Water conservation through trade: the case of Kenya

References

• Aldaya, M. M., Garrido, A., Llamas, M. R., Varela-Ortega, C., Novo, P., & Casado, R. R. (2010). Water footrpint and virtual water trade in Spain. In A. Garrido & M. R. Llamas (Eds.), Water policy in Spain (pp. 49–59). Leiden, The Netherlands: CRC Press.
   Google Scholar
• Allan, T. (1999). Productive efficiency and allocative efficiency: Why better water management may not solve the problem. Agricultural Water Management, 40(1), 71–75. doi:10.1016/S0378-3774(98)00106-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allan, J. A. (2003). Virtual water - the water, food, and trade nexus. Useful concept or misleading metaphor? Water International, 28(1), 106–113. doi:10.1080/02508060.2003.9724812
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ariga, J., Jayne, T. S., & Nyoro, J. (2006). Factors driving the growth in fertilizer consumption in Kenya, 1990-2005: Sustaining the momentum in Kenya and lessons for broader replicability in Sub-Saharan Africa. Tegemeo Working Paper 24 No. 24, Nairobi, Kenay. Tegemeo Institute of Agricultural Policy and Development, Egerton University.
   Google Scholar
• Bulsink, F., Hoekstra, A. Y., & Booij, M. J. (2010). The water footprint of Indonesian provinces related to the consumption of crop products. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 14(1), 119–128. doi:10.5194/hess-14-119-2010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chapagain, A. K., Hoekstra, A. Y., & Savenije, H. H. G. (2006). Water saving through international trade of agricultural products. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 10(3), 455–468. doi:10.5194/hess-10-455-2006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chapagain, A. K., & Orr, S. (2008). UK Water Footprint: The impact of the UK’s food and fibre consumption on global water resources. Godalming, UK: WWF-UK.
   Google Scholar
• De Fraiture, C., Cai, X., Amarasinghe, U., Rosegrant, M., & Molden, D. (2004). Does international cereal trade save water? The impact of virtual water trade on global water use. Comprehensive Assessment Research Report, Colombo, Sri Lanka. IWMI.
   Google Scholar
• Dinar, A. (1998). Water policy reforms: Information needs and implementation obstacles. Water Policy, 1(4), 367–382. doi:10.1016/S1366-7017(99)00005-7
   Google Scholar
• EPZA. (2005). Tea and coffee industry in Kenya. Nairobi, Kenya: Export Processing Zones Authority.
   Google Scholar
• Ercin, A. E., Mekonnen, M. M., & Hoekstra, A. Y. (2013). Sustainability of national consumption from a water resources perspective: The case study for France. Ecological Economics, 88, 133–147. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2013.01.015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falkenmark, M., Berntell, A., Jägerskog, A., Lundqvist, J., Matz, M., & Tropp, H. (2007). On the verge of a new water scarcity: A call for good governance and human ingenuity SIWI Policy Brief. Stockholm, Sweden: Stockholm International Water Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Falkenmark, M., & Rockström, J. (2004). Balancing water for humans and nature: The new approach in ecohydrology. London, UK: Earthscan.
   Google Scholar
• Falkenmark, M., Rockström, J., & Karlberg, L. (2009). Present and future water requirements for feeding humanity. Food Security, 1(1), 59–69. doi:10.1007/s12571-008-0003-x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FAO (2005). Irrigation in Africa in figures, AQUASTAT Survey 2005. FAO Water Reports No. 29, Rome, Italy. Food and Agriculture Organization.
   Google Scholar
• FAO (2010). FAOSTAT on-line database. Rome, Italy, Food and Agriculture Organization, Retrived from http://faostat.fao.org (Last accessed: 4 March 2010).
   Google Scholar
• Garrido, A., Llamas, M. R., Varela-Ortega, C., Novo, P., Rodriguez-Casado, R., & Aldaya, M. M. (2010). Water Footprint and virtual water trade in Spain. New York, USA: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Gleick, P. H. (1998). Water in crisis: Paths to sustainable water use. Ecological Applications, 8(3), 571–579. doi:10.1890/1051-0761(1998)008[0571:WICPTS]2.0.CO;2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GoK. (2007). Vision 2030: A competitive and prosperous Kenya. Nairobi, Kenya: Government of the Republic of Kenya.
   Google Scholar
• Hoekstra, A. Y. (2003). Virtual water trade: Proceedings of the International Expert Meeting on Virtual Water Trade, Delft, the Netherlands, 12–13 December 2002. Value of Water Research Report Series No. 12, Delft, the Netherlands. UNESCO-IHE.
   Google Scholar
• Hoekstra, A. Y., & Chapagain, A. K. (2007a). The water footprints of Morocco and the Netherlands: Global water use as a result of domestic consumption of agricultural commodities. Ecological Economics, 64, 143–151. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2007.02.023
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoekstra, A. Y., & Chapagain, A. K. (2007b). Water footprints of nations: Water use by people as a function of their consumption pattern. Water Resources Management, 21(1), 35–48. doi:10.1007/s11269-006-9039-x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoekstra, A. Y., & Chapagain, A. K. (2008). Globalization of water: Sharing the planet’s freshwater resources. Oxford, UK: Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Hoekstra, A. Y., Chapagain, A. K., Aldaya, M. M., & Mekonnen, M. M. (2011). The water footprint assessment manual: Setting the global standard. London, UK: Earthscan.
   Google Scholar
• Hoekstra, A. Y., & Hung, P. Q. (2005). Globalisation of water resources: International virtual water flows in relation to crop trade. Global Environmental Change Part A, 15(1), 45–56. doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2004.06.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoekstra, A. Y., & Mekonnen, M. M. (2012). The water footprint of humanity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109(9), 3232–3237. doi:10.1073/pnas.1109936109
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ITC. (2007). SITA version 1996–2005 in SITC, [DVD-ROM). Geneva, Switzerland: International Trade Centre.
   Google Scholar
• Kampman, D. A., Hoekstra, A. Y., & Krol, M. S. (2008). The water footprint of India Value of Water Research Report Series No. 32, Delft, the Netherlands. UNESCO-IHE.
   Google Scholar
• Keller, A. A., & Keller, J. (1995). Effective Efficiency: A Water Use Efficiency Concept for Allocating Freshwater Resources. Discussion Paper No. 22, Arlington, USA. Centre for Economic Policy Studies, Winrock International.
   Google Scholar
• Konar, M., Dalin, C., Hanasaki, N., Rinaldo, A., & Rodriguez-Iturbe, I. (2012). Temporal dynamics of blue and green virtual water trade networks. Water Resources Research, 48(7), W07509. doi:10.1029/2012WR011959
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, J., & Savenije, H. H. G. (2008). Food consumption patterns and their effect on water requirement in China. Hydrology Earth System Sciences, 12(3), 887–898. doi:10.5194/hess-12-887-2008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma, J., Hoekstra, A. Y., Wang, H., Chapagain, A. K., & Wang, D. (2006). Virtual versus real water transfers within China. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences, 361(1469), 835–842. doi:10.1098/rstb.2005.1644
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mekonnen, M. M., & Hoekstra, A. Y. (2011). The green, blue and grey water footprint of crops and derived crop products. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 15(5), 1577–1600. doi:10.5194/hess-15-1577-2011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mekonnen, M., Hoekstra, A., & Becht, R. (2012). Mitigating the water footprint of export cut flowers from the Lake Naivasha Basin, Kenya. Water Resources Management, 26(13), 3725–3742. doi:10.1007/s11269-012-0099-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mogaka, H., Gichere, S., Davis, R., & Hirji, R. (2006). Climate variability and water resources degradation in Kenya: Improving water resources development and management. World Bank Working Paper No. 69, Washington, D.C., USA. World Bank.
   Google Scholar
• Monfreda, C., Ramankutty, N., & Foley, J. A. (2008). Farming the planet: 2. Geographic distribution of crop areas, yields, physiological types, and net primary production in the year 2000. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 22(1), GB1022. doi:10.1029/2007GB002947
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nyoro, J. K., Wanzala, M., & Awour, T. (2001). Increasing Kenya’s agricultural competitiveness: farm level issues. Tegemeo Working Paper No. 4, Nairobi, Kenya. Tegemeo Institute of Agricultural Policy and Development. Egerton University.
   Google Scholar
• Ohlsson, L., & Appelgren, B. (1998). Water and social resource scarcity: Alternative socially based approaches to assessment and management of water scarcity. The Water Page, Retrived from http://www.africanwater.org/SoicalResourceScarcity.htm, (Last accessed: 1 April 2010).
   Google Scholar
• Oki, T., & Kanae, S. (2004). Virtual water trade and world water resources. Water Science and Technology, 49(7), 203–209.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Owuor, P. O. (1998). Determinants of agricultural productivity in Kenya. Kenya Agricultural Marketing and Policy Analysis Project. Nairobi, Kenya & Michigan, USA. Tegemeo Institute of Agricultural Policy and Development, Egerton University & Agricultural Research Institute, Michigan State University.
   Google Scholar
• Postel, S. L. (2000). Entering an era of water scarcity: The challenges ahead. Ecological Applications, 10(4), 941–948. doi:10.1890/1051-0761(2000)010[0941:EAEOWS]2.0.CO;2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seckler, D., Molden, D., & Sakthivadivel, R. (2003). The concept of efficiency in water resources management and policy. In J. W. Kijne, R. Barker & D. Molden (Eds.), Water productivity in agriculture: Limits and opportunities for improvement (pp. 37–51). Wallingford, UK: CAB International.
   Google Scholar
• Sonnenberg, A., Chapagain, A., Geiger, M., & August, D. (2009). Der Wasser-Fußabdruck Deutschlands: Woher stammt das Wasser, das in unseren Lebensmitteln steckt? Frankfurt, Germany: WWF Deutschland.
   Google Scholar
• Turton, A. R., & Ohlsson, L. (1999).Water scarcity and social stability: towards a deeper understanding of the key concepts needed to manage water scarcity in developing countries. 9th Stockholm Water SymposiumStockholm, Sweden.
   Google Scholar
• UN. (2011). World population prospects: The 2010 revision. New York, NY: Population Division, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations.
   Google Scholar
• UNEP. (2006). Africa environment outlook-2: Our environment, our wealth. Nairobi, Kenya: United Nations Environment Programme.
   Google Scholar
• UNSD (2010). Nationals accounts main aggregates database. UN Statistic Division, Retrived from http://unstats.un.org/unsd/snaama/selectionbasicFast.asp, (Last accessed: 20 May 2010).
   Google Scholar
• van Oel, P. R., Mekonnen, M. M., & Hoekstra, A. Y. (2009). The external water footprint of the Netherlands: Geographically-explicit quantification and impact assessment. Ecological Economics, 69(1), 82–92. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.07.014
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verma, S., Kampman, D. A., van der Zaag, P., & Hoekstra, A. Y. (2009). Going against the flow: A critical analysis of inter-state virtual water trade in the context of India’s National River Linking Program. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C, 34(4–5), 261–269. doi:10.1016/j.pce.2008.05.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wallace, J. S., & Gregory, P. J. (2002). Water resources and their use in food production systems. Aquatic Sciences, 64(4), 363–375. doi:10.1007/PL00012592
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong, C., Roy, M., & Duraiappah, A. K. (2005). Connecting poverty and ecosystem services: A series of seven country scoping studies, focuses on Kenya Nairobi. Kenya: UNEP and IISD.
   Google Scholar
• WRI. (2007). Nature’s benefits in Kenya: An atlas of ecosystems and human well-being. Washington, D.C. USA: World Resources Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Yang, H., Wang, L., Abbaspour, K. C., & Zehnder, J. B. (2006). Virtual water trade: An assessment of water use efficiency in the international food trade. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 10, 443–454. doi:10.5194/hess-10-443-2006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar