Reproduction of nationalist and neoliberal ideologies in Nepal’s language and literacy policies

References

• Albright, J., & Luke, A. (2008). Introduction: Renewing the cultural politics of literacy education. In J. Albright & A. Luke (Eds.), Pierre Bourdieu and literacy education (pp. 3–10). London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Anderson, B. (1991). Imagined communities: Reflections on the origin and spread of nationalism. New York, NY: Verso.
   Google Scholar
• Auerbach, E. (1992). Literacy and ideology. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 12, 71–85.
   Google Scholar
• Bandhu, C.M. (1989). The role of the Nepali language in establishing the national unity and identity of Nepal. Kailash-A Journal of Himalayan Studies, XV(3–4), 121–132.
   Google Scholar
• Bourdieu, P. (1991). Language and symbolic power. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• CBS (Census Bureau of Statistics) (2011). Nepal national living standards: Survey-III. Kathmandu: Government of Nepal.
   Google Scholar
• CBS (Central Bureau of Statistics). (2011a). Population census report. Kathmandu: Central Bureau of Statistics, Government of Nepal.
   Google Scholar
• CBS (Central Bureau of Statistics). (2011b). Nepal national living standards: Survey-III. Kathmandu: Government of Nepal.
   Google Scholar
• CERID (Research Centre for Educational Innovation and Development). (2008). Formal education in Madrasas of Nepal: A study on emerging trends and issues. Kathmandu: Tribhuvan University.
   Google Scholar
• Erling, E. J., & Seargeant, P. (Ed.). (2013). English and development: policy, pedagogy and globalization. Toronto, ON: Multilingual Matters.
   Google Scholar
• Giri, R.A. (2010). Cultural anarchism: The consequences of privileging languages in Nepal. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 31(1), 87–100.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Government of Nepal. (1994). The report of national language policy commission. Kathmandu: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Government of Nepal. (1997). The basic and primary education: Master plan. Kathmandu: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Gramsci, A. (1985). Selections from cultural writings (ed). Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gurung, H. (2006). From exclusion to inclusion: Socio-political agenda for Nepal. Lalitpur, Nepal: Social Inclusion Research Fund, SNV.
   Google Scholar
• Hasan, R. (2003). Globalization, literacy and ideology. World Englishes, 22(4), 433–448.
   Google Scholar
• Heller, M. (2010). The commodification of language. Annual Review of Anthropology, 39(1), 101–114.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heller, M., & Duchene, A. (2012). Pride and profit: Changing discourses of language, capital and nation-state. In A. Duchene & M. Heller (Eds.), Language in late capitalism: Pride and profit (pp. 1–21). New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Kadel, P. (2015). Reviewing multilingual education in Nepal. In H. Coleman (Ed.), Multilinguals and development (pp.189–204). London: British Council.
   Google Scholar
• Kubota, R. (2011). Questioning linguistic instrumentalism: English, neoliberalism, and language tests in Japan. Linguistics and Education, 22(3), 248–260.
   Google Scholar
• Kubota, R. (2016). The multi/plural turn, postcolonial theory, and neoliberal multiculturalism: Complicities and implications for applied linguistics. Applied Linguistics, 37(4), 474–494.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kubota, R. (2017). Globalization and language education in Japan. In V.D. Nelleke & S. May (Eds.), Second and foreign language education (3rd ed., pp. 287–299). Netherlands: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Liddicoat, A.J. (2008). Langauge planning for literacy: Issues and implications. Current Issues in Language Planning, 5(1), 1–17.
   Google Scholar
• Luke, A., Luke, C., & Graham, P. (2007). Globalization, corporatism, and critical language education. International Multilingual Research Journal, 1(1), 1–13.
   Google Scholar
• Maurais, J., & Morris, M.A. (2003). Introduction. In J. Maurais & M.A. Morris (Eds.), Languages in a globalizing world (pp. 1–10). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• MoE (Ministry of Education). (2007). National curriculum framework. Kathmandu: Government of Nepal.
   Google Scholar
• MoE (Ministry of Education). (2016). School sector development plan, Nepal, 2016–2023. Kathmandu: Ministry of Education, Government of Nepal.
   Google Scholar
• MoE (Ministry of Education). (2017). Education in figures 2016: At-a-glance. Kathmandu: Government of Nepal.
   Google Scholar
• MoE (Ministry of Education and Sports). (2003). Education for all national plan of action. Kathmandu: Ministry of Education and Sports.
   Google Scholar
• Morgan, B., & Ramanathan, V. (2009). Outsourcing, globalizing economics, and shifting language policies: Issues in managing Indian call centers. Language Policy, 8(1), 69–80.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NESP (National Education System Plan). (1971). National education system plan 1971–1976. Kathmandu: MOE, GON.
   Google Scholar
• NNEPC (Nepal National Education Planning Commission). (1956). Education in Nepal: Report of the Nepal education planning commission. Kathmandu: His Majesty’s Government.
   Google Scholar
• Park, J.S.Y. (2011). The promise of English: Linguistic capital and the neoliberal worker in the South Korean job market. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 14(4), 443–455.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pennycook, A. (1994). The cultural politics of English as an international language. London: Longman.
   Google Scholar
• Perry, K. H. (2012). What is literacy? --a critical overview of sociocultural perspectives. Journal of Language & Literacy Education, 8(1), 50–71.
   Google Scholar
• Phillipson, R. (2017). Myths and realities of global english. Language Policy, 16, 313–331.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pradhan, U. (2016). New languages of schooling: Ethnicity, education and equality in Nepal. HIMALAYA, the Journal of the Association for Nepal and Himalayan Studies, 36(2), 9–21.
   Google Scholar
• Provincial Policy Commission (2019). Provincial government’s policy and programs of the fiscal year 2019/2020. Janakpur, Nepal: Government of Province No. 2.
   Google Scholar
• Ramanathan, V. (2013). Language policies and (dis)citizenship: Who belongs? Who is a guest? Who is deported? Journal of Language, Identity, and Education, 12(3), 162–166.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Regmi, K.D. (2016). World Bank in Nepal’s education: Three decades of neoliberal reform. Globalisation, Societies and Education, 15(2), 188–201.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Regmi, K.D. (2019). Educational governance in Nepal: Weak governance, donor partnership and standardised assessment. A Journal of Comparative and International Education, 1–19. doi:10.1080/03057925.2019.1587704
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sah, P.K. (2020). English medium instruction in South Asian’s multilingual schools: Unpacking the dynamics of ideological orientations, policy/ practices,and democratic questions. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 1–14. doi:10.1080/13670050.2020.1718591
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sah, P.K., & Li, G. (2018). English medium instruction (EMI) as linguistic capital in Nepal: Promises and realities. International Multilingual Research Journal, 12(2), 109–123.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sah, P.K., & Upadhaya, A. (2016). Establishing the localization and indigenization of Indian English: A case study. Journal of English as an International Language, 11(2), 39–49.
   Google Scholar
• Seel, A., Yadava, Y.P., & Kadel, S. (2015). Medium of instruction and languages for education (MILE). Kathmandu: Australian Embassed.
   Google Scholar
• Sharma, B.K., & Phyak, P. (2017). Neoliberalism, linguistic commodification, and ethnolinguistic identity in multilingual Nepal. Language in Society, 46(2), 231–256.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma, G.N. (1990). The impact of education during the Rana period in Nepal. Himalayan Research Bulletin, 10(2–3), 3–7.
   Google Scholar
• Sitabkhan, Y., & DeStefano, J. (2014). Nepal early grade reading assessment (EGRA) study report. Washington, DC: USAID.
   Google Scholar
• Sonntag, S., & Cardinal, L. (2015). Introduction: State traditions and language regimes: Conceptualizing language policy choices. In L. Cardinal & S. Sonntage (Eds.), State tradition and language regimes (pp. 3–27). Montreal & Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Tollefson, J. W., & Tsui, A. B. M. (2004). The centrality of medium-of-instruction policy in socio-political processes. In J. W. Tollefson & A. B. M. Tsui (Eds.), Medium of instruction policies: Which agenda? Whose agenda? (pp. pp. 1–27). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Tsui, A., & Tollefson, J.W. (2007). Language policy, culture, and identity in Asian contexts. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Association.
   Google Scholar
• UNDP (United Nations Development Programme). (2016). Human development reports: Nepal. Retrieved from http://hdr.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/NPL
   Google Scholar
• UNESCO. (2015a). UNESCO atlas of the world’s languages in danger. Paris: UNESCO Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• UNESCO. (2015b). Education for all: National review report (2001-2-015). Kathmandu: Ministry of Education, Government of Nepal.
   Google Scholar
• United Nations. (2020). Lease developed country category: Nepal profile. Retrived from https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/least-developed-country-category-nepal.html
   Google Scholar
• Upadhaya, A., & Sah, P. K. (2019). Education, english language, and girls' development: exploring gender-responsive policies and practices in nepal. In R. Ingram (Ed.), Creating an inclusive school environment (pp. pp. 105–114). London: British Council.
   Google Scholar
• Valentin, K. (2011). Modernity, education and its alternatives: Schooling among the urban poor in Kathmandu. Globalisation, Societies and Education, 9(1), 99–113.
   Google Scholar
• Yadava, Y.P. (2007). Linguistic diversity in Nepal perspectives on language policy. A paper presented at an international seminar on “Constitutionalism and Diversity in Nepal”, Nepal: Centrer for Nepal and Asian Studies, Tribhuvan University.
   Google Scholar