COVID-19 and Beyond: understanding travel risk perception as a process

References

• Adam, I. (2015). Backpackers’ risk perceptions and risk reduction strategies in Ghana. Tourism Management, 49, 99–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2015.02.016
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aliperti, G., & Cruz, A. M. (2019). Investigating tourists’ risk information processing. Annals of Tourism Research, 79, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2019.102803
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allan, S., Anderson, A., & Petersen, A. (2010). Framing risk: Nanotechnologies in the news. Journal of Risk Research, 13(1), 29–44. https://doi.org/10.1080/13669870903135847
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Austen, L. (2009). The social construction of risk by young people. Health, Risk & Society, 11(5), 451–470. https://doi.org/10.1080/13698570903183871
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avraham, E., & Ketter, E. (2008). Media strategies for marketing places in crisis: Improving the image of cities, countries, and tourist destinations. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Bae, S. Y., & Chang, P.-J. (2020). The effect of coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) risk perception on behavioural intention towards ‘untact’ tourism in South Korea during the first wave of the pandemic (March 2020). Current Issues in Tourism, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2020.1798895
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barker, M., Page, S. J., & Meyer, D. (2003). Urban visitor perceptions of safety during a special event. Journal of Travel Research, 41(4), 355–361. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287503041004004
   Google Scholar
• Beirman, D. (2002). Marketing of tourism destinations during a prolonged crisis: Israel and the Middle East. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 8(2), 167–176. https://doi.org/10.1177/135676670200800206
   Google Scholar
• Benoit, W. L. (1997). Image restoration discourse and crisis communication. In P. Dan, L. Millar, & R. Heath (Eds.), Responding to crisis: A rhetorical approach to crisis communication (pp. 263–280). Lawrence Elbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Breckenridge, J. N., Zimbardo, P. G., & Sweeton, J. L. (2010). After years of media coverage, can one more video report trigger heuristic judgement? A national study of American terrorism risk perceptions. Behavioral Sciences of Terrorism and Political Aggression, 2(3), 163–178. https://doi.org/10.1080/19434471003768826
   Google Scholar
• Bremmer, I. (June 12, 2020). The best global responses to COVID-19 pandemic. Time. https://time.com/5851633/best-global-responses-COVID-19/.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, C. B. (2015). Tourism, crime and risk perception: An examination of broadcast media's framing of negative Aruban sentiment in the Natalee Holloway case and its impact on tourism demand. Tourism Management Perspectives, 16, 266–277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2014.12.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brun, W. (1992). Cognitive components in risk perception: Natural versus manmade risks. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 5(2), 117–132. https://doi.org/10.1002/bdm.3960050204
   Google Scholar
• Brun, W., Wolff, K., & Larsen, S. (2011). Tourist worries after terrorist attacks: Report from a field experiment. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 13(1), 387–394. https://doi.org/10.1080/15022250.2011.593365
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buzinde, C. N., & Santos, C. A. (2008). Representations of slavery. Annals of Tourism Research, 35(2), 469–488. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2008.01.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byzalov, D., & Shachar, R. (2004). The risk reduction role of advertising. Quantitative Marketing and Economics, 2(4), 283–320. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11129-004-0153-x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell, M. C., & Goodstein, R. C. (2001). The moderating effect of perceived risk on consumers’ evaluations of product incongruity: Preference for the norm. The Journal of Consumer Research, 28(3), 439–449. https://doi.org/10.1086/323731
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chew, E. Y. T., & Jahari, S. A. (2014). Destination image as a mediator between perceived risk and revisit intention: A case of post-disaster Japan. Tourism Management, 40, 382–393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2013.07.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, E. (2011). Tourism and land grab in the aftermath of the Indian Ocean tsunami. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 11(3), 224–236. https://doi.org/10.1080/15022250.2011.593359
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conchar, M. P., Zinkhan, G. M., Peters, C., & Olavarrieta, S. (2004). An integrated framework of the conceptualization of consumers’ perceived-risk processing. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 32(4), 418–436. https://doi.org/10.1177/0092070304267551
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coombs, W. T. (2019). Ongoing crisis communication (5th ed). Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Cornelissen, J. (2017). Editor’s comments: Developing propositions, a process model, or a typology? Addressing the challenges of writing theory without a boilerplate. Academy of Management Review, 42(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2016.0196
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daye, M. (2014). Framing tourist risk in UK press accounts of Hurricane Ivan. Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, 10(3), 186–198. https://doi.org/10.1057/pb.2014.19
   Google Scholar
• De Vries, M. S. (2004). Framing crises: Response patterns to explosions in fireworks factories. Administration & Society, 36(5), 594–614. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095399704268622
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Douglas, M., & Wildavsky, A. (1982). How can we know the risks we face? Why risk selection is a social process. Risk Analysis, 2(2), 49–58. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.1982.tb01365.x
   Google Scholar
• Evans, N., & Elphick, S. (2005). Models of crisis management: An evaluation of their value for strategic planning in the international travel industry. International Journal of Tourism Research, 7(3), 135–150. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.527
