References
- Ayalew, Y. E. 2019. “The Internet Shutdown Muzzle(s) Freedom of Expression in Ethiopia: Competing Narratives.” Information and Communications Technology Law 28 (2): 208–224. https://doi.org/10.1080/13600834.2019.1619906
- Bradshaw, S., and P. N. Howard. 2017. “Troops, Trolls and Troublemakers: A Global Inventory of Organized Social Media Manipulation. Computational Propaganda Research Project.” University of Oxford. Working Paper No. 12. Accessed November 21, 2020. https://comprop.oii.ox.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/sites/89/2017/07/Troops-Trolls-and-Troublemakers.pdf
- Chadwick, A., and C. Vaccari. 2019. “News Sharing on UK Social Media: Misinformation, Disinformation, and Correction.” Accessed November 21, 2020. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/News-sharing-on-UK-social-media%3A-misinformation%2C-Chadwick-Vaccari/0069f479310e0512012616248e13469ccce2929b?p2df
- Derakhshan, H., and C. Wardle. 2017. “Ban the Term ‘Fake News’.” CNN. Accessed November 21, 2020. https://edition.cnn.com/2017/11/26/opinions/fake-news-and-disinformation-opinion-wardle-derakhshan/index.html
- Howard, P. N., and S. Bradshaw. 2018. “The Global Organization of Social Media Disinformation Campaigns.” Journal of International Affairs 71 (1.5): 23–32.
- Mamdani, M. 1996. Citizen and Subject: Contemporary Africa and the Legacy of Late Colonialism. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
- Mare, A. 2020a. “Internet Shutdowns in Africa: State-Ordered Internet Shutdowns and Digital Authoritarianism in Zimbabwe.” International Journal of Communication 14: 4244–4263.
- Mare, A. 2020b. “Sites of Manufacturing Consent or Resistance? Post-2000 Media and Political Contestation in Zimbabwe.” In The Oxford Handbook of Zimbabwean Politics, edited by M. Tendi, J. McGregor and J. Alexander. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198805472.013.7
- Mare, A., H. M. Mabweazara, and D. Moyo. 2019. “‘Fake News’ and Cyber-Propaganda in Sub-Saharan Africa: Recentering the Research Agenda.” African Journalism Studies 40 (4): 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1080/23743670.2020.1788295
- Moyo, D. 2009. “Citizen Journalism and the Parallel Market of Information in Zimbabwe’s 2008 Election.” Journalism Studies 10 (4): 551–567. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616700902797291
- Tsfati, Y., H. G. Boomgaarden, J. Strömbäck, R. Vliegenthart, A. Damstra, and E. Lindgren. 2020. “Causes and Consequences of Mainstream Media Dissemination of Fake News: Literature Review and Synthesis.” Annals of the International Communication Association 44 (2): 157–173. https://doi.org/10.1080/23808985.2020.1759443
- Wasserman, H., and D. Madrid-Morales. 2019. “An Exploratory Study of ‘Fake News’ and Media Trust in Kenya, Nigeria and South Africa.” African Journalism Studies 40 (1): 107–123. https://doi.org/10.1080/23743670.2019.1627230