Ghosts in the Room and Elephants in the Machine: Data Acquisition in Surface Texture Analysis of Stone Tools

References

• Álvarez-Fernández, A., García-González, R., Márquez, B., Carretero, J. M., & Arsuaga, J. L. (2020). Butchering or wood? A LSCM analysis to distinguish use-wear on stone tools. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 31, 102377. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2020.102377
   Google Scholar
• Anderson, P., Astruc, L., Vargiolu, R., & Zahouani, H. (1998). Contribution of quantitative analysis of surface states to a multi-method approach for characterizing plant-processing traces on flint tools with gloss. In A. Antoniazzi, J. L. Arsuaga Ferreres, J. M. Bermudez de Castro, E. Carbonell, I. Roura, E. Cavallini, F. Fontana, G. Gutiérrez Sàez, S. di Lernia, L. Longo, G. Manzi, S. Milliken, L. Oosterbeek, V. Pavukova, M. Peresani, C. Peretto, V. Pesce Delfino, K. Pizchelauri, L. Prati, R. Sala, & I. Ramos (Eds.), Functional analysis of lithic artefacts: Current state of research, proceedings of the XIII international congress of the international union of prehistoric and protohistoric sciences, volume 6 (Tome II) (pp. 1151–1160). ABACO.
   Google Scholar
• Anderson, P. C., Georges, J.-M., Vargiolu, R., & Zahouani, H. (2006). Insights from a tribological analysis of the tribulum. Journal of Archaeological Science, 33(11), 1559–1568. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2006.02.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ASME B46.1. (2009). Surface Texture (surface roughness, waviness and lay). American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
   Google Scholar
• Banks, W. E., & Kay, M. (2003). High-resolution casts for lithic use-wear analysis. Lithic Technology, 28(1), 27–34. https://doi.org/10.1080/01977261.2003.11721000
   Google Scholar
• Bello-Alonso, P., Rios-Garaizar, J., Panera, J., Martín-Perea, D. M., Rubio-Jara, S., Pérez-González, A., Rojas-Mendoza, R., Domínguez-Rodrigo, M., Baquedano, E., & Santonja, M. (2020). Experimental approaches to the development of use-wear traces on volcanic rocks: basalts. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, 12(7), 128. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-020-01058-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benito-Calvo, A., Arroyo, A., Sánchez-Romero, L., Pante, M., & de la Torre, I. (2018). Quantifying 3D micro-surface changes on experimental stones used to break bones and their implications for the analysis of early stone age pounding tools. Archaeometry, 60(3), 419–436. https://doi.org/10.1111/arcm.12325
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benito-Calvo, A., Carvalho, S., Arroyo, A., Matsuzawa, T., & de la Torre, I. (2015). First GIS analysis of modern stone tools used by wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) in Bossou, Guinea, West Africa. PLoS ONE, 10(3), e0121613. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0121613.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beyries, S. (1999). Ethnoarchaeology: a method of experimentation. In L. R. Owen, & M. Porr (Eds.), Ethno-analogy and the reconstruction of prehistoric artefact use and production (pp. 117–130). Mo Vince.
   Google Scholar
• Beyries, S. (2008). Modélisation du travail du cuir en ethnologie: proposition d’un système ouvert à l’archéologie. Anthropozoologica, 43(1), 9–42.
   Google Scholar
• Beyries, S., & Rots, V. (2008). The contribution of ethnoarchaeological macro-and microscopic wear traces to the understanding of archaeological hide-working processes. In L. Longo, & N. Skakun (Eds.), ‘Prehistoric technology’, 40 years later: Functional studies and the Russian legacy. BAR International Series 1783 (pp. 21–28). Archaeopress.
   Google Scholar
• Bienenfeld, P. (1995). Duplicating archaeological microwear polishes with epoxy casts. Lithic Technology, 20(1), 29–39.
