Publication Cover
International Journal of Social Psychology
Revista de Psicología Social
Volume 37, 2022 - Issue 3
770
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

AMMSA-21: a revised version of the Acceptance of Modern Myths About Sexual Aggression Scale in English, German, Polish and Spanish (AMMSA-21: una versión revisada de la escala Aceptación de Mitos Modernos sobre la Agresión Sexual en inglés, alemán, polaco y español)

Pages 460-491 | Received 16 Oct 2021, Accepted 16 Mar 2022, Published online: 22 Aug 2022

References / Referencias

  • Bohner, G., Eyssel, F., & Süssenbach, P. (in press). Modern myths about sexual aggression: New methods and findings. In M. A. H. Horvath & J. M. Brown (Eds.), Rape: Challenging contemporary thinking 10 years on (2nd ed., pp. 10 years on (2nd ed., pp. 159171). Taylor & Francis/Routledge.159171). Taylor & Francis/Routledge.
  • Abrams, D., Viki, G. T. N., Masser, B., & Bohner, G. (2003). Perceptions of stranger and acquaintance rape: The role of benevolent and hostile sexism in victim blame and rape proclivity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(1), 111–125. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.84.1.111
  • Altemeyer, B. (1988). Enemies of freedom: Understanding right-wing authoritarianism. Jossey‐Bass.
  • Bohner, G. (1998). Vergewaltigungsmythen [Rape myths]. Verlag Empirische Pädagogik.
  • Bohner, G., Eyssel, F., Pina, A., Siebler, F., & Viki, G. T. (2009). Rape myth acceptance: Cognitive, affective, and behavioural effects of beliefs that blame the victim and exonerate the perpetrator. In M. A. H. Horvath & J. M. Brown (Eds.), Rape: Challenging contemporary thinking (pp. 17–45). Willan.
  • Bohner, G., & Schapansky, E. (2018). Law students’ judgments of a rape victim’s statement: The role of displays of emotion and acceptance of sexual aggression myths. International Journal of Conflict and Violence, 12, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.4119/UNIBI/ijcv.635
  • Borumandnia, N., Khadembashi, N., Tabatabaei, M., & Alavi Majd, H. (2020). The prevalence rate of sexual violence worldwide: A trend analysis. BMC Public Health, 20(1), 1835. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-09926-5
  • Brandt, M. J. (2011). Sexism and gender inequality across 57 societies. Psychological Science, 22(11), 1413–1418. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797611420445
  • Brislin, R. W. (1986). The wording and translation of research instruments. In W. J. Lonner & J. W. Berry (Eds.), Field methods in cross-cultural research (pp. 137–164). Sage.
  • Burt, M. R. (1980). Cultural myths and supports for rape. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 38(2), 217–230. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.38.2.217
  • Carvacho, H., & Manzi, J. (2017, June 29–July 2). Does social dominance orientation predict moral transgressions? A mediation model [ Paper presentation]. Annual Meeting of the International Society of Political Psychology (ISPP), Edinburgh, Scotland. https://ispp.org/meetings/2017-edinburgh/
  • Clay, L. A. (2019). The news through Facebook: Discovering the prevalence of rape myths in user comments [ Doctoral dissertation]. Nova Southeastern University. https://nsuworks.nova.edu/fse_etd/185/
  • Courtois, R., Schlegel, A., Bonhommet, J., Doineau, E., Bertsch, I., Potard, C., & Pham, T. (2021). Validation française de l’échelle de l’adhésion aux mythes modernes sur l’agression sexuelle (AMMSA) et attachement au partenaire auprès d’étudiants et d’auteurs de violence conjugale [French validation of the acceptance of modern myths about sexual aggression scale (AMMSA) and experience of close relationships with students and perpetrators of domestic violence]. L’Encéphale, 47(6), 554–563. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.encep.2020.11.010
  • Crowne, D. P., & Marlowe, D. (1960). A new scale of social desirability independent of psychopathology. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 24(4), 349–354. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0047358
  • Dilip, D., & Bates, L. (2021). Sexual violence and mental health among college students in the era of #MeToo. Violence and Gender, 8(1), 8–13. https://doi.org/10.1089/vio.2020.0033
  • Eckes, T., & Six-Materna, I. (1999). Hostilität und Benevolenz: Eine Skala zur Erfassung des ambivalenten Sexismus [Hostility and benevolence: A scale measuring ambivalent sexism]. Zeitschrift für Sozialpsychologie, 30(4), 211–228. https://doi.org/10.1024//0044-3514.30.4.211
  • European Institute for Gender Equality. (2020). Gender equality index. EIGE. https://eige.europa.eu/gender-equality-index/2020
  • Expósito, F., Moya, M. C., & Glick, P. (1998). Sexismo ambivalente: Medición y correlatos [Ambivalent sexism: Measurement and correlates]. Revista de Psicología Social, 13(2), 159–169. https://doi.org/10.1174/021347498760350641
  • Eyssel, F., Bohner, G., Süssenbach, P., & Schreiber, P. (2009). Neuentwicklung und Validierung eines szenariobasierten Verfahrens zur Erfassung der Neigung zu sexueller Aggression [Development and validation of a scenario-based measure of sexual aggression proclivity]. Diagnostica, 55(2), 117–127. https://doi.org/10.1026/0012-1924.55.2.117
  • Eyssel, F., & Bohner, G. (2011). Schema effects of rape myth acceptance on judgments of guilt and blame in rape cases: The role of perceived entitlement to judge. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 26(8), 1579–1605. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260510370593
  • Ferrando, P. J., & Chico, E. (2000). Adaptación y análisis psicométrico de la escala de deseabilidad social de Marlowe y Crowne [Adaptation and psychometric analysis of the Marlowe-Crowne social desirability scale]. Psicothema, 12(3), 383–389. https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=72712309
  • Funke, F. (2005). The dimensionality of right‐wing authoritarianism: Lessons from the dilemma between theory and measurement. Political Psychology, 26(2), 195–218. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.14679221.2005.00415.x. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.14679221.2005.00415.x
  • Gerger, H., Kley, H., Bohner, G., & Siebler, F. (2007). The acceptance of modern myths about sexual aggression (AMMSA) scale: Development and validation in German and English. Aggressive Behavior, 33(5), 422–440. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.20195
  • Glick, P., & Fiske, S. T. (1996). The ambivalent sexism inventory: Differentiating hostile and benevolent sexism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70(3), 491–512. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.70.3.491
  • Gul, P., & Schuster, I. (2020). Judgments of marital rape as a function of honor culture, masculine reputation threat, and observer gender: A cross-cultural comparison between Turkey, Germany, and the UK. Aggressive Behavior, 46(4), 341–353. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.21893
  • Hantzi, A., Lampridis, E., Tsantila, K., & Bohner, G. (2015). Validation of the Greek acceptance of modern myths about sexual aggression (AMMSA) scale: Examining its relationships with sexist and conservative political beliefs. International Journal of Conflict and Violence, 9(1), 121–133. https://doi.org/10.4119/IJCV-3072
  • Helmke, S., Kobusch, P.-R., Rees, J. H., Meyer, T., & Bohner, G. (2014). Beliefs about the Strauss-Kahn case in France and Germany: Political orientation and sexual aggression myths as local versus global predictors. International Journal of Conflict and Violence, 8(1), 171–186. https://doi.org/10.4119/ijcv-3052
  • Ho, A. K., Sidanius, J., Kteily, N., Sheehy-Skeffington, J., Pratto, F., Henkel, K. E., Foels, R., & Stewart, A. L. (2015). The nature of social dominance orientation: Theorizing and measuring preferences for intergroup inequality using the new SDO(7) scale. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 109(6), 1003–1028. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspi0000033
  • Horn, J. L. (1965). A rationale and test for the number of factors in factor analysis. Psychometrika, 30(2), 179–185. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02289447
  • Imakita, T., Kawamura, Y., Mogami, T., Saito, A., Koga, S., Okano, T., & Bohner, G. (2019). A new scale to measure dysfunctional beliefs about sexual violence: Development of a Japanese version of the acceptance of modern myths about sexual aggression scale (AMMSA). Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association, 83, 3A-025-3A–025. https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/pacjpa/83/0/83_3A-025/_article/-char/ja/
  • Jost, J. T., Glaser, J., Kruglanski, A. W., & Sulloway, F. J. (2003). Political conservatism as motivated social cognition. Psychological Bulletin, 129(3), 339–375. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.129.3.339
  • Kelly, L., & Lovett, J. (2009). Different systems, similar outcomes? Tracking attrition in reported rape cases in eleven countries. EU-Daphne, child and woman abuse studies Unit: European briefing. The European Commission. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.546.7941&rep=rep1&type=pdf
  • Khokhlova, O., & Bohner, G. (2020). A Russian version of the acceptance of modern myths about sexual aggression scale: Validation with a female online sample. Psychology in Russia: State of the Art, 13(2), 121–139. https://doi.org/10.11621/pir.2020.0209
  • Korkmaz, B. (2022). Rape myth acceptance in Turkey: Psychometric properties of the revised Turkish version of the Acceptance of Modern Myths about Sexual Aggression Scale [ Unpublished manuscript]. Department of Psychology, Uludağ University.
  • McKimmie, B. M., Masser, B. M., Nitschke, F., Lee, H., & Schuller, R. A. (2020). The impact of schemas on decision-making in cases involving allegations of sexual violence. Current Issues in Criminal Justice, 32(4), 420–439. https://doi.org/10.1080/10345329.2020.1829780
  • McMahon, S., & Farmer, G. L. (2011). An updated measure for assessing subtle rape myths. Social Work Research, 35(2), 71–81. https://doi.org/10.1093/swr/35.2.71
  • Megías, J. L., Romero-Sánchez, M., Durán, M., Moya, M., & Bohner, G. (2011). Spanish validation of the acceptance of modern myths about sexual aggression scale (AMMSA). The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 14(2), 912–925. https://doi.org/10.5209/rev_SJOP.2011.v14.n2.37
  • Meng, X. ‐., Rosenthal, R., & Rubin, D. B. (1992). Comparing correlated correlation coefficients. Psychological Bulletin, 111(1), 172–175. https://doi.org/10.1037/00332909.111.1.172. https://doi.org/10.1037/00332909.111.1.172
  • Mikołajczak, M., & Pietrzak, J. (2014). Ambivalent sexism and religion: Connected through values. Sex Roles, 70(9–10), 387–399. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-014-0379-3
  • Milesi, P., Süssenbach, P., Bohner, G., & Megías, J. L. (2020). The interplay of modern myths about sexual aggression and moral foundations in the blaming of rape victims. European Journal of Social Psychology, 50(1), 111–123. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2622
  • Musch, J., Brockhaus, R., & Bröder, A. (2002). Ein Inventar zur Erfassung von zwei Faktoren sozialer Erwünschtheit [An inventory for assessing two factors of social desirability]. Diagnostica, 48(3), 121–129. https://doi.org/10.1026/0012-1924.48.3.121
  • O’Connor, B. P. (2000). SPSS and SAS programs for determining the number of components using parallel analysis and Velicer’s MAP test. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 32(3), 396–402. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03200807
  • O’Reilly, J., Nazio, T., & Roche, J. M. (2014). Compromising conventions: Attitudes of dissonance and indifference towards full-time maternal employment in Denmark, Spain, Poland and the UK. Work, Employment and Society, 28(2), 168–188. https://doi.org/10.1177/0950017013491307
  • Paulhus, D. L. (1998). Manual for the balanced inventory of desirable responding. Multi-Health Systems.
  • Payne, D. L., Lonsway, K. A., & Fitzgerald, L. F. (1999). Rape myth acceptance: Exploration of its structure and its measurement using the Illinois Rape Myth Acceptance Scale. Journal of Research in Personality, 33(1), 27–68. https://doi.org/10.1006/jrpe.1998.2238
  • Prüfer, P., & Rexroth, M. (2005). Kognitive Interviews [Cognitive interviews] (GESIS-How-to, 15). Zentrum für Umfragen, Methoden und Analysen (ZUMA). https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-201470
  • Radkiewicz, P. (2011). Ile jest autorytaryzmu w prawicowym autorytaryzmie? Krytyka użyteczności narzędzia pomiaru [How much authoritarianism is there in right-wing authoritarianism? Critique of the usefulness of the measurement tool]. Psychologia Społeczna, 6(17), 97–112.
  • Sacks, M., Ackerman, A. R., & Shlosberg, A. (2018). Rape myths in the media: A content analysis of local newspaper reporting in the United States. Deviant Behavior, 39(9), 1237–1246. https://doi.org/10.1080/01639625.2017.1410608
  • Saldarriaga, L., Boege, R., Rees, J., Koller, C., Carvacho, H., & Bohner, G. (2017, September 4-6). German translation and validation of the SDO-7 scale. In 16th Tagung der Fachgruppe Sozialpsychologie. Paper presentation.
  • Saldarriaga, L., Rocha, C., Castro, D., Jiménez-Moya, G., Carvacho, H., & Bohner, G. (2020). Sexual violence victimization among undergraduates at a Chilean university. International Journal of Conflict and Violence, 14(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.4119/IJCV-3776
  • Sirvent Garcia Del Valle, E. (2020). Acceptability of sexual violence against women in Spain: Demographic, behavioral, and attitudinal correlates. Violence Against Women, 26(10), 1080–1100. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801219854536
  • Süssenbach, P., & Bohner, G. (2011). Acceptance of sexual aggression myths in a representative sample of German residents. Aggressive Behavior, 37(4), 374–385. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.20390
  • Süssenbach, P., Bohner, G., & Eyssel, F. (2012). Schematic influences of rape myth acceptance on visual information processing: An eye-tracking approach. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 48(3), 660–668. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2011.12.005
  • Süssenbach, P., Albrecht, S., & Bohner, G. (2017). Implicit judgments of rape cases: An experiment on the determinants and consequences of implicit evaluations in a rape case. Psychology, Crime & Law, 23(3), 291–304. https://doi.org/10.1080/1068316X.2016.1247160
  • Swim, J. K., Aikin, K. J., Hall, W. S., & Hunter, B. A. (1995). Sexism and racism: Old-fashioned and modern prejudices. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68(2), 199–214. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.68.2.199
  • Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2001). Using multivariate statistics (4th ed.). Allyn & Bacon.
  • United Nations (2020). The world’s women 2020: Trends and statistics. https://worlds-women-2020-data-undesa.hub.arcgis.com/
  • van der Bruggen, M., & Grubb, A. (2014). A review of the literature relating to rape victim blaming: An analysis of the impact of observer and victim characteristics on attribution of blame in rape cases. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 19(5), 523–531. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2014.07.008
  • Zinczuk, J., & Draheim, S. E. (2009). Represywny styl radzenia sobie z bodźcami zagrażającymi a samooszukiwanie [The repressive style of coping with threatening stimuli versus self-deception]. Czasopismo Psychologiczne, 15(1), 23–41. http://www.czasopismopsychologiczne.pl/artykul/represywny-styl-radzenia-sobie-z-bodcami-zagraajcymi-a-samooszukiwanie1,649

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.