References
- Abuoga , J.B. and Mutere , A.A. 1988 . The history of the press in Kenya , Nairobi : ACCE .
- Ainslie , R. 1966 . The press in Africa: Communications past and present , London : Gollancz .
- Altschull , J.H. 1995 . Agents of power: The media and public policy, second edition , New York : Longman .
- BBC World Service Trust . 2006 . African media development initiative , London : BBC WST .
- Berger , G. 2002 . Theorizing the media – democracy relationships in southern Africa . International Communication Gazette , 64 ( 1 ) : 21 – 45 .
- Berger , G. 2007 . Africa media development initiative , Johannesburg : BBC World Trust Service .
- Blankenberg , N. 1999 . In search of a real freedom: Ubuntu and the media . Critical Arts , 13 ( 2 ) : 42 – 65 .
- Bourgault , L.M. 1995 . Mass media in sub-Saharan Africa , Bloomington, Indiana : Indiana University Press .
- Christians , C.G. 2004 . Ubuntu and communitarianism in media ethics . Ecquid Novi , 25 ( 2 ) : 235 – 256 .
- Christians , C.G. , Glasser , T. , McQuail , D. , Nordenstreng , K. and White , R.A. 2009 . Normative theories of the media: Journalism in democratic societies , Urbana : University of Illinois Press .
- De Beer , A.S. , Kasoma , F.P. , Megwa , E.R. and Steyn , E. 1995 . “ Sub-Saharan Africa ” . In Global journalism: Survey of international communication , third edition , Edited by: Merril , J.C. New York : Longman .
- Fackler , M. Obonyo , L. Terpstra M. E. Okaalet 2009 . Media and post-election violence in Kenya . Paper presented at the National Communication Association Convention in Chicago, 12–15 November .
- Faringer , G.L. 1991 . Press freedom in Africa , New York : Praeger .
- Fourie , P.J. 2006 . Moral philosophy as a threat to freedom of expression: From Christian-Nationalism to ubuntuism as a normative framework for media regulation and practice in South Africa Paper presented at the International Association for Mass Communication Research, the American University, Cairo, Egypt .
- Freedom House . 2008 . Freedom of the press – Kenya . http://www.freedomhouse.org/inc/content/pubs/pfs/inc_country_detail.cfm?country=7422&year=2008&pf (accessed 21 September 2009) .
- Hachten , W.A. 1969 . Four types of newspapers . Africa Today , 16 ( 3 ) : 7 – 8 .
- Hachten , W.A. 1971 . Muffled drums: The news media in Africa , Ames : Iowa State University Press .
- Hachten , W.A. 1993 . The growth of media in the Third World: African failures, Asian successes , Ames : Iowa State University Press .
- James , S.L. 1990 . Development of indigenous journalism and broadcast formats: Curricular implications for communication studies in Africa . Africa Media Review , 4 ( 1 ) : 1 – 14 .
- Kitchen , H. 1956 . The press in Africa Washington, DC Ruth Sloan Associates
- Mak'Ochieng , M. 1996 . The African and Kenyan media as the political public sphere . Communicatio , 22 ( 2 ) : 23 – 32 .
- Mazrui , A. 2007 . Pan-Africanism, democracy and leadership in Africa: The continuing legacy for the new millenium http://igcs.binghamton.edu/igcs_site/dirton6.html (accessed 21 September 2009) .
- Mbiti , J.S. 1969 . African religions and philosophy , Oxford : Heinemann .
- Nerone , J.C. . 1995 . Last rights: Revisiting four theories of the press . Urbana : University of Illinois Press .
- Nordenstreng , K. 1997 . “ Beyond the four theories of the press ” . In Media and politics in transition: Cultural identity in the age of globalization , Edited by: Servaes , J. and Lie , R. Amersfoort : Uitgeverij Acco .
- Ochieng , P. 1992 . I accuse the press: An insider's view of the media and politics in Africa , Nairobi : Initiatives Publishers .
- Ole-Ronkei , M. 1995 . Emerging communication strategies in the press-church alliance in Kenyan politics . Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Oregon .
- Opiyo , B.A. 1995 . The press and Kenyan politics: A study of news-making in a newly democratic state . Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Iowa .
- Passin , H. 1963 . “ Writer and journalist in the transitional society ” . In Communication and political development , Edited by: Pye , L. Princeton, NJ : Princeton University Press .
- Rambaud , B. 2008 . “ Caught between information and condemnation: The Kenyan media and the electoral campaigns of December 2007 ” . In The general elections in Kenya , Edited by: Lafargue , J. Nairobi : IFRA .
- Ramose , M.B. 2002 . “ The philosophy of ubuntu and ubuntu as a philosophy ” . In Philosophy from Africa , second edition , Edited by: Coetzee , P.H. and Roux , A.P.J. Oxford : Oxford University Press .
- Schramm , W. and Ruggels , W.L. 1967 . “ How mass media systems grow ” . In Communication and change in the developing countries , Edited by: Lerner , D. and Schramm , W. 57 – 75 . Honolulu : East-West Center .
- Scotton , J.F. 1972 . Growth of the vernacular press in colonial East Africa: Patterns of government control . Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Wisconsin .
- Shaw , I.S. 2009 . Towards an African journalism model: A critical historical perspective . The International Communication Gazette , 71 ( 6 ) : 491 – 510 .
- Shepperson , A. and Tomaselli , K.G. 2009 . Media: Political, cultural and theoretical trajectories in the global environment . The International Communication Gazette , 71 ( 6 ) : 473 – 489 .
- Siebert , F.S. , Peterson , T. and Schramm , W. 1956 . Four theories of the press , Chicago : University of Illinois Press .
- Uche , L.U. 1991 . Ideology, theory and professionalism in the African mass media . Africa Media Review , 5 ( 1 ) : 1 – 16 .