References
- Ang, R. P., & Goh, D. H. (2010). Cyberbullying among adolescents: The role of affective and cognitive empathy, and gender. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 41(4), 387–397. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-010-0176-3
- Baldry, A. C., & Farrington, D. P. (2000). Bullies and delinquents: Personal characteristics and parental styles. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology, 10(1), 17–31. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1298(200001/02)10:1<17::AID-CASP526>3.0.CO;2-M
- Chan, H. C. O. (2019). Exploring the overlap between victimization and offending among Hong Kong adolescents. Journal of Criminal Justice, 61, 72–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2019.03.003
- Chan, H. C. O., & Chui, W. H. (2013). Social bonds and school bullying: A study of Macanese male adolescents on bullying perpetration and peer victimization. Child & Youth Care Forum, 42(6), 599–616. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10566-013-9221-2
- Chan, H. C. O., & Chui, W. H. (2015). Social bond and self-reported nonviolent and violent delinquency: A study of traditional low risk, at-risk, and adjudicated male Chinese adolescents. Child & Youth Care Forum, 44(5), 711–730. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10566-015-9303-4
- Chan, H. C. O., & Chui, W. H. (2017). The influence of low self-control on violent and nonviolent delinquencies: A study of male adolescents from two Chinese societies. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology, 28(5), 599–619. https://doi.org/10.1080/14789949.2015.1012534
- Chan, H. C. O., & Wong, D. S. W. (2015a). Traditional school bullying and cyberbullying in Chinese societies: Prevalence and a review of the whole-school intervention approach. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 23, 98–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2015.05.010
- Chan, H. C. O., & Wong, D. S. W. (2015b). The overlap between school bullying perpetration and victimization: Assessing the psychological, familial, and school factors of Chinese adolescents in Hong Kong. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 24(11), 3224–3234. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-015-0125-7
- Chan, H. C. O., & Wong, D. S. W. (2017). Coping with cyberbullying victimization: An exploratory study of Chinese adolescents in Hong Kong. International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice, 50, 71–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlcj.2017.04.003
- Chan, H. C. O., & Wong, D. S. W. (2019). Traditional school bullying and cyberbullying perpetration: Examining the psychosocial characteristics of Hong Kong male and female adolescents. Youth & Society, 51(1), 3–29. https://doi.org/10.1177/0044118X16658053
- Chang, F.-C., Chiu, C.-H., Miao, N. F., Chen, P.-H., Lee, C.-M., Chiang, J.-T., & Pan, Y. (2015). The relationship between parental mediation and Internet addiction among adolescents, and the association with cyberbullying and depression. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 57, 21–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2014.11.013
- Correia, I., & Dalbert, C. (2008). School bullying: Belief in a personal just world of bullies, victims, and defenders. European Psychologist, 13(4), 246–248. https://doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040.13.4.248
- DeHue, F., Bolman, C., & Völlink, T. (2008). Cyberbullying: Youngsters’ experiences and parental perception. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 11(2), 217–223. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2007.0008
- Fu, K. W., Chan, W. S. C., Wong, P. W. C., & Yip, P. S. F. (2010). Internet addiction: Prevalence, discriminant validity and correlates among adolescents in Hong Kong. British Journal of Psychiatry, 196(6), 486–492. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.109.075002
- Gini, G., Albiero, P., Benelli, B., & Altoe, G. (2007). Does empathy predict adolescents’ bullying and defending behavior? Aggressive Behavior, 33(5), 467–476. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.20204
- Greene, W. (1997). Econometric analysis (3rd ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
- Hinduja, S., & Patchin, J. W. (2015). Bullying beyond the schoolyard: Preventing and responding to cyberbullying (2nd ed.). Sage Publications.
- Hirschi, T. (1969). Causes of delinquency. University of California Press.
- Hoeben, E. M., Meldrum, R. C., Walker, D., & Young, J. T. (2016). The role of peer delinquency and unstructured socializing in explaining delinquency and substance use: A state-of-the-art review. Journal of Criminal Justice, 47, 108–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2016.08.001
- Hong Kong Education and Manpower Bureau. (2003). Users’ and training manual for measuring secondary students’ performance in affective and social domains. The Education & Manpower Bureau.
- Hong Kong Education and Manpower Bureau. (2010). Assessment program for affective and social outcomes (2nd version). The Education & Manpower Bureau.
- Jennings, W. G., Higgins, G. E., Tewksbury, G. A., & Piquero, A. R. (2010). A longitudinal assessment of the victim-offender overlap. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 25(12), 2147–2174. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260509354888
- Jennings, W. G., Piquero, A. R., & Reingle, J. M. (2012). On the overlap between victimization and offending: A review of the literature. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 17(1), 16–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2011.09.003
- Jolliffe, D., & Farrington, D. P. (2004). Empathy and offending: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 9(5), 441–476. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2003.03.001
- Jolliffe, D., & Farrington, D. P. (2006). Examining the role between low empathy and bullying. Aggressive Behavior, 32(6), 540–550. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.20154
- Karmen, A. (2007). Crime victims: An introduction to victimology. Wadsworth.
- Kokkinos, C. M., & Kipritsi, E. (2012). The relationship between bullying, victimization, trait emotional intelligence, self-efficacy, and empathy among preadolescents. Social Psychology of Education, 15(1), 41–58. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11218-011-9168-9
- Kowalski, R. M., Giumetti, G. W., Schroeder, A. N., & Lattanner, M. R. (2014). Bullying in the digital age: A critical review and meta-analysis of cyberbullying research among youth. Psychological Bulletin, 140(4), 1073–1137. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035618
- Kowalski, R. M., & Limber, S. E. (2013). Psychological, physical, and academic correlates of cyberbullying and traditional bullying. Journal of Adolescent Health, 53(1 Suppl), S13–S20. https://doi.org/10.1016.j.jadohealth.2012.09.018
- Lee, C., & Shin, N. (2017). Prevalence of cyberbullying and predictors of cyberbullying perpetration among Korean adolescents. Computers in Human Behavior, 68, 352–358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.11.047
- Lodge, J., & Feldman, S. S. (2007). Avoidant coping as a mediator between appearance- related victimization and self-esteem in young Australian adolescents. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 25(4), 633–642. https://doi.org/10.1348/026151007X185310
- Natvig, G. K., Albrektsen, G., & Qvarnstrom, U. (2001). School-related stress experience as a risk factor for bullying behavior. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 30(5), 561–575. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010448604838
- Overbeek, G., Zeevalkink, H., Vermulst, A., & Scholte, R. H. (2010). Peer victimization, self-esteem, and ego resilience types in adolescents: A prospective analysis of person-context interactions. Social Development, 19(2), 270–284. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9507.2008.00535.x
- Schneider, S. K., O’Donnell, L., Stueve, A., & Coulter, R. W. S. (2012). Cyberbullying, school bullying, and psychological distress: A regional census of high school students. American Journal of Public Health, 102(1), 171–177. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300308
- Schreck, C. J., Fisher, B. S., & Miller, J. M. (2004). The social context of violent victimization: A study of delinquent peer effect. Justice Quarterly, 21(1), 23–48. https://doi.org/10.1080/07418820400095731
- Steffgen, G., König, A., Pfetsch, J., & Melzer, A. (2011). Are cyberbullies less empathic? Adolescents’ cyberbullying behavior and empathic responsiveness. Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking, 14(11), 643–648. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2010.0445
- Thompson, D., Arora, T., & Sharp, S. (2002). Bullying: Effective strategies for long-term improvement. New York: Routledge.
- Vandebosch, H., & van Cleemput, K. (2009). Cyberbullying among youngsters: Profiles of bullies and victims. New Media and Society, 11(8), 1349–1371. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444809341263
- Wang, X., Lei, L., Liu, D., & Hu, H. (2016). Moderating effects of moral reasoning and gender on the relation between moral disengagement and cyberbullying in adolescents. Personality and Individual Differences, 98, 244–249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.04.056
- Wang, X., Yang, L., Yang, J., Wang, P., & Lei, L. (2017). Trait anger and cyberbullying among young adults: A moderated mediation model of moral disengagement and moral identity. Computers in Human Behavior, 73, 519–526. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.03.073
- Warden, D., & Mackinnon, S. (2003). Prosocial children, bullies, and victims: An investigation of their sociometric status, empathy, and social problem-solving strategies. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 21(3), 367–418. https://doi.org/10.1348/026151003322277757
- William, T., & Batten, M. (1981). The quality of school life. Hawthorn, Victoria: ACER.
- Wong, D. S. W., Chan, H. C. O., & Cheng, C. H. K. (2014). Cyberbullying perpetration and victimization among adolescents in Hong Kong. Children and Youth Services Review, 36(1), 133–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2013.11.006
- Wong, D. S. W., Lok, P. P., Lo, T. W., & Ma, S. K. (2008). School bullying among Hong Kong Chinese primary schoolchildren. Youth & Society, 40(1), 35–54. https://doi.org/10.1177/0044118X07310134
- Yen, C., Chou, F., W-, J., Liu, T., Ko, L., C-, H., Yang, P., & Hu, H.-F. (2014). Cyberbullying among male adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Prevalence, correlates, and association with poor mental health status. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 35(12), 3543–3553. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2014.08.035
- Yu, L., & Shek, D. T. L. (2013). Internet addiction in Hong Kong adolescents: A three-year longitudinal study. Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology, 26(3), S10–S17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpag.2013.03.010
- Zhou, Z., Tang, H., Tian, Y., Wei, H., Zhang, F., & Morrison, C. M. (2013). Cyberbullying and its risk factors among Chinese high school students. School Psychology International, 34(6), 630–647. https://doi.org/10.1177/0143034313479692
- Zsila, Á., Urbán, R., Griffiths, M. D., & Demetrovics, Z. (2019). Gender differences in the association between cyberbullying victimization and perpetration: The role of anger rumination and traditional bullying experiences. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 17(5), 1252–1267. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-018-9926-4