   Google Scholar
• Borel, A., Deltombe, R., Moreau, P., Ingicco, T., Bigerelle, M., & Marteau, J. (2021). Optimization of usewear detection and characterization on stone tool surfaces. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 24197. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-03663-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borras, T. R. (1990). Chemical process of cleaning in microwear studies: Conditions and limits of attack. Application to archaeological sites. In B. Gräslund, H. Knutsson, K. Knutsson, & J. Taffinder (Ed.), The interpretive possibilities of microwear analysis (pp. 179–183). Societas Archaeologica Upsaliensis.
   Google Scholar
• Bradfield, J. (2016). Use-trace epistemology and the logic of inference. Lithic Technology, 41(4), 293–303. https://doi.org/10.1080/01977261.2016.1254360
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradley, R., & Clayton, C. (1987). The influence of flint microstructure on the formation of microwear polishes. In G. de Sieveking, & M. H. Newcomer (Eds.), The human uses of Flint and Chert: Papers from the fourth international flint symposium held at Brighton polytechnic 10–15 April 1983 (pp. 81–89). Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, C. (2021). Discrete interaction formation theory for understanding microwear topographies. Keynote address at the Online Workshop on Quantitative Artifact Microwear Analysis (QAMA) organized by TraCEr-MONREPOS (November 18 – December 16, 2021), Neuwied, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• Calandra, I. (2021). Quantitative, yes, but with qualitatively good data! Paper presented at the Online Workshop on Quantitative Artifact Microwear Analysis (QAMA) organized by TraCEr-MONREPOS (November 18 – December 16, 2021), Neuwied, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• Calandra, I., Pedergnana, A., Gneisinger, W., & Marreiros, J. (2019). Why should traceology learn from dental microwear, and vice-versa? Journal of Archaeological Science, 110, 105012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2019.105012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calandra, I., Schunk, L., Bob, K., Gneisinger, W., Pedergnana, A., Paixao, E., Hildebrandt, A., & Marreiros, J. (2019). The effect of numerical aperture on quantitative use-wear studies and its implication on reproducibility. Scientific Reports, 9(1), 6313. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-42713-w; https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-42713-w
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calandra, I., Schunk, L., Rodriguez, A., Gneisinger, W., Pedergnana, A., Paixao, E., Pereira, T., Iovita, R., & Marreiros, J. (2019). Back to the edge: relative coordinate system for use-wear analysis. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, 11(11), 5937–5948. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-019-00801-y
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caux, S., Galland, A., Queffelec, A., & Bordes, J.-G. (2018). Aspects and characterization of chert alteration in an archaeological context: A qualitative to quantitative pilot study. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 20, 210–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2018.04.027
   Google Scholar
• Coppe, J., & Rots, V. (2017). Focus on the target. The importance of a transparent fracture terminology for understanding projectile points and projecting modes. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 12, 109–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2017.01.010
   Google Scholar
• Derndarsky, M., & Ocklind, G. (2001). Some preliminary observations on subsurface damage on experimental and archaeological quartz tools using CLSM and dye. Journal of Archaeological Science, 28(11), 1149–1148. https://doi.org/10.1006/jasc.2000.0646
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eren, M. I., Lycett, S. J., Patten, R. J., Buchanan, B., Pargeter, J., & O'Brien, M. J. (2016). Test, model, and method validation: the role of experimental stone artifact replication in hypothesis-driven archaeology. Ethnoarchaeology, 8(2), 103–136. https://doi.org/10.1080/19442890.2016.1213972
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans, A. A. (2014). On the importance of blind testing in archaeological science: the example from lithic functional studies. Journal of Archaeological Science, 48, 5–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2013.10.026
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans, A. A., & Donahue, R. E. (2008). Laser scanning confocal microscopy: A potential technique for the study of lithic microwear. Journal of Archaeological Science, 35(8), 2223–2230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2008.02.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans, A. A., Lerner, H., Macdonald, D. A., Stemp, W. J., & Anderson, P. C. (2014). Standardization, calibration and innovation: A special issue on lithic microwear method. Journal of Archaeological Science, 48, 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2014.03.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans, A. A., & Macdonald, D. (2011). Using metrology in early prehistoric stone tool research: Further work and a brief instrument comparison. Scanning, 33(5), 294–303. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002sca.20272; https://doi.org/10.1002/sca.20272
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans, A. A., Macdonald, D. A., Giusca, C. L., & Leach, R. K. (2014). New method development in prehistoric stone tool research: Evaluating use duration and data analysis protocols. Micron, 65, 69–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micron.2014.04.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faulks, N. R., Kimball, L. R., Hidjrati, N., & Coffey, T. S. (2011). Atomic force microscopy of microwear traces on mousterian tools from myshtylagty lagat (weasel cave), Russia. Scanning, 33(5), 304–315. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002sca.20273; https://doi.org/10.1002/sca.20273
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fedje, D. (1979). Scanning electron microscopy analysis of use-striae. In B. Hayden (Ed.), Lithic use-wear analysis (pp. 179–187). Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Galland, A., Queffelec, A., Caux, S., & Bordes, J.-G. (2019). Quantifying lithic surface alterations using confocal microscopy and its relevance for exploring the Châtelperronian at La Roche-à-Pierrot (Saint-Césaire, France). Journal of Archaeological Science, 104, 45–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2019.01.009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• González-Urquijo, J., Beyries, S., & Ibáñez, J. (2015). Ethnoarchaeology and functional analysis. In J. Marreiros, J. Gibaja Bao, & N. Ferreira Bicho (Eds.), Use-wear and residue analysis in archaeology. Manuals in archaeological method, theory and technique (pp. 27–40). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-08257-8_3.
   Google Scholar
• González-Urquijo, J. E., & Ibáñez-Estévez, J. J. (2003). The quantification of use-wear polish using image analysis. First results. Journal of Archaeological Science, 30(4), 481–489. https://doi.org/10.1006/jasc.2002.0855
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodall, R. H., Darras, L. P., & Purnell, M. A. (2015). Accuracy and precision of silicon based impression media for quantitative areal texture analysis. Scientific Reports, 5(1), 10800. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep10800
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ibáñez, J. J., Anderson, P. C., González-Urquijo, J. E., & Gibaja, J. F. (2016). Cereal cultivation and domestication as shown by microtexture analysis of sickle gloss through confocal microscopy. Journal of Archaeological Science, 73, 62–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2016.07.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ibáñez, J. J., González-Urquijo J, E., & Gibaja, J. F. (2014). Discriminating wild vs domestic cereal harvesting micropolish through laser confocal microscopy. Journal of Archaeological Science, 48, 96–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2013.10.012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ibáñez, J. J., Lazuen, T., & González-Urquijo, J. (2019). Identifying experimental tool use through confocal microscopy. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory, 26(3), 1176–1215. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10816-018-9408-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ibáñez, J. J., & Mazzucco, N. (2021). Quantitative use-wear analysis of stone tools: Measuring how the intensity of use affects the identification of the worked material. PLoS ONE, 16, e0257266. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0257266
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ibáñez-Estévez, J. J., Anderson, P. C., Arranz-Otaegui, A., González-Urquijo, J. E., Jörgensen-Lindahl, A., Mazzucco, N., Pichon, F., & Richter, T. (2021). Sickle gloss texture analysis elucidates long-term change in plant harvesting during the transition to agriculture. Journal of Archaeological Science, 136, 105502. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2021.105502
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iovita, R. (2021). Triangulating lithic use wear with human and machine experiments. Keynote address at the Online Workshop on Quantitative Artifact Microwear Analysis (QAMA) organized by TraCEr-MONREPOS (November 18 – December 16, 2021), Neuwied, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• ISO 25178–2. (2012). Geometrical product specifications (GPS)—surface texture: areal—part 2: terms, definitions, and surface texture parameters. https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:std:iso:25178:−2:ed-1:v1:en
   Google Scholar
• Keeley, L. H. (1980). Experimental determination of stone tool uses. University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Key, A. J. M., Stemp, W. J., Morozov, M., Proffitt, T., & de la Torre, I. (2015). Is loading a significantly influential factor in the development of lithic microwear? An experimental test using LSCM on basalt from Olduvai Gorge. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory, 22(4), 1193–1214. https://www.jstor.org/stable/43654231; https://doi.org/10.1007/s10816-014-9224-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kimball, L., Allen, P., Kimball, J., Schlichting, B., & Phan, K. (1998). Contribution of quantitative analysis of surface states to a multi-method approach for characterizing plant-processing traces on flint tools with gloss. In A. Antoniazzi, J. L. Arsuaga Ferreres, J. M. Bermudez de Castro, E. Carbonell, I. Roura, E. Cavallini, F. Fontana, C. Gutiérrez Sàez, S. di Lernia, L. Longo, G. Manzi, S. Milliken, L. Oosterbeek, V. Pavukova, M. Peresani, C. Peretto, V. Pesce Delfino, K. Pizchelauri, L. Prati, R. Sala, & I. Ramos (Ed.), Functional analysis of lithic artefacts: Current state of research, proceedings of the XIII international congress of the international union of prehistoric and protohistoric sciences, volume 6 (Tome II) (pp. 1121–1132). ABACO.
   Google Scholar
• Kimball, L. R., Coffey, T. S., Faulks, N. R., Dellinger, S. E., Kara, N. M., & Hidjrati, N. (2017). A multi-instrument study of microwear polishes on Mousterian tools from Weasel Cave (Myshtulagty Lagat), Russia. Lithic Technology, 42(2–3), 61–76. https://doi.org/10.1080/01977261.2017.1305482
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kimball, L. R., Kimball, J. F., & Allen, P. E. (1995). Microwear polishes as viewed through the atomic force microscope. Lithic Technology, 20(1), 6–28. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23273157.
   Google Scholar
• Knutsson, K. (1988). Patterns of tool use: Scanning electron microscopy of experimental quartz tools. Societas Archaeologica Upsaliensis.
   Google Scholar
• Knutsson, K., & Hope, R. (1984). The application of acetate peels in lithic usewear analysis. Archaeometry, 26(1), 49–61. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4754.1984.tb00317.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lerner, H. J. (2007). Digital image analysis and use-wear accrual as a function of raw material: an example from northwestern New Mexico. Lithic Technology, 32(1), 51–67. https://doi.org/10.1080/01977261.2007.11721043
   Google Scholar
• Lerner, H. J. (2014). Intra-raw material variability and use-wear formation: an experimental examination of a fossiliferous chert (SJF) and a silicified wood (YSW) from NW New Mexico using the Clemex Vision processing frame. Journal of Archaeological Science, 48, 34–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2013.10.030
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lerner, H. J., Du, X., Costopoulos, A., & Ostoja-Starzewski, M. (2007). Lithic raw material physical properties and use-wear accrual. Journal of Archaeological Science, 34(5), 711–722. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2006.07.009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lévi-Sala, I. (1986). Use wear and post-depositional surface modification: a word of caution. Journal of Archaeological Science, 13(3), 229–244. https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-4403(86)90061-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lévi-Sala, I. (1993). Use-wear traces: processes of development and post-depositional alterations. In P. C. Anderson, S. Beyries, M. Otte, & H. Plisson (Ed.), Traces et fonction: Les gestes retrouvés. Éditions ERAUL 50 (Vol. 2, pp. 401–416). Centre de Recherches Archéologiques du CNRS, Études et Recherches Archéologiques de l’Université de Liège.
   Google Scholar
• Lin, S. C., Rezek, Z., & Dibble, H. L. (2018). Experimental design and experimental inference in stone artifact archaeology. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory, 25(3), 663–688. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10816-017-9351-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macdonald, D. A. (2014). The application of focus variation microscopy for lithic use-wear quantification. Journal of Archaeological Science, 48, 26–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2013.10.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macdonald, D. A., Bartkowiak, T., Mendak, M., Stemp, W. J., Key, A., de la Torre, I., & Wieczorowski, M. (2022). Revisiting lithic edge characterization with microCT: Multiscale study of edge curvature, re-entrant features, and profile geometry on Olduvai Gorge quartzite flakes. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, 14(2), Article 33. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-022-01504-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macdonald, D. A., Bartkowiak, T., & Stemp, W. J. (2020). 3D multiscale curvature analysis of tool edges as an indicator of cereal harvesting intensity. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 33, 102523. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2020.102523
   Google Scholar
• Macdonald, D. A., & Evans, A. A. (2014). Evaluating surface cleaning techniques of stone tools using laser scanning confocal microscopy. Microscopy Today, 22(3), 22–27. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1551929514000364
   Google Scholar
• Macdonald, D. A., Harman, R., & Evans, A. A. (2018). Replicating surface texture: Preliminary testing of molding compound accuracy for surface measurements. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 18, 839–846. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2018.02.033
   Google Scholar
• Macdonald, D. A., Xie, L., & Gallo, T. (2019). Here’s the dirt: First applications of confocal microscopy for quantifying microwear on experimental ground stone earth working tools. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 26, 101861. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2019.05.026
   Google Scholar
• Marreiros, J., Calandra, I., Gneisinger, W., Paixão, E., Pedergnana, A., & Schunk, L. (2020). Rethinking use-wear analysis and experimentation as applied to the study of past hominin tool use. Journal of Paleolithic Archaeology, 3(3), 475–502. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41982-020-00058-1
   Google Scholar
• Mueller, T., Jordan, M., Schneider, T., Poesch, A., & Reithmeier, E. (2016). Measurement of steep edges and undercuts in confocal microscopy. Micron, 84, 79–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micron.2016.03.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Odell, G. H. (1977). The application of micro-wear analysis to the lithic component of an entire prehistoric settlement: Methods, problems, and functional reconstructions [PhD dissertation]. Harvard University. ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 1977.7727354.
   Google Scholar
• Odell, G. H. (1979). A new and improved system for the retrieval of functional information from microscopic observations of chipped stone tools. In B. Hayden (Ed.), Lithic use-wear analysis (pp. 239–244). Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ollé, A., Pedergnana, A., Fernández-Marchena, J. L., Martin, S., Borel, A., & Aranda, V. (2016). Microwear features on vein quartz, rock crystal and quartzite: A study combining Optical Light and Scanning Electron Microscopy. Quaternary International, 424, 154–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2016.02.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ollé, A., & Vergès, J. M. (2008). SEM functional analysis and the mechanism of microwear formation. In L. Longo, & N. Skakun (Eds.), Prehistoric technology’, 40 years later: Functional studies and the Russian legacy. BAR International Series 1783 (pp. 39–49). Archaeopress.
   Google Scholar
• Ollé, A., & Vergès, J. M. (2014). The use of sequential experiments and SEM in documenting stone tool microwear. Journal of Archaeological Science, 48, 60–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2013.10.028
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pedergnana, A., Calandra, I., Bob, K., Gneisinger, W., Paixão, E., Schunk, L., Hildebrandt, A., & Marreiros, J. (2020). Evaluating the microscopic effect of brushing stone tools as a cleaning procedure. Quaternary International, 569-570, 263–276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2020.06.031
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pedergnana, A., Calandra, I., Evans, A. A., Bob, K., Hildebrandt, A., & Ollé, A. (2020). Polish is quantitatively different on quartzite flakes used on different worked materials. PLoS ONE, 15(12), e0243295. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0243295
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pedergnana, A., & Ollé, A. (2017). Monitoring and interpreting the use-wear formation processes on quartzite flakes through sequential experiments. Quaternary International, 427, 35–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2016.01.053
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pedergnana, A., Ollé, A., & Evans, A. A. (2020). A new combined approach using confocal and scanning electron microscopy to image surface modifications on quartzite. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 30, 102237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2020.102237
   Google Scholar
• Pfleging, J., Iovita, R., & Buchli, J. (2019). Influence of force and duration on stone tool wear: results from experiments with a force-controlled robot. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, 11(11), 5921–5935. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-018-0729-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pichon, F., Ibáñez-Estevez, J. J., Anderson, P. C., Douché, C., & Coqueugniot, E. (2021). Harvesting cereals at Dja’de el-Mughara in the northern Levant: New results through microtexture analysis of Early PPNB sickle gloss (11th millennium cal BP). Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 36, 102807. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2021.102807
   Google Scholar
• Plisson, H. (1983). An application of casting techniques for observing and recording of microwear. Lithic Technology, 12(1), 17–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/01977261.1983.11760609
   Google Scholar
• Plisson, H., & Mauger, M. (1988). Chemical and mechanical alteration of microwear polishes: An experimental approach. Helinium, 28(1), 3–16.
   Google Scholar
• Rodriguez, A., Yanamandra, K., Witek, L., Wang, Z., Behera, R. K., & Iovita, R. (2022). The effect of worked material hardness on stone tool wear. PLoS ONE, 17(10), e0276166. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0276166
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rutkoski, A. R., Miller, G. L., Maguire, L., Eren, M. I., & Bebber, M. R. (2020). The effect of heat on lithic microwear traces: An experimental assessment. Lithic Technology, 45(1), 38–47. https://doi.org/10.1080/01977261.2019.1690617
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt, P., Rodriguez, A., Yanamandra, K., Behera, R. K., & Iovita, R. (2020). The mineralogy and structure of usewear Polish on chert. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 21512. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-78490-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schunk, L. (2021). Contribution of second-generation experiments to understanding tool use intensity through use-wear formation. Paper presented at the Online Workshop on Quantitative Artifact Microwear Analysis (QAMA) organized by TraCEr-MONREPOS (November 18 – December 16, 2021), Neuwied, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• Semenov, S. A. (1964). Prehistoric technology: An experimental study of the oldest tools and artefacts from traces of manufacture and wear (M. W. Thompson, Trans.). Barnes & Noble.
   Google Scholar
• Stemp, W. J. (2001). Chipped stone tool use in the Maya coastal economies of Marco Gonzalez and San Pedro, Ambergris Caye, Belize. BAR International Series (Vol. 935). John and Erica Hedges Ltd.
   Google Scholar
• Stemp, W. J. (2014). A review of quantification of lithic use-wear using laser profilometry: A method based on metrology and fractal analysis. Journal of Archaeological Science, 48, 15–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2013.04.027
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stemp, W. J., Andruskiewicz, M. D., Gleason, M. A., & Rashid, Y. H. (2015). Experiments in ancient Maya blood-letting: Quantification of surface wear on obsidian blades. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, 7(4), 423–439. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-014-0204-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stemp, W. J., Childs, B. E., Vionnet, S., & Brown, C. A. (2009). Quantification and discrimination of lithic use-wear: Surface profile measurements and length-scale fractal analysis. Archaeometry, 51(3), 366–382. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4754.2008.00404.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stemp W. J., & Chung, S. (2011). Discrimination of surface wear on obsidian tools using LSCM and RelA: pilot study results (area-scale analysis of obsidian tool surfaces). Scanning, 33(5), 279–293. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002sca.20250; https://doi.org/10.1002/sca.20250
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stemp, W. J., Evans, A. A., Lerner, H. J. (2012). Reaping the rewards: The potential of well designed methodology, a comment on Vardi et al. (Journal of Archaeological Science 37 (2010) 1716-1724) and Goodale et al. (Journal of Archaeological Science 37 (2010) 1192-1201). Journal of Archaeological Science, 37, 1901–1904. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2011.04.015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stemp, W. J., Lerner, H. J., & Kristant, E. H. (2013). Quantifying microwear on experimental Mistassini quartzite scrapers: Preliminary results of exploratory research using LSCM and scale-sensitive fractal analysis. Scanning, 35(1), 28–39. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002sca.21032; https://doi.org/10.1002/sca.21032
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stemp, W. J., Lerner, H. J., & Kristant, E. H. (2018). Testing area-scale fractal complexity (Asfc) and laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM) to document and discriminate microwear on experimental quartzite scrapers. Archaeometry, 60(4), 660–677. https://doi.org/10.1111/arcm.12335
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stemp, W. J., & Macdonald, D. A. (2022). Diversity and lithic microwear: Quantification, classification, and standardization. In B. Buchanan, & M. Eren (Eds.), Defining and measuring diversity in archaeology: Another step toward an evolutionary synthesis of culture (pp. 97–124). Berghahn.
   Google Scholar
• Stemp, W. J., Macdonald, D. A., & Gleason, M. A. (2019). Testing imaging confocal microscopy, laser scanning confocal microscopy, and focus variation microscopy for microscale measurement of edge cross-sections and calculation of edge curvature on stone tools: Preliminary results. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 24, 513–525. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2019.02.010
   Google Scholar
• Stemp, W. J., Morozov, M., & Key, A. J. M. (2015). Quantifying lithic microwear with load variation on experimental basalt flakes using LSCM and area-scale fractal complexity (Asfc). Surface Topography: Metrology and Properties, 3(3), 034006. https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.10882051-672X/3/3/034006/meta; https://doi.org/10.1088/2051-672X/3/3/034006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stemp, W. J., & Stemp, M. (2001). UBM laser profilometry and lithic use-wear analysis: A variable length scale investigation of surface topography. Journal of Archaeological Science, 28(1), 81–88. https://doi.org/10.1006/jasc.2000.0547
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stemp, W. J., & Stemp, M. (2003). Documenting stages of polish development on experimental stone tools: Surface characterization by fractal geometry using UBM laser profilometry. Journal of Archaeological Science, 30(3), 287–296. https://doi.org/10.1006/jasc.2002.0837
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stemp, W. J., Watson, A., & Evans, A. A. (2016). Surface analysis of stone and bone tools. Surface Topography: Metrology and Properties, 4(1), 013001. http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.10882051-672X/4/1/013001; https://doi.org/10.1088/2051-672X/4/1/013001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tringham, R., Cooper, G., Odell, G., Voytek, B., & Whitman, A. (1974). Experimentation in the formation of edge damage: a new approach to lithic analysis. Journal of Field Archaeology, 1(1-2), 171–196. https://doi.org/10.1179/jfa.1974.1.1-2.171
   Google Scholar
• van Gijn, A. L. (2014). Science and interpretation in microwear studies. Journal of Archaeological Science, 48, 166–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2013.10.024
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vargiolu, R., Zahouani, H., & Anderson, P. C. (2003). Étude tribologique de processus d’usure des lames de silex et fonctionnement du tribulum. In P. C. Anderson, L. S. Cummings, T. K. Schippers, & B. Simonel (Eds.), Le Traitement des Récoltes: Un Regard sur la Diversité, du Néolithique au Présent (pp. 439–454). Éditions APDCA.
   Google Scholar
• Vaughan, P. C. (1985). Use-wear analysis of flaked stone tools. University of Arizona Press.
   Google Scholar
• Vietti, L A. (2016). Quantifying bone weathering stages using the average roughness parameter Ra measured from 3D data. Surface Topography: Metrology and Properties, 4(3), 034066. https://doi.org/10.1088/2051-672X/4/3/034006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Werner, J. J. (2018). An experimental investigation of the effects of post-depositional damage on current quantitative use-wear methods. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 17, 597–604. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2017.12.008
   Google Scholar
• Wiederhold, J. E., & Pevny, C. D. (2014). Fundamentals in practice: A holistic approach to microwear analysis at the Debra L. Friedkin site, Texas. Journal of Archaeological Science, 48, 104–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2013.07.035
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar