis-Use of Mathematics: A Comment on “How Confident Are We About the Chronology of the Transition Between Howieson's Poort and Still Bay?” by Guérin et al. (2013). Journal of Human Evolution 80:184–186. doi: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2014.10.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guérin, Guillaume, Andrew S. Murray, Mayank Jain, Kristina J. Thomsen, and Norbert Mercier 2013 How Confident Are We in the Chronology of the Transition Between Howieson's Poort and Still Bay? Journal of Human Evolution 64(2013):314–317. doi: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2013.01.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henshilwood, Christopher S. 2007 Fully Symbolic Sapiens Behaviour: Innovation in the Middle Stone Age at Blombos Cave, South Africa. In Rethinking the Human Revolution: New Behavioural and Biological Perspectives on the Origin and Dispersal of Modern Humans, edited by P. Mellars, K. Boyle, O. Bar-Yosef, and C. Stringer, pp. 123–132. McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, Cambridge.
   Google Scholar
• Henshilwood, Christopher S. 2008 Winds of Change: Palaeoenvironments, Material Culture and Human Behaviour in the Late Pleistocene (∼77ka–48 ka ago) in the Western Cape Province, South Africa. In Current Themes in Middle Stone Age Research, edited by M. Lombard, C. Sievers, and V. Ward, pp. 35–51. South African Archaeological Society Goodwin Series 10.
   Google Scholar
• Henshilwood, Christopher S., Francesco d'Errico, Karen, L. van Niekerk, Yvan Coquinot, Zenobia Jacobs, Stein-Erik Lauritzen, Michel Menu, and Renata Garcia-Moreno 2011 A 100,000-Year-Old Ochre-Processing Workshop at Blombos Cave, South Africa. Science 334:219–222. doi: 10.1126/science.1211535
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henshilwood, Christopher S., and Benoît Dubreuil 2011 The Still Bay and Howiesons Poort, 77–59 ka: Perspective-taking and the Evolution of the Modern Human Mind During the African Middle Stone Age. Current Anthropology 52(3):361–400. doi: 10.1086/660022
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henshilwood, Christopher S., and Curtis W. Marean 2003. The Origin of Modern Human Behavior. Current Anthropology 44:627–651. doi: 10.1086/377665
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Högberg, Anders 2009 Lithics in the Scandinavian Late Bronze Age: Sociotechnical Change and Persistence. BAR International Series 1932. British Archaeological Reports, Oxford.
   Google Scholar
• Högberg, Anders 2014 Chronology, Stratigraphy and Spatial Distribution of Artefacts at Hollow Rock Shelter, Cape Province, South Africa. South African Archaeological Bulletin 69(200):142–151.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Högberg, Anders, and Lars Larsson 2011 Lithic Technology and Behavioural Modernity: New Results from the Still Bay Site, Hollow Rock Shelter, Western Cape Province, South Africa. Journal of Human Evolution 61:133–155. doi: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2011.02.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holdaway, Simon, and Nicola Stern 2004 A Record in Stone: The Study of Australia's Flaked Stone Artefacts. Aboriginal Studies Press, Melbourne.
   Google Scholar
• Inizan, Marie-Louise, Helene Roche, and Jacques Tixier 1992 Technology of Knapped Stone, Préhistoire de la Pierre Taillée Crep, Cercle de Recherches et d´Etudes Préhistoriques C.N.R.S.: Meudon.
   Google Scholar
• Jacobs, Zenobia, Richard G. Roberts, Richard F. Galbraith, Hilary J. Deacon, Rainer Grun, Alex Mackay, Peter Mitchell, Ralf Vogelsang, and Lyn Wadley 2008 Ages for the Middle Stone Age of Southern Africa: Implications for Human Behavior and Dispersal. Science 322:733–735. doi: 10.1126/science.1162219
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knutsson, Kjel 1988 Making and Using Stone Tools: The Analysis of the Lithic Assemblages from Middle Neolithic Sites with Flint in Västerbotten, Northern Sweden. Aun 11. Societas Archaeologica Uppsaliensis, Uppsala.
   Google Scholar
• Larsson, Lars 2009 What Can Be Found in a Hollow Rock? A Site from the Middle Stone Age in the Western Cape, South Africa. In Understanding the Past: Papers Offered to Stefan K. Koztowski, edited by J. M. Burdukiewicz, K. Cyrek, P. Dyczek, and K. Szymezak, pp. 199–206. Center for Research on the Antiquity of Southeastern Europe, University of Warsaw, Warsaw.
   Google Scholar
• Larsson, Lars 2010 Report on the Archaeological Excavation of Hollow Rock Shelter, Sevilla 48. Pakhuis Pass, Clanwilliam District, Western Cape. The site is located at 32o05´0228´´S; 19o04´4751´´E. The report concerns the excavation conducted during the period July 4–16, 2008. Report on file, Department of Archaeology, University of Cape Town and the Archaeological Department, Lund University.
   Google Scholar
• Lombard, Marlize 2012 Thinking Through the Middle Stone Age of Sub-Saharan Africa. Quaternary International 270:140–155. doi: 10.1016/j.quaint.2012.02.033
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mackay, Alex 2008 On the Production of Blades and Its Relationship to Backed Artifacts in the Howiesons Poort at Diepkloof, South Africa. Lithic Technology 33:87–99. doi: 10.1080/01977261.2008.11721062
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mackay, Alex, Brian A. Stewart, and Brian M. Chase 2014 Coalescence and Fragmentation in the Late Pleistocene Archaeology of Southernmost Africa. Journal of Human Evolution 72:26–51. doi: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2014.03.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magnani, Matthew, Zeljko Rezek, Sam, C. Lin, Annie Chan, and Harold L. Dibble 2014 Flake Variation in Relation to the Application of Force. Journal of Archaeological Science 46:37–49. doi: 10.1016/j.jas.2014.02.029
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McBrearty, Sally, Laura Bishop, Thomas Plummer, Robert Dewar, and Nicholas Conard 1998 Tools Underfoot: Human Trampling as an Agent of Lithic Artifact Edge Modification. American Antiquity 63(1):108–129.
   Google Scholar
• McCall, Grant S., Theodore P. Marks, JonathanT. Thomas, Merritt Eller, Sherman W. Horn III, Rachel A. Horowitz, Kurtis Kettler, and Rebecca Taylor-Perryman 2011 Erb Tanks: A Middle and Later Stone Age Rockshelter in the Central Namib Desert, Western Namibia. PaleoAnthropology 2011:398–421.
   Google Scholar
• Minichillo, Thomas J. 2005 Middle Stone Age Lithic Study, South Africa: An Examination of Modern Human Origins. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Washington, Washington.
   Google Scholar
• Mourre, Vincent, Paola Villa, and Christopher S. Henshilwood 2010 Early Use of Pressure Flaking on Lithic Artifacts at Blombos Cave, South Africa. Science 330:659–662.
   Google Scholar
• Nash, J David., Sheila Coulson, Sigrid Staurset, Martin P. Smith, and Stewart J. Ullyott 2013 Provenancing Silcrete in the Cape Coastal Zone: Implications for Middle Stone Age Research in South Africa. Journal of Human Evolution 65:682–688. doi: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2013.07.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parkington, John E., Jean-Philippe Rigaud, Cedric Poggenpoel, Guillaume Porraz, and Pierre-Jean Texier 2013 Introduction to the Project and Excavation of Diepkloof Rock Shelter (Western Cape, South Africa): a View on the Middle Stone Age. Journal of Archaeological Science 40:3369–3375. doi: 10.1016/j.jas.2013.02.017
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pelcin, Andrew, W. 1996 The Effect of Core Surface Morphology on Flake Attributes: Evidence from a Controlled Experiment. Journal of Archaeological Science 24:749–756. doi: 10.1006/jasc.1996.0156
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porraz, Guillaume, John E. Parkington, Jean-Philippe Rigaud, Christopher E. Miller, Cedric Poggenpoel, Chantal Tribolo, Will Archer, Caroline R. Cartwright, Armelle Charrié-Duhaut, Laure Dayet, Marina Igreja, Norbert Mercier, Patrick Schmidt, Christine Verna, and Pierre-Jean Texier 2013b The MSA Sequence of Diepkloof and the History of Southern African Late Pleistocene Populations. Journal of Archaeological Science 40:3542–3552. doi: 10.1016/j.jas.2013.02.024
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porraz, Guillaume, Pierre-Jean Texier, Will Archer, Michel Piboule, Jean-Philippe Rigaud, and Chantal Tribolo 2013a Technological Successions in the Middle Stone Age Sequence of Diepkloof Rock Shelter, Western Cape, South Africa. Journal of Archaeological Science 40:3376–3400. doi: 10.1016/j.jas.2013.02.012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porraz, Guillaume, Pierre-Jean Texier, Jean-Philippe Rigaud, John Parkington, Cedric Poggenpoel, and Dave L. Roberts 2008 Preliminary Characterization of a Middle Stone Age Lithic Assemblage Preceding the ‘Classic’ Howieson's Poort Complex at Diepkloof Rock Shelter, Western Cape Province, South Africa. South African Archaeological Society Goodwin Series 10:105–121.
   Google Scholar
• Roberts, Dave L. 2003 Age, Genesis and Significance of South African Coastal Belt Silcretes, Memoir 95. Council for Geoscience South Africa, Pretoria.
   Google Scholar
• Shea, John J. 2011 Homo sapiens Is as Homo sapiens Was. Behavioral Variability Versus “Behavioral Modernity” in Paleolithic Archaeology. Current Anthropology 52(1):1–35. doi: 10.1086/658067
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shott, Michael J. 1994 Size and Form in the Analysis of Flake Debris: Review and Recent Approaches. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 1:69–110. doi: 10.1007/BF02229424
   Google Scholar
• Sørensen, Mikkel 2006 Rethinking the Lithic Blade Definition: Towards a Dynamic Understanding. In Skilled Production and Social Reproduction, edited by J. Apel, and K. Knutsson, pp. 277–296, SAU Stone Studies 2. SAU, Uppsala.
   Google Scholar
• Sørensen, Mikkel, Tulja Rankama, Jarmo Kankaanpää, Kjel Knutsson, Helena Knutsson, Stine Melvold, Berit V. Eriksen, and Håkon Glørstad 2013 The First Eastern Migrations of People and Knowledge into Scandinavia: Evidence from Studies of Mesolithic Technology. Norwegian Archaeological Review 46:1–38. doi: 10.1080/00293652.2013.779317
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soriano, Sylvain, Paola Villa, Ilaria Degano, Luca Pooarolo, Jeannette J. Lucejko, Christopher C. Henshilwood, and Lyn Wadley 2015 The Still Bay and Howiesons Poort at Sibudu and Blombos: Understanding Middle Stone Age Technologies. PLoS ONE 10(7):e0131127. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0131127
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soriano, Sylvain, Paola Villa, and Lyn Wadley 2007 Blade Technology and Tool Forms in the Middle Stone Age of South Africa: The Howiesons Poort and Post-Howiesons Poort at Rose Cottage Cave. Journal of Archaeological Science 34:681–703. doi: 10.1016/j.jas.2006.06.017
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Texier, Pierre-Jean, Guillaume Porraz, John Parkington, Jean-Philippe Rigaud, Cedric Poggenpoel, Christopher Miller, Chantal Tribolo, Caroline Cartwright, Aude Coudenneau, Richard Klein, Teresa E. Steele, and Christine Verna 2010 A Howiesons Poort Tradition of Engraving Ostrich Eggshell Containers Dated to 60,000 Years Ago at Diepkloof Rock Shelter, South Africa. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107:6180–6185. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0913047107
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tostevin, Gilbert B. 2012 Seeing Lithics: A Middle-Range Theory for Testing for Cultural Transmission in the Pleistocene. Oxbow Books, Oxford.
   Google Scholar
• Tribolo, Chantal, Norbert Mercier, Eric Douville, Jean-Louis Joron, Jean-Louis Reyss, Daniel Rufer, Nadia Cantin, Yannick Lefrais, Christopher E. Miller, Guillaume Porraz, John Parkington, Jean-Phillippe Rigaud, and Pierre-Jean Texier 2013 OSL and TL Dating of the Middle Stone Age Sequence at Diepkloof Rock Shelter (South Africa): A Clarification. Journal of Archaeological Science 40:3401–3411. doi: 10.1016/j.jas.2012.12.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tribolo, Chantal, Norbert Mercier, Hélèna Valladas, Jean-Louis Joron, Pierre Guibert, Yannick Lefrais, Madeleine Selo, Pierre-Jean Texier, Jean-Philippe Rigaud, Guillaume Porraz, Cedric Poggenpoel, John Parkington, Pierre-Jean Texier, and Lenoble Arnaud 2009 Thermoluminescence Dating of a Stillbay-Howiesons Poort Sequence at Diepkloof Rock Shelter (Western Cape, South Africa). Journal of Archaeological Science 36:730–739. doi: 10.1016/j.jas.2008.10.018
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Villa, Paola, Marie Soressi, Christopher S. Henshilwood, and Vincent Mourre 2009 The Still Bay Points of Blombos Cave (South Africa). Journal of Archaeological Science 36:441–460. doi: 10.1016/j.jas.2008.09.028
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Villa, Paola, Sylvain Soriano, Nicolas Teyssandier, and Sarah Wurz 2010 The Howiesons Poort and MSA III at Klasies River Main Site, Cave 1A. Journal of Archaeological Science 37:630–655. doi: 10.1016/j.jas.2009.10.028
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vogelsang, Ralf, Jürgen Richter, Zenobia Jacobs, Barbara Eichhorn, Veerle Linseele, and Richard G. Roberts 2010 New Excavations of Middle Stone Age Deposits at Apollo 11 Rockshelter, Namibia: Stratigraphy, Archaeology, Chronology and Past Environments. Journal of African Archaeology 8(2):185–218. doi: 10.3213/1612-1651-10170
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Volman, Thomas P. 1984 Early Prehistory of Southern Africa. In Southern African Prehistory and Paleoenvironments, edited by R. G. Klein, pp. 169–220. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam.
   Google Scholar
• Wadley, Lyn 2001 What Is Cultural Modernity? A General View and a South African Perspective from Rose Cottage Cave. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 11:201–221. doi: 10.1017/S0959774301000117
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wadley, Lyn 2015 Those Marvellous Millennia: The Middle Stone Age of Southern Africa. Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa 50(2):155–226. doi: 10.1080/0067270X.2015.1039236
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilkins, Jane, and Michael Chazan 2012 Blade Production ∼500 Thousand Years Ago at Kathu Pan 1, South Africa: Support for a Multiple Origins Hypothesis for Early Middle Pleistocene Blade Technologies. Journal of Archaeological Science 39:1883–1900. doi: 10.1016/j.jas.2012.01.031
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, Justin P., and William Andrefsky Jr. 2011 Debitage Variability Among Multiple Flint Knappers. Journal of Archaeological Science 38:865–872. doi: 10.1016/j.jas.2010.11.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wurz, Sarah 2002 Variability in the Middle Stone Age Lithic Sequence, 115,000–60,000 Years Ago at Klasies River, South Africa. Journal of Archaeological Science 29:1001–1015. doi: 10.1006/jasc.2001.0799
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wurz, Sarah 2013 Technological Trends in the Middle Stone Age of South Africa Between MIS 7 and MIS 3. Current Anthropology 54(S8):S305–S319. doi: 10.1086/673283
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar