Skill and Core Uniformity: An Experiment with Oldowan-like Flaking Systems

References

• Apel, J. (2001). Daggers knowledge and power: The social aspects of flint dagger technology in Scandinavia (2350-1500 cal BC). Wikströms.
   Google Scholar
• Apel, J. (2008). Knowledge, know-how and raw material – the production of Late Neolithic flint daggers in Scandinavia. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory, 15(1), 91–111. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10816-007-9044-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Assaf, E., Barkai, R., & Gopher, A. (2016). Knowledge transmission and apprentice flint-knappers in the Acheulo-Yabrudian: A case study from Qesem Cave, Israel. Quaternary International, 398, 70–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2015.02.028
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bamforth, D. B., & Finlay, N. (2008). Introduction: Archaeological approaches to lithic production skill and craft learning. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory, 15(1), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10816-007-9043-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barsky, D. (2009). An overview of some African and Eurasian Oldowan sites: Evaluation of hominin cognition levels, technological advancement and adaptive skills. In E. Hovers, & D. R. Braun (Eds.), Interdisciplinary approaches to the Oldowan (pp. 39–47). Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Bleed, P. (2008). Skill matters. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory, 15(1), 154–166. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10816-007-9046-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braun, D. R., Aldeias, V., Archer, W., Arrowsmith, J. R., Baraki, N., Campisano, C. J., Deino, A. L., DiMaggio, E. N., Dupont-Nivet, G., Engda, B., Feary, D. A., Garello, D. I., Kerfelew, Z., McPherron, S. P., Patterson, D. B., Reeves, J. S., Thompson, J. C., & Reed, K. E. (2019). Earliest known Oldowan artifacts at> 2.58 Ma from Ledi-Geraru, Ethiopia, highlight early technological diversity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116(24), 11712–11717. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1820177116
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braun, D. R., Rogers, M. J., Harris, J. W., & Walker, S. J. (2008). Landscape-scale variation in hominin tool use: Evidence from the developed Oldowan. Journal of Human Evolution, 55(6), 1053–1063. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2008.05.020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bril, B., Rein, R., Nonaka, T., Wenban-Smith, F., & Dietrich, G. (2010). The role of expertise in tool use: Skill differences in functional action adaptations to task constraints. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 36(4), 825–839. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018171
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carbonell, E., Barsky, D., Sala, R., & Celiberti, V. (2016). Structural continuity and technological change in Lower Pleistocene toolkits. Quaternary International, 393, 6–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2015.04.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark, G. (1969). World history: A new outline. Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Clarkson, C. (2013). Measuring core reduction using 3D flake scar density: A test case of changing core reduction at Klasies River Mouth, South Africa. Journal of Archaeological Science, 40(12), 4348–4357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2013.06.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cribari-Neto, F., & Zeileis, A. (2010). Beta regression in R. Journal of Statistical Software, 34(2), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v034.i02
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delagnes, A., & Roche, H. (2005). Late Pliocene hominid knapping skills: the case of Lokalalei 2C, West Turkana, Kenya. Journal of Human Evolution, 48(5), 435–472. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2004.12.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de la Torre, I. (2004). Omo revisited: Evaluating the technological skills of Pliocene hominids. Current Anthropology, 45(4), 439–465. https://doi.org/10.1086/422079
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de la Torre, I. (2011). The early stone age lithic assemblages of Gadeb (Ethiopia) and the developed Oldowan/early Acheulean in East Africa. Journal of Human Evolution, 60(6), 768–812. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2011.01.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de la Torre, I., & Mora, R. (2005). Technological strategies in the lower Pleistocene at Olduvai Beds I and II. University of Liege Press.
   Google Scholar
• de la Torre, I., & Mora, R. (2014). The transition to the Acheulean in East Africa: An assessment of paradigms and evidence from Olduvai Gorge (Tanzania). Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory, 21(4), 781–823. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10816-013-9176-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de la Torre, I., & Mora, R. (2018). Oldowan technological behaviour at HWK EE (Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania). Journal of Human Evolution, 120, 236–273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2018.04.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Lumley, H. (2022). Oldowayen archaïque et Oldowayen classique de l’Afrique à l’Europe méditerranéenne. L’Anthropologie, 126(1), 102993. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anthro.2021.102993
   Google Scholar
• de Lumley, H., Barsky, D., & Cauche, D. (2009). Archaic stone industries from East Africa and southern Europe Pre-Oldowan and Oldowan. In K. Schick, & N. Toth (Eds.), The cutting edge. New approaches to the archaeology of human origins (pp. 55–91). Stone Age Institute Press.
   Google Scholar
• Dibble, H. L., Schurmans, U. A., Iovita, R. P., & McLaughlin, M. V. (2005). The measurement and interpretation of cortex in lithic assemblages. American Antiquity, 70(3), 545–560. https://doi.org/10.2307/40035313
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eerkens, J. W., & Bettinger, R. L. (2001). Techniques for assessing standardization in artifact assemblages: Can we scale material variability? American Antiquity, 66(3), 493–504. https://doi.org/10.2307/2694247
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eren, M. I., Greenspan, A., & Sampson, C. G. (2008). Are Upper Paleolithic blade cores more productive than Middle Paleolithic discoidal cores? A replication experiment. Journal of Human Evolution, 55(6), 952–961. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2008.07.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eren, M. I., Lycett, S. J., & Tomonaga, M. (2020). Underestimating Kanzi? Exploring Kanzi-Oldowan comparisons in light of recent human stone tool replication. Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews, 29(6), 310–316. https://doi.org/10.1002/evan.21858
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ericsson, K. A., Krampe, R. T., & Tesch-Römer, C. (1993). The role of deliberate practice in the acquisition of expert performance. Psychological Review, 100(3), 363–406. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.100.3.363
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finestone, E. M. (2019). Oldowan tool behaviors through time on the Homa Peninsula, Kenya. City University of New York Graduate Center.
   Google Scholar
• Flenniken, J. J. (1978). Reevaluation of the Lindenmeier Folsom: A replication experiment in lithic technology. American Antiquity, 43(3), 473–480. https://doi.org/10.2307/279406
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallotti, R., & Mussi, M. (2015). The unknown Oldowan:∼ 1.7-million-year-old standardized obsidian small tools from Garba IV, Melka Kunture, Ethiopia. PLoS One, 10(12), e0145101. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0145101
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gowlett, J. A., Stanistreet, I. G., Albert, R. M., Blackbird, S. J., Herries, A. I., Hoare, S., Kogai, P., Komboh, C. K., Mark, D. F., Muriuki, R. M., Murphy, H., Rucina, S. M., & Stollhofen, H. (2022). New Oldowan localities at high level within Kilombe Caldera, Kenya. L’Anthropologie, 126(1), 102976. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anthro.2021.102976
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guilmet, G. M. (1977). The evolution of tool-using and tool-making behaviour. Man, 12(1), 33–47. https://doi.org/10.2307/2800992
   Google Scholar
• Harmand, S., Lewis, J. E., Feibel, C. S., Lepre, C. J., Prat, S., Lenoble, A., Boës, X., Quinn, R. L., Brenet, M., Arroyo, A., Taylor, N., Clément, S., Daver, G., Brugal, J.-P., Leakey, L., Mortlock, R. A., Wright, J. D., Lokorodi, S., Kirwa, C., … Roche, H. (2015). 3.3-million-year-old stone tools from Lomekwi 3, West Turkana, Kenya. Nature, 521(7552), 310–315. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14464
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harush, O., & Grosman, L. (2021). Toward the identification of social signatures in ceramic production – an archaeological case study. Plos one, 16(7), e0254766. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254766
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harush, O., Roux, V., Karasik, A., & Grosman, L. (2020). Social signatures in standardized ceramic production – A 3-D approach to ethnographic data. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 60, 101208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaa.2020.101208
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herzlinger, G., Goren-Inbar, N., & Grosman, L. (2017). A new method for 3D geometric morphometric shape analysis: The case study of handaxe knapping skill. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 14, 163–173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2017.05.013
   Google Scholar
• Heyes, C. (2012). Simple minds: A qualified defence of associative learning. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 367(1603), 2695–2703. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2012.0217
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ingold, T. (1993). Tool-use, sociality and intelligence. In K. R. Gibson, & T. Ingold (Eds.), Tools, language and cognition in human evolution (pp. 429–445). Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Isaac, G. L. (1986). Foundation stones: Early artefacts as indicators of activities and abilities. In G. N. Bailey, & P. Callow (Eds.), Stone Age prehistory: Studies in memory of Charles McBurney (pp. 221–241). Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Jones, P. R. (1994). Results of experimental work in relation to the stone industries of Olduvai Gorge. Olduvai Gorge, 5, 254–298.
   Google Scholar
• Key, A. J., & Dunmore, C. J. (2018). Manual restrictions on Palaeolithic technological behaviours. PeerJ, 6, e5399. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5399
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kibunjia, M. (1994). Pliocene archaeological occurrences in the Lake Turkana basin. Journal of Human Evolution, 27(1-3), 159–171. https://doi.org/10.1006/jhev.1994.1040
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuhn, S. L. (2010). On standardization in the Paleolithic. In A. Nowell, & I. Davidson (Eds.), Stone tools and the evolution of human cognition (pp. 105–134). University Press of Colorado.
   Google Scholar
• Lassen, R., & Williams, T. (2015). Variation in flintknapping skill among Folsom-era projectile point types: A quantitative approach. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 4, 164–173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2015.09.007
   Google Scholar
• Lave, J., & Wenger, E. (1991). Situated learning: Legitimate peripheral participation. Cambridge university press.
   Google Scholar
• Leakey, M. D. (1971). Olduvai Gorge: Volume 3, excavations in beds I and II, 1960-1963 (Vol. 3). Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Marks, A., Hietala, H. J., & Williams, J. K. (2001). Tool standardization in the Middle and Upper Palaeolithic: A closer look (with comments). Cambridge Archaeological Journal, 11(1), 17–44. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0959774301000026
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monnier, G. F., & McNulty, K. P. (2010). Questioning the link between stone tool standardization and behavioral modernity. In S. Lycett, & P. Chauhan (Eds.), New perspectives on old stones (pp. 61–81). Springer, New York.
   Google Scholar
• Morgan, T. J., Uomini, N. T., Rendell, L. E., Chouinard-Thuly, L., Street, S. E., Lewis, H. M., Cross, C. P., Evans, C., Kearney, R., de la Torre, I., Whiten, A., & Laland, K. N. (2015). Experimental evidence for the co-evolution of hominin tool-making teaching and language. Nature Communications, 6(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms7029
   Google Scholar
• Nonaka, T., Bril, B., & Rein, R. (2010). How do stone knappers predict and control the outcome of flaking? Implications for understanding early stone tool technology. Journal of Human Evolution, 59(2), 155–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2010.04.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oakley, K. P. (1969). Man the skilled tool-maker. Antiquity, 43(171), 222–224. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003598X00107653
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Brien, M. J., Boulanger, M. T., Buchanan, B., Collard, M., Lyman, R. L., & Darwent, J. (2014). Innovation and cultural transmission in the American Paleolithic: Phylogenetic analysis of eastern Paleoindian projectile-point classes. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 34, 100–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaa.2014.03.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olausson, D. J. (2008). Does practice make perfect? Craft expertise as a factor in aggrandizer strategies. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory, 15(1), 28–50. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10816-007-9049-x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pargeter, J., & de la Peña, P. (2017). Milky quartz bipolar reduction and lithic miniaturization: Experimental results and archaeological implications. Journal of Field Archaeology, 42(6), 551–565. https://doi.org/10.1080/00934690.2017.1391649
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pargeter, J., Khreisheh, N., & Stout, D. (2019). Understanding stone tool-making skill acquisition: Experimental methods and evolutionary implications. Journal of Human Evolution, 133, 146–166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2019.05.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pargeter, J., Kreisheh, N., Shea, J. J., & Stout, D. (2020). Knowledge vs. Know-how? Dissecting the foundations of stone knapping skill. Journal of Human Evolution, 145, 102807. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2020.102807
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pargeter, J., Liu, C., Kilgore, M. B., Majoe, A., & Stout, D. (2022). Testing the effect of learning conditions and individual motor/cognitive differences on knapping skill acquisition. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory, 1–45. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10816-022-09592-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pelegrin, J. (1990). Prehistoric lithic technology: Some aspects of research. Archaeological Review from Cambridge, 9(1), 116–125.
   Google Scholar
• Pelegrin, J. (1993). A framework for analysing prehistoric stone tool manufacture and a tentative application to some early stone industries. In A. Berthelet, & J. Chavaillon (Eds.), The use of tools by human and non-human primates (pp. 302–317). Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Plummer, T. (2004). Flaked stones and old bones: Biological and cultural evolution at the Dawn of technology. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 125(S39), 118–164. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.20157
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Proctor, R. W., & Dutta, A. (1995). Skill acquisition and human performance. Sage Publications, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Proffitt, T. (2018). Is there a developed Oldowan A at Olduvai Gorge? A diachronic analysis of the Oldowan in bed I and lower-middle bed II at Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania. Journal of Human Evolution, 120, 92–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2018.01.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Proffitt, T., Bargalló, A., & de la Torre, I. (2022). The effect of raw material on the identification of knapping skill: A case study from Olduvai Gorge. Tanzania. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory, 29, 50–82. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10816-021-09511-z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R Core Team, R. (2013). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria. https://www.R-project.org/.
   Google Scholar
• Roche, H., Delagnes, A., Brugal, J. P., Feibel, C., Kibunjia, M., Mourre, V., & Texier, P. J. (1999). Early hominid stone tool production and technical skill 2.34 Myr ago in West Turkana, Kenya. Nature, 399(6731), 57–60. https://doi.org/10.1038/19959
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roux, V., & David, E. (2005). Planning abilities as a dynamic perceptual-motor skill: An actualist study of different levels of expertise involved in stone knapping. In V. Roux, & B. Bril (Eds.), Stone knapping: The necessary conditions for a uniquely hominin behaviour (pp. 91–116). McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research.
   Google Scholar
• Sahnouni, M., Hadjouis, D., Van Der Made, J., Canals, A., Medig, M., Belahrech, H., Harichane, Z., & Rabhi, M. (2002). Further research at the Oldowan site of Ain Hanech, North-eastern Algeria. Journal of Human Evolution, 43(6), 925–937. https://doi.org/10.1006/jhev.2002.0608
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sánchez-Yustos, P. (2021). Knocking on Acheulean’s door. DK revisited (Bed I, Olduvai, Tanzania). Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 35, 102763. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2020.102763
   Google Scholar
• Sánchez-Yustos, P., Diez-Martín, F., Domínguez-Rodrigo, M., Duque, J., Fraile, C., Baquedano, E., & Mabulla, A. (2017). Diversity and significance of core preparation in the Developed Oldowan technology: Reconstructing the flaking processes at SHK and BK (middle-upper Bed II, Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania). Boreas, 46(4), 874–893. https://doi.org/10.1111/bor.12237
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Semaw, S., Renne, P., Harris, J. W., Feibel, C. S., Bernor, R. L., Fesseha, N., & Mowbray, K. (1997). 2.5-million-year-old stone tools from Gona, Ethiopia. Nature, 385(6614), 333–336. https://doi.org/10.1038/385333a0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Semaw, S., Rogers, M. J., Quade, J., Renne, P. R., Butler, R. F., Dominguez-Rodrigo, M., Stout, D., Hart, W. S., Pickering, T., & Simpson, S. W. (2003). 2.6-Million-year-old stone tools and associated bones from OGS-6 and OGS-7, Gona, Afar, Ethiopia. Journal of Human Evolution, 45(2), 169–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0047-2484(03)00093-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shea, J. J. (2017). Occasional, obligatory, and habitual stone tool use in hominin evolution. Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews, 26(5), 200–217. https://doi.org/10.1002/evan.21547
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snyder, W. D., Reeves, J. S., & Tennie, C. (2022). Early knapping techniques do not necessitate cultural transmission. Science Advances, 8(27), eabo2894. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abo2894
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stiles, D. (1979). Early acheulian and developed oldowan. Current Anthropology, 20(1), 126–129. https://doi.org/10.1086/202218
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stout, D. (2002). Skill and cognition in stone tool production: An ethnographic case study from Irian Jaya. Current Anthropology, 43(5), 693–722. https://doi.org/10.1086/342638
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stout, D. (2005). The social and cultural context of stone-knapping skill acquisition. In V. Roux, & B. Bril (Eds.), Stone knapping: The necessary conditions for a uniquely hominin behaviour (pp. 331–340). McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research.
   Google Scholar
• Stout, D., Rogers, M. J., Jaeggi, A. V., & Semaw, S. (2019). Archaeology and the origins of human cumulative culture: A case study from the earliest Oldowan at Gona, Ethiopia. Current Anthropology, 60(3), 309–340. https://doi.org/10.1086/703173
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stout, D., Schick, K., & Toth, N. (2009). Understanding Oldowan knapping skill: An experimental study of skill acquisition in modern humans. In K. Schick, & N. Toth (Eds.), The cutting edge: New approaches to the archaeology of human origins (pp. 247–266). Stone Age Institute Press.
   Google Scholar
• Stout, D., Semaw, S., Rogers, M. J., & Cauche, D. (2010). Technological variation in the earliest Oldowan from Gona, Afar, Ethiopia. Journal of Human Evolution, 58(6), 474–491. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2010.02.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torres, C., & Preysler, J. B. (2020). Experts also fail: A new methodological approach to skills analysis in lithic industries. Journal of Paleolithic Archaeology, 3(4), 889–917. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41982-020-00063-4
   Google Scholar
• Toth, N., & Schick, K. (2018). An overview of the cognitive implications of the Oldowan Industrial Complex. Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa, 53(1), 3–39. https://doi.org/10.1080/0067270X.2018.1439558
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toth, N., Schick, K., & Semaw, S. (2006). A comparative study of the stone tool-making skills of Pan, Australopithecus, and Homo sapiens. In K. Schick, & N. Toth (Eds.), The Oldowan: Case studies into the earliest stone age (pp. 155–222). Stone Age Institute Press.
   Google Scholar
• Trigger, B. (1996). A history of archaeological thought (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wendrich, W. (Ed.). (2013). Archaeology and apprenticeship: Body knowledge, identity, and communities of practice. University of Arizona Press.
   Google Scholar
• Williams-Hatala, E. M., Hatala, K. G., Key, A., Dunmore, C. J., Kasper, M., Gordon, M., & Kivell, T. L. (2020). Kinetics of stone tool production among novice and expert tool makers. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 174(4), 714–727. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.24159
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar