695
Views
4
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Paper / Artículo De Investigación

Broadening the social psychological approach to acculturation: cultural, personality and social-network approaches (Ampliación del enfoque socio-psicológico de la aculturación: perspectivas cultural, de la personalidad y de las redes sociales)

ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon
Pages 526-559 | Received 17 Jan 2020, Accepted 02 Mar 2020, Published online: 17 Aug 2020

References / Referencias

  • Albuja, A. F., Gaither, S. E., Sanchez, D. T., Straka, B., & Cipollina, R. (2019). Psychophysiological stress responses to bicultural and biracial identity denial. Journal of Social Issues, 75, 1165–1191. doi:10.1111/josi.12347
  • Athanasopoulos, P., Bylund, E., Montero-Melis, G., Damjanovic, L., Schartner, A., Kibbe, A., … Thierry, G. (2015). Two languages, two minds: Flexible cognitive processing driven by language of operation. Psychological Science, 26, 518–526. doi:10.1177/0956797614567509
  • Aydinli, A., & Bender, M. (2015). Cultural priming as a tool to understand multiculturalism and culture. Online Readings in Psychology and Culture, 2, 1–21. doi:10.9707/2307-0919.1134
  • Bender, M., & Ng, S. H. (2009). Dynamic biculturalism: Socially connected and individuated unique selves in a globalized world. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 3, 199–210. doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2009.00174.x
  • Benet-Martínez, V. (2018). Multicultural identity and experiences: Cultural, social, and personality processes. In K. Deaux & M. Snyder (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of personality and social psychology (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195398991.013.0025
  • Benet-Martínez, V., & Haritatos, J. (2005). Bicultural identity integration (BII): Components and psychosocial antecedents. Journal of Personality, 73, 1015–1050. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2005.00337.x
  • Benet-Martínez, V., & Hong, Y. Y., (Eds.). (2014). The Oxford handbook of multicultural identity. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199796694.001.0001
  • Benet-Martinez, V., Lee, F., & Cheng, C. (in press). Bicultural identity integration (BII): Components, psychosocial antecedents, and outcomes. In M. Gelfand, C. Y. Chiu, & Y. Y. Hong (Eds.), Handbook of advances in culture and psychology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Benet-Martínez, V., Leu, J., Lee, F., & Morris, M. W. (2002). Negotiating biculturalism: Cultural frame switching in biculturals with oppositional versus compatible cultural identities. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 33, 492–516. doi:10.1177/0022022102033005005
  • Berry, J., & Sam, D. (2016). Theoretical perspectives. In D. Sam & J. Berry (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of acculturation psychology (Cambridge handbooks in psychology, pp. 11–29). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Berry, J. W., Phinney, J. S., Sam, D. L., & Vedder, P. (2006). Immigrant youth: Acculturation, identity, and adaptation. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 55, 303–332. doi:10.1111/j.1464-0597.2006.00256.x
  • Bourhis, R. Y., Moïse, L. C., Perreault, S., & Senécal, S. (1997). Towards an interactive acculturation model: A social psychological approach. International Journal of Psychology, 32, 369–386. doi:10.1080/002075997400629
  • Brannon, T. N., Markus, H. R., & Taylor, V. J. (2015). “Two souls, two thoughts,” two self-schemas: Double consciousness can have positive academic consequences for African Americans. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 108, 586–609. doi:10.1037/a0038992
  • Briley, D. A., Morris, M. W., & Simonson, I. (2005). Cultural chameleons: Biculturals, conformity motives, and decision making. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 15, 351–362. doi:10.1207/s15327663jcp1504_9
  • Brown, R., & Zagefka, H. (2011). The dynamics of acculturation: An intergroup perspective. In J. M. Olson & M. P. Zanna (Eds.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 44, pp. 129–184). Burlington, VT: Academic Press. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-385522-0.00003-2
  • Castells, M. (2010). Globalisation, networking, urbanisation: Reflections on the spatial dynamics of the information age. Urban Studies, 47, 2737–2745. doi:10.1177/0042098010377365
  • Chen, S. X., Benet-Martínez, V., & Bond, M. H. (2008). Bicultural identity, bilingualism, and psychological adjustment in multicultural societies: Immigration-based and globalization-based acculturation. Journal of Personality, 76, 803–838. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2008.00505.x
  • Chen, S. X., Benet-Martínez, V., & Ng, J. C. (2014). Does language affect personality perception? A functional approach to testing the Whorfian hypothesis. Journal of Personality, 82, 130–143. doi:10.1111/jopy.12040
  • Chen, S. X., Lam, B. C. P., Hui, B. P. H., Ng, J. C. K., Mak, W. W. S., Guan, Y., … Lau, V. C. (2016). Conceptualizing psychological processes in response to globalization: Components, antecedents, and consequences of global orientations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 110, 302–331. doi:10.1037/a0039647
  • Cheng, C.-Y., Sanchez-Burks, J., & Lee, F. (2008). Connecting the dots within: Creative performance and identity integration. Psychological Science, 19, 1178–1184. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02220.x
  • De Leersnyder, J., Mesquita, B., & Kim, H. S. (2011). Where do my emotions belong? A study of immigrants’ emotional acculturation. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 37, 451–463. doi:10.1177/0146167211399103
  • Deaux, K., & Verkuyten, M. (2014). The social psychology of multiculturalism: Identity and intergroup relations. In V. Benet-Martínez & Y. Y. Hong (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of multicultural identity (pp. 118–138). Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199796694.013.015
  • Demes, K. A., & Geeraert, N. (2015). The highs and lows of a cultural transition: A longitudinal analysis of sojourner stress and adaptation across 50 countries. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 109, 316–337. doi:10.1037/pspp0000046
  • Devos, T., & Vu, T. (2014). Implicit multicultural identities. In V. Benet-Martínez & Y. Y. Hong (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of multicultural identity (pp. 227–251). Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199796694.013.004
  • Ferguson, G. M., & Bornstein, M. H. (2015). Remote acculturation of early adolescents in Jamaica towards European American culture: A replication and extension. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 45, 24–35. doi:10.1016%2Fj.ijintrel.2014.12.007
  • Ferrari, L., Rosnati, R., Manzi, C., & Benet-Martínez, V. (2015). Ethnic identity, bicultural identity integration, and psychological well-being among transracial adoptees: A longitudinal study. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 150, 63–76. doi:10.1002/cad.20122
  • Fu, H.-Y., Chiu, C.-Y., Morris, M. W., & Young, M. (2007). Spontaneous inferences from cultural cues: Varying responses of cultural insiders and outsiders. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 38, 58–75. doi:10.1177%2F0022022106295443
  • Gergen, K. J. (1985). The social constructionist movement in modern psychology. American Psychologist, 40, 266–275. doi:10.1037//0003-066X.40.3.266
  • Gobel, M. S., Benet-Martínez, V., Mesquita, B., & Uskul, A. K. (2018). Europe’s culture (s): Negotiating cultural meanings, values, and identities in the European context. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 49, 858–867. doi:10.1177/0022022118779144
  • Güngör, D., Bornstein, M. H., De Leersnyder, J., Cote, L., Ceulemans, E., & Mesquita, B. (2013). Acculturation of personality: A three-culture study of Japanese, Japanese Americans, and European Americans. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 44, 701–718. doi:10.1177%2F0022022112470749
  • Heine, S. J., & Lehman, D. R. (2004). Move the body, change the self: Acculturative effects on the self-concept. In M. Schaller & C. Crandall (Eds.), Psychological foundations of culture (pp. 305–331). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
  • Higgins, E. T. (1996). Knowledge activation: Accessibility, applicability, and salience. In E. E. Higgins & A. Kruglanski (Eds.), Social psychology: Handbook of basic principles (pp. 133–168). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
  • Hong, Y. Y., Benet-Martínez, V., Chiu, C., & Morris, M. W. (2003). Boundaries of cultural influence: Construct activation as a mechanism for cultural differences in social perception. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 34, 453–464. doi:10.1177/0022022103034004005
  • Hong, Y. Y., Fang, Y., Yang, Y., & Phua, D. Y. (2013). Cultural attachment: A new theory and method to understand cross-cultural competence. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 44, 1024–1044. doi:10.1177%2F0022022113480039
  • Hong, Y. Y., & Khei, M. (2014). Dynamic multiculturalism: The interplay of socio-cognitive, neural and genetic mechanisms. In V. Benet-Martínez & Y. Y. Hong (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of multicultural identity (pp. 11–34). Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199796694.013.026
  • Hong, Y. Y., Morris, M. W., Chiu, C., & Benet-Martínez, V. (2000). Multicultural minds: A dynamic constructivist approach to culture and cognition. American Psychologist, 55, 709–720. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.55.7.709
  • Huynh, Q. L., Benet-Martinez, V., & Nguyen, A. D. (2018). Measuring variations in bicultural identity across US ethnic and generational groups: Development and validation of the Bicultural Identity Integration Scale–Version 2 (BIIS-2). Psychological Assessment, 30, 1581–1596. doi:10.1037/pas0000606
  • Idescat. (2018). Persones residents en habitatges amb immigrants segons origen de les persones. Retrieved from https://www.idescat.cat/pub/?id=eni&n=3812
  • Jasinskaja-Lahti, I., Liebkind, K., Jaakkola, M., & Reuter, A. (2006). Perceived discrimination, social support networks, and psychological well-being among three immigrant groups. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 37, 293–311. doi:10.1177/0022022106286925
  • Jetten, J., Postmes, T., & McAuliffe, B. J. (2002). “We’re all individuals”: Group norms of individualism and collectivism, levels of identification and identity threat. European Journal of Social Psychology, 32, 189–207. doi:10.1002/ejsp.65
  • Ji, L. J., Zhang, Z., & Nisbett, R. E. (2004). Is it culture or is it language? Examination of language effects in cross-cultural research on categorization. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87, 57–65. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.87.1.57
  • Jugert, P., Leszczensky, L., & Pink, S. (2018). The effects of ethnic minority adolescents’ ethnic self-identification on friendship selection. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 28, 379–395. doi:10.1111/jora.12337
  • Kosic, A., Kruglanski, A. W., Pierro, A., & Mannetti, L. (2004). The social cognition of immigrants’ acculturation: Effects of the need for closure and the reference group at entry. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86, 796–813. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.86.6.796
  • Leszczensky, L. (2018). Young immigrants’ host country identification and their friendships with natives: Does relative group size matter? Social Science Research, 70, 163–175. doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2017.10.012
  • Leung, A. K. Y., Qiu, L., & Chiu, C. Y. (2014). Psychological science of globalization. In V. Benet-Martínez & Y. Y. Hong (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of multicultural identity (pp. 181–201). Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199796694.013.022
  • Liu, J. H., & Hilton, D. J. (2005). How the past weighs on the present: Social representations of history and their role in identity politics. British Journal of Social Psychology, 44, 537–556. doi:10.1348/014466605X27162
  • Manzi, C., Ferrari, L., Rosnati, R., & Benet-Martínez, V. (2014). Bicultural identity integration of transracial adolescent adoptees: Antecedents and outcomes. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 45, 888–904. doi:10.1177%2F0022022114530495
  • Martínez García, M. F., García Ramírez, M., & Maya Jariego, I. (2002). Social support and locus of control as predictors of psychological well-being in Moroccan and Peruvian immigrant women in Spain. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 26, 287–310. doi:10.1016/S0147-1767(02)00005-6
  • McCrae, R. R., Yik, M. S. M., Trapnell, P. D., Bond, M. H., & Paulhus, D. L. (1998). Interpreting personality profiles across cultures: Bilingual, acculturation, and peer rating studies of Chinese undergraduates. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1041–1055. doi:10.1037//0022-3514.74.4.1041
  • Mesquita, B., De Leersnyder, J., & Jasini, A. (2017). The cultural psychology of acculturation. In S. Kitayama & C. Cohen (Eds.), Handbook of cultural psychology (pp. 502–535). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
  • Mok, A., Morris, M., Benet-Martínez, V., & Karakitapoğlu-Aygün, Z. (2007). Embracing American culture: Structures of social identity and social networks among first-generation biculturals. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 38, 629–635. doi:10.1177%2F0022022107305243
  • Morris, M. W., Chiu, C. Y., & Liu, Z. (2015). Polycultural psychology. Annual Review of Psychology, 66, 631–659. doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010814-015001
  • Navas, M., García, M. C., Sánchez, J., Rojas, A. J., Pumares, P., & Fernández, J. S. (2005). Relative Acculturation Extended Model (RAEM): New contributions with regard to the study of acculturation. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 29, 21–37. doi:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2005.04.001
  • Nguyen, A. M. D., & Ahmadpanah, S. S. (2014). The interplay between bicultural blending and dual language acquisition. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 45, 1215–1220. doi:10.1177%2F0022022114542849
  • Nguyen, A. M. D., & Benet-Martínez, V. (2013). Biculturalism and adjustment: A meta-analysis. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 44, 122–159. doi:10.1177%2F0022022111435097
  • Oyserman, D., & Lee, S. W. S. (2007). Priming “culture”: Culture as situated cognition. In S. Kitamaya & D. Cohen (Eds.), Handbook of cultural psychology (pp. 255–279). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
  • Oyserman, D., Sorensen, N., Reber, R., & Chen, S. X. (2009). Connecting and separating mind-sets: Culture as situated cognition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97, 217–235. doi:10.1037/a0015850
  • Padilla, A. M., & Perez, W. (2003). Acculturation, social identity, and social cognition: A new perspective. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 25, 35–55. doi:10.1177%2F0739986303251694
  • Perunovic, W. Q. E., Heller, D., & Rafaeli, E. (2007). Within-person changes in the structure of emotion: The role of cultural identification and language. Psychological Science, 18, 607–613. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01947.x
  • Phinney, J. S. (1999). An intercultural approach in psychology: Cultural contact and identity. Cross-Cultural Psychology Bulletin, 33, 24–31.
  • Postmes, T., Akkus, B., & Stroebe, K. (2015). The discovery of the other in social and cultural psychology. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 46, 1336–1340. doi:10.1177%2F0022022115610818
  • Pouliasi, K., & Verkuyten, M. (2007). Networks of meaning and the bicultural mind: A structural equation modeling approach. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 43, 955–963. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2006.10.005
  • Ramírez-Esparza, N., Gosling, S., Benet-Martínez, V., Potter, J. P., & Pennebaker, J. W. (2006). Do bilinguals have two personalities? A special case of cultural frame-switching. Journal of Research in Personality, 40, 99–120. doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2004.09.001
  • Repke, L., & Benet-Martínez, V. (2017). Conceptualizing the dynamics between bicultural identification and personal social networks. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 1–19. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00469
  • Repke, L., & Benet-Martínez, V. (2018). The (diverse) company you keep: Content and structure of immigrants’ social networks as a window into intercultural relations in Catalonia. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 49, 924–944. doi:10.1177%2F0022022117733475
  • Repke, L., & Benet-Martínez, V. (2019). The interplay between the one and the others: Immigrants’ cultural identifications and their social networks. Journal of Social Issues, 75, 436–459. doi:10.1111/josi.12323
  • Ringberg, T. V., Luna, D., Reihlen, M., & Peracchio, L. A. (2010). Bicultural-bilinguals: The effect of cultural frame switching on translation equivalence. International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, 10, 77–92. doi:10.1177/1470595809359585
  • Rivas-Drake, D., Umaña-Taylor, A. J., Schaefer, D. R., & Medina, M. (2017). Ethnic-racial identity and friendships in early adolescence. Child Development, 88, 710–724. doi:10.1111/cdev.12790
  • Robins, G., & Kashima, Y. (2008). Social psychology and social networks: Individuals and social systems. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 11, 1–12. doi:10.1111/j.1467-839X.2007.00240.x
  • Rutland, A., Cameron, L., Jugert, P., Nigbur, D., Brown, R., Watters, C., … Le Touze, D. (2012). Group identity and peer relations: A longitudinal study of group identity, perceived peer acceptance, and friendships amongst ethnic minority English children. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 30, 283–302. doi:10.1111/j.2044-835X.2011.02040.x
  • Ryder, A. G., Alden, L. E., & Paulhus, D. L. (2000). Is acculturation unidimensional or bidimensional? A head-to-head comparison in the prediction of personality, self-identity, and adjustment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 49–65. doi:10.1037//0022-3514.79.1.49
  • Saad, C. S., Damian, R. I., Benet-Martínez, V., Moons, W. G., & Robins, R. W. (2013). Multiculturalism and creativity: Effects of cultural context, bicultural identity, and ideational fluency. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 4, 369–375. doi:10.1177/1948550612456560
  • Sam, D. L., & Berry, J. W. (2016). Cambridge handbook of acculturation psychology. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9781316219218
  • Sanchez, D. T., Shih, M. J., & Wilton, L. S. (2014). Exploring the identity autonomy perspective (IAP): An integrative theoretical approach to multicultural and multiracial identity. In V. Benet-Martínez & Y. Y. Hong (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of multicultural identity (pp. 139–159). Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199796694.013.016
  • Schwartz, S. J., Benet-Martínez, V., Knight, G. P., Unger, J. B., Zamboanga, B. L., Des Rosiers, S. E., … Szapocznik, J. (2014). Effects of language of assessment on the measurement of acculturation: Measurement equivalence and cultural frame switching. Psychological Assessment, 26, 100–114. doi:10.1037%2Fa0034717
  • Schwartz, S. J., & Unger, J., (Eds.). (2017). The Oxford handbook of acculturation and health. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190215217.001.0001
  • Schwartz, S. J., Unger, J. B., Baezconde-Garbanati, L., Benet-Martínez, V., Meca, A., Zamboanga, B. L., … Szapocznik, J. (2015). Longitudinal trajectories of bicultural identity integration in recently immigrated Hispanic adolescents: Links with mental health and family functioning. International Journal of Psychology, 50, 440–450. doi:10.1002/ijop.12196
  • Schwartz, S. J., Unger, J. B., Zamboanga, B. L., Córdova, D., Mason, C. A., Huang, S., … Szapocznik, J. (2015). Developmental trajectories of acculturation: Links with family functioning and mental health in recent immigrant Hispanic adolescents. Child Development, 86, 726–748. doi:10.1111/cdev.12341
  • Sedikides, C., Wildschut, T., Routledge, C., Arndt, J., & Zhou, X. (2009). Buffering acculturative stress and facilitating cultural adaptation: Nostalgia as a psychological resource. In R. Wyer, C. Y. Chiu, & Y. Y. Hong (Eds.), Understanding culture: Theory, research, and application (pp. 361–378). New York, NY: Psychology Press.
  • Stupar, S., van de Vijver, F. J. R., Te Lindert, A., & Fontaine, J. R. J. (2014). Multicultural attitudes mediate the relation between personality and perceived ethnic outgroup distance in the Netherlands. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 38, 24–35. doi:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2013.05.002
  • Terry, D. J., Hogg, M. A., & White, K. M. (1999). The theory of planned behaviour: Self-identity, social identity and group norms. British Journal of Social Psychology, 38, 225–244. doi:10.1348/014466699164149
  • Van der Zee, K. I., & Van Oudenhoven, J. P. (2014). Personality and multicultural effectiveness. In V. Benet-Martínez & Y. Y. Hong (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of multicultural identity (pp. 255–275). Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199796694.013.008
  • Verkuyten, M., & Pouliasi, K. (2002). Biculturalism among older children: Cultural frame switching, attributions, self-identification and attitudes. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 33, 596–609. doi:10.1177%2F0022022102238271
  • Verkuyten, M., & Pouliasi, K. (2006). Biculturalism and group identification: The mediating role of identification in cultural frame-switching. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 37, 312–326. doi:10.1177%2F0022022106286926
  • Verkuyten, M., Wiley, S., Deaux, K., & Fleischmann, F. (2019). To be both (and more): Immigration and identity multiplicity. Journal of Social Issues, 75, 390–413. doi:10.1111/josi.12324
  • Vivero, V. N., & Jenkins, S. R. (1999). Existential hazards of the multicultural individual: Defining and understanding “cultural homelessness”. Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology, 5, 6–26. doi:10.1037/1099-9809.5.1.6
  • Vives, M. L., Repke, L., & Costa, A. (2018). Does bilingualism really affect social flexibility? Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 21, 952–956. doi:10.1017/S1366728918000123
  • Wan, C., Chiu, C. Y., Peng, S., & Tam, K. P. (2007). Measuring cultures through intersubjective cultural norms: Implications for predicting relative identification with two or more cultures. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 38, 213–226. doi:10.1177%2F0022022106297300
  • Ward, C. (2008). Thinking outside the Berry boxes: New perspectives on identity, acculturation and intercultural relations. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 32, 105–114. doi:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2007.11.002
  • Wölfer, R., Faber, N. S., & Hewstone, M. (2015). Social network analysis in the science of groups: Cross-sectional and longitudinal applications for studying intra- and intergroup behavior. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 19, 45–61. doi:10.1037/gdn0000021
  • Wong, R. Y., & Hong, Y. Y. (2005). Dynamic influences of culture on cooperation in the Prisoner’s Dilemma. Psychological Science, 16, 429–434. doi:10.1111/j.0956-7976.2005.01552.x
  • Wood, P. (Ed.). (2010). Intercultural cities: Towards a model for intercultural integration: Insights from the intercultural cities programme. Joint Action of the Council of Europe and the European Commission. Strasbourg: Council of Europe.
  • Yampolsky, M. A., Amiot, C. E., & de la Sablonnière, R. (2016). The Multicultural Identity Integration Scale (MULTIIS): Developing a comprehensive measure for configuring one’s multiple cultural identities within the self. Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology, 22, 166–184. doi:10.1037/cdp0000043
  • Zimmermann, J., & Neyer, F. J. (2013). Do we become a different person when hitting the road? Personality development of sojourners. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 105, 515–530. doi:10.1037/a0033019

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.