White fragility and the white student abroad: using critical race theory to analyse international experiential learning

References

• Andersen, Margaret L. 2003. “Whitewashing Race: A Critical Perspective on Whiteness.” In White Out: The Continuing Significance of Racism, edited by Ashley W. Doane and Eduardo Bonilla-Silva, 21–34. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Bakan, Abigail B., and Enakshi Dua. 2014. Theorizing Anti-Racism: Linkages in Marxism and Critical Race Theories. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bell, Derrick A. 1995. “Who’s Afraid of Critical Race Theory?” University of Illinois Law Review 1995 (4): 893–910.
   Google Scholar
• Burn, Barbara B. 1980. “Study Abroad and International Exchanges.” The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 449 (1): 129–140. doi:10.1177/000271628044900111.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chesler, Mark, Melissa Peet, and Todd Sevig. 2003. “Blinded by Whiteness: The Development of White College Students’ Racial Awareness.” In White Out: The Continuing Significance of Racism, edited by Ashley W. Doane and Eduardo Bonilla-Silva, 215–230. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Coates, Rodney D. 2011. “Covert Racism: An Introduction.” In Covert Racism: Theories, Institutions, and Experiences, edited by Rodney D. Coates, 1–16. Leiden: Brill.
   Google Scholar
• Cook, Nancy. 2007. Gender, Identity, and Imperialism: Women Development Workers in Pakistan. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Crenshaw, Kimberlé, Neil Gotanda, Gary Peller, and Kendall Thomas. 1995. Critical Race Theory: The Key Writings that Formed the Movement. New York: The New Press.
   Google Scholar
• Crewe, Emma, and Priyanthi Fernando. 2006. “The Elephant in the Room: Racism in Representations, Relationships and Rituals.” Progress in Development Studies 6 (1): 40–54. doi: 10.1191/1464993406ps126oa
   Google Scholar
• Delgado, Richard, and Jean Stefancic. 2001. Critical Race Theory: An Introduction. New York: NYU Press.
   Google Scholar
• Delgado, Richard, and Jean Stefancic. 2013. Critical Race Theory: The Cutting Edge. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
   Google Scholar
• DiAngelo, Robin. 2011. “White Fragility.” International Journal of Critical Pedagogy 3 (3): 54–70.
   Google Scholar
• DiAngelo, Robin. 2015. “White Fragility: Why It’s So Hard to Talk to White People About Racism,” The Good Men Project, April 9. https://goodmenproject.com/featured-content/white-fragility-why-its-so-hard-to-talk-to-white-people-about-racism-twlm/.
   Google Scholar
• Drolet, Julie. 2014. “Getting Prepared for International Experiential Learning: An Ethical Imperative.” In Globetrotting or Global Citizenship? Perils and Potential of International Experiential Learning, edited by Rebecca Tiessen and Robert Huish, 185–197. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
   Google Scholar
• Espinoza, Leslie G., and Angela P. Harris. 2013. “Embracing the Tar Baby: Lat-Crit Theory and the Sticky Mess of Race.” In Critical Race Theory: The Cutting Edge, 3rd ed., edited by Richard Delgado and Jean Stefancic, 567–573. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Evans, Monica J. 2013. “Stealing Away: Black Women, Outlaw Culture, and the Rhetoric of Rights.” In Critical Race Theory: The Cutting Edge, 3rd ed., edited by Richard Delgado and Jean Stefancic, 647–658. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Fizzle, Kathryn, and Marc Epprecht. 2014. “Secondary School Experiential Learning Programs in the Global South: Critical Reflections from an Ontario Study.” In Globetrotting or Global Citizenship? Perils and Potential of International Experiential Learning, edited by Rebecca Tiessen and Robert Huish, 112–139. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
   Google Scholar
• Frankenberg, Ruth. 1993. White Women, Race Matters: The Social Construction of Whiteness. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gammonley, Denise. 2008. “Enhancing Global Understanding with Study Abroad: Ethically Grounded Approaches to International Learning.” Journal of Teaching in Social Work 27 (3–4): 115–135. doi: 10.1300/J067v27n03_08
   Google Scholar
• Georgeou, Nichole. 2012. Neoliberalism, Development and Aid Volunteering. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Goudge, Paulette. 2003. The Whiteness of Power: Racism in Third World Development and Aid. London: Lawrence and Wishart.
   Google Scholar
• Heron, Barbara. 2007. Desire for Development: Whiteness, Gender, and the Helping Imperative. Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier University Press.
   Google Scholar
• hooks, bell. 2003. Teaching Community: A Pedagogy of Hope. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Huish, Robert. 2014. “Would Flexner Close the Doors on This? The Ethical Dilemmas of International Health Electives in Medical Education.” In Globetrotting or Global Citizenship? Perils and Potential of International Experiential Learning, edited by Rebecca Tiessen and Robert Huish, 161–184. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
   Google Scholar
• Illich, Ivan. 1968. “To Hell with Good Intentions.” Address to the Conference on InterAmerican Student Projects (CIASP) in Cuernavaca, Mexico. http://www.swaraj.org/shikshantar/illich_hell.htm.
   Google Scholar
• Kothari, Uma. 2006a. “An Agenda for Thinking about ‘Race’ in Development.” Progress in Development Studies 6 (1): 9–23. doi: 10.1191/1464993406ps124oa
   Google Scholar
• Kothari, Uma. 2006b. “Critiquing ‘Race’ and Racism in Development Discourse and Practice.” Progress in Development Studies 6 (1): 1–7. doi: 10.1191/1464993406ps123ed
   Google Scholar
• Lopez, Gerardo R. 2003. “The (Racially Neutral) Politics of Education: A Critical Race Theory Perspective.” Educational Administration Quarterly 39 (1): 68–94. doi: 10.1177/0013161X02239761
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McIntosh, Peggy. 1990. “White Privilege: Unpacking the Invisible Knapsack.” Independent School 49: 31–36.
   Google Scholar
• Power, Marcus. 2006. “Anti-racism, Deconstruction and ‘Overdevelopment’.” Progress in Development Studies 6 (1): 24–39. doi: 10.1191/1464993406ps125oa
   Google Scholar
• Razack, Narda. 2009. “Decolonizing the Pedagogy and Practice of International Social Work.” International Social Work 52 (1): 9–21. doi: 10.1177/0020872808097748
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson, Russell K. 2013. “Racing the Closet.” In Critical Race Theory: The Cutting Edge, 3rd ed., edited by Richard Delgado and Jean Stefancic, 438–452. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Roddick, Manda Ann. 2014. “Youth Volunteer Stories About International Development: Challenges of Public Engagement Campaigns.” In Globetrotting or Global Citizenship? Perils and Potential of International Experiential Learning, edited by Rebecca Tiessen and Robert Huish, 258–279. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
   Google Scholar
• Simpson, Kate. 2004. “‘Doing Development’: The Gap Year, Volunteer-Tourists and a Popular Practice of Development.” Journal of International Development 16: 681–692. doi: 10.1002/jid.1120
   Google Scholar
• Thomas, Lahoma, and Uppala Chandrasekera. 2014. “Uncovering What Lies Beneath: An Examination of Power, Privilege, and Racialization in International Social Work.” In Globetrotting or Global Citizenship? Perils and Potential of International Experiential Learning, edited by Rebecca Tiessen and Robert Huish, 90–111. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
   Google Scholar
• Tiessen, Rebecca, and Barbara Heron. 2012. “Volunteering in the Developing World: The Perceived Impacts of Canadian Youth.” Development in Practice 22 (1): 44–56. doi: 10.1080/09614524.2012.630982
   Google Scholar
• Tiessen, Rebecca, and Robert Huish. 2014. Globetrotting or Global Citizenship? Perils and Potential of International Experiential Learning. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
   Google Scholar
• Tiessen, Rebecca, and Paritosh Kumar. 2013. “Ethical Challenges Encountered on Learning/Volunteer Abroad Programmes for Students in International Development Studies in Canada: Youth Perspectives and Educator Insights.” Canadian Journal of Development Studies 34 (3): 416–430. doi: 10.1080/02255189.2013.814564
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Travers, Stacie. 2014. “Getting the Most Out of Studying Abroad: Ways to Maximize Learning in Short-Term Study Trips.” In Globetrotting or Global Citizenship? Perils and Potential of International Experiential Learning, edited by Rebecca Tiessen and Robert Huish, 198–208. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
   Google Scholar
• Vrasti, Wanda. 2013. Volunteer Tourism in the Global South: Giving Back in Neoliberal Times. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Wesby, Maya. 2015. “The Exploitative Selfishness of Volunteering Abroad.” Newsweek, August 18. http://www.newsweek.com/exploitative-selfishness-volunteering-abroad-363768.
   Google Scholar
• White, Sarah. 2002. “Thinking Race, Thinking Development.” Third World Quarterly 23: 407–419. doi: 10.1080/01436590220138358
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Interviews
   Google Scholar
• Respondent 2, interview in Mysore, 15 June 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Respondent 3, interview in Mysore, 30 June 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Respondent 4, interview in Mysore, 30 June 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Respondent 5, interview in Mysore, 1 July 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Respondent 6, interview in Mysore, 13 June 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Respondent 7, interview in Mysore, 1 July 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Respondent 12, interview in Mysore, 15 June 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Respondent 13, interview in Mysore, 17 June 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Respondent 14, interview in Mysore, 18 June 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Respondent 15, interview in Mysore, 18 June 2015.
   Google Scholar