   Google Scholar
• Farajat, S. A., Liu, B., & Pennington-Gray, L. (2017). Addressing travel writers’ role as risk brokers: The case of Jordan. Journal of Policy Research in Tourism, Leisure and Events, 9(1), 23–39. https://doi.org/10.1080/19407963.2016.1231194
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faulkner, B. (2001). Towards a framework for tourism disaster management. Tourism Management, 22(2), 135–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(00)00048-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferreira, S. L. (1999). Crime: A threat to tourism in South Africa. Tourism Geographies, 1(3), 313–324. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616689908721324
   Google Scholar
• Fleischer, A., & Buccola, S. (2002). War, terror, and the tourism market in Israel. Applied Economics, 34(11), 1335–1343. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036840110099252
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fong, L. H. N., Law, R., & Ye, B. H. (2020). Outlook of tourism recovery amid an epidemic: Importance of outbreak control by the government. Annals of Tourism Research, 86, 102951. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2020.102951
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foroudi, P., Tabaghdehi, S. A. H., & Marvi, R. (2021). The gloom of the COVID-19 shock in the hospitality industry: A study of consumer risk perception and adaptive belief in the dark cloud of a pandemic. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 92, 102717. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2020.102717
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuchs, G. (2013). Low versus high sensation-seeking tourists: A study of backpackers’ experience risk perception. International Journal of Tourism Research, 15(1), 81–92. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.878
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuchs, G., & Reichel, A. (2004). Cultural differences in tourist destination risk perception: An exploratory study. Tourism (Zagreb), 52(1), 21–37.
   Google Scholar
• Fuchs, G., & Reichel, A. (2006). Tourist destination risk perception: The case of Israel. Journal of Hospitality & Leisure Marketing, 14(2), 83–108. https://doi.org/10.1300/J150v14n02_06
   Google Scholar
• Fuchs, G., & Reichel, A. (2011). An exploratory inquiry into destination risk perceptions and risk reduction strategies of first-time vs. repeat visitors of a highly volatile destination. Tourism Management, 32(2), 266–276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2010.01.012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• George, R. (2003). Tourist’s perceptions of safety and security while visiting Cape Town. Tourism Management, 24(5), 575–585. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(03)00003-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• George, R. (2010). Visitor perceptions of crime-safety and attitudes towards risk: The case of table mountain National Park, Cape Town. Tourism Management, 31(6), 806–815. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2009.08.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gjerald, O., & Lyngstad, H. (2015). Service risk perceptions and risk management strategies in business-to-business tourism partnerships. Tourism Management Perspectives, 13, 7–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2014.10.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glaesser, D. (2006). Crisis management in the tourism industry. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Goffman, E. (1974). Frame analysis: An essay on the organization of experience. Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gray, J. M., & Wilson, M. A. (2009). The relative risk perception of travel hazards. Environment and Behaviour, 41(2), 185–204. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916507311898
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henderson, K. A. (2011). Post-positivism and the pragmatics of leisure research. Leisure Sciences, 33(4), 341–346. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400.2011.583166
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsu, T. H., & Lin, L. Z. (2006). Using fuzzy set theoretic techniques to analyze travel risk: An empirical study. Tourism Management, 27(5), 968–981. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2005.10.022
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huan, T. C., Beaman, J., & Shelby, L. (2004). No-escape natural disaster: Mitigating impacts on tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 31(2), 255–273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2003.10.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang, X., Dai, S., & Xu, H. (2020). Predicting tourists’ health risk preventative behaviour and travelling satisfaction in Tibet: Combining the theory of planned behaviour and health belief model. Tourism Management Perspectives, 33, 100589. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2019.100589
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaakkola, E. (2020). Designing conceptual articles: four approaches. AMS Review, pp. 1–9.
   Google Scholar
• Jin, X. C., Qu, M., & Bao, J. (2019). Impact of crisis events on Chinese outbound tourist flow: A framework for post-events growth. Tourism Management, 74, 334–344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2019.04.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kapuściński, G., & Richards, B. (2016). News framing effects on destination risk perception. Tourism Management, 57, 234–244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2016.06.017
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kapuściński, G., & Richards, B. (2018). Destination risk news framing effects–the power of audiences. The Service Industries Journal, 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/02642069.2018.1441402
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karl, M., Muskat, B., & Ritchie, B. W. (2020). Which travel risks are more salient for destination choice? An examination of the tourist’s decision-making process. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 18, 100487. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2020.100487
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karl, M., & Schmude, J. (2017). Understanding the role of risk (perception) in destination choice: A literature review and synthesis. Tourism (Zagreb, Croatia), 65(2), 138–155.
   Google Scholar
• Kasperson, R. E., Renn, O., Slovic, P., Brown, H. S., Emel, J., Goble, R., Kasperson, J., & Ratick, S. (1988). The social amplification of risk: A conceptual framework. Risk Analysis, 8(2), 177–187. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.1988.tb01168.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, P. S., & Lee, J. E. (1998). Emergency management in Korea and its future directions. Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, 6(4), 189–201.
   Google Scholar
• Kongoley-MIH, P. S. (2015). The impact of Ebola on the tourism and hospitality industry in Sierra Leone. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 5(12), 542–550.
   Google Scholar
• Krakover, S. (2000). Seasonal adjustment of employment to demand and revenues in tourist hotels during expansion and stagnation. International Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Administration, 1(2), 27–49. https://doi.org/10.1300/J149v01n02_02
   Google Scholar
• Lepp, A., & Gibson, H. (2003). Tourist roles, perceived risk and international tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 30(3), 606–624. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(03)00024-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lepp, A., & Gibson, H. (2011). Tourism and world Cup football amidst perceptions of risk: The case of South Africa. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 11(3), 286–305. https://doi.org/10.1080/15022250.2011.593361
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim, W. M. (2021). Conditional recipes for predicting impacts and prescribing solutions for externalities: The case of COVID-19 and tourism. Tourism Recreation Research, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2021.1881708
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, B. F. (2009). An analysis of US government and media disaster frames. Journal of Communication Management, 13(3), 268–283. https://doi.org/10.1108/13632540910976707
   Google Scholar
• Liu, B., & Pennington-Gray, L. (2015). Bed bugs bite the hospitality industry? A framing analysis of bed bug news coverage. Tourism Management, 48, 33–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2014.10.020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, B., Pennington-Gray, L., & Krieger, J. (2016). Tourism crisis management: Can the extended parallel process model be used to understand crisis responses in the cruise industry? Tourism Management, 55, 310–321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2016.02.021
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lo, A. S., Law, R., & Cheung, C. (2011). Segmenting leisure travellers by risk reduction strategies. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 28(8), 828–839. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2011.623044
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Low, Y. S. Y., Varughese, J., & Pang, A. (2011). Communicating crisis: How culture influences image repair in Western and Asian governments. Corporate Communications: An International Journal, 16(3), 218–242. https://doi.org/10.1108/13563281111156880
   Google Scholar
• Lukka, K. (2005). Approaches to case research in management accounting: The nature of empirical intervention and theory linkage. In S. Johnsson, & J. Mouritsen (Eds.), Accounting in Scandinavia (pp. 375–399). The Northern Lights, Liber & Copenhagen Business School Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lukka, K., & Vinnari, E. (2014). Domain theory and method theory in management accounting research. Accounting, Auditing and Accountability Journal, 27(8), 1308–1338. https://doi.org/10.1108/AAAJ-03-2013-1265
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacInnis, D. J. (2011). A framework for conceptual contributions in marketing. Journal of Marketing, 75(4), 136–154. https://doi.org/10.1509/jmkg.75.4.136
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacKay, K. J., & Fesenmaier, D. R. (2000). An exploration of cross-cultural destination image assessment. Journal of Travel Research, 38(4), 417–423. https://doi.org/10.1177/004728750003800411
   Google Scholar
• Maher, A. A., & Carter, L. L. (2011). The affective and cognitive components of country image. International Marketing Review, 28(6), 559–580. https://doi.org/10.1108/02651331111181411
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mansfeld, Y. (2006). The role of security information in tourism crisis management: The missing link. In Y. Mansfeld, & A. Pizam (Eds.), Tourism, security & safety: From theory to practice (pp. 271–290). Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann.
   Google Scholar
• Matiza, T. (2020). Post-COVID-19 crisis travel behaviour: Towards mitigating the effects of perceived risk. Journal of Tourism Futures. https://doi.org/10.1108/JTF-04-2020-0063
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matiza, T & Kruger, M. (2021). Ceding to their fears: a taxonomic analysis of the heterogeneity in COVID-19 associated perceived risk and intended travel behaviour, Tourism Recreation Research, 46(2), 158–174, DOI: 10.1080/02508281.2021.1889793
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCombs, M., & Ghanem, S. I. (2001). The convergence of agenda setting and framing. In S. D. Reese, O. H. Gandy, & A. E. Grant (Eds.), Framing public life: Perspectives on media and our understanding of the social world (pp. 67–81). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
   Google Scholar
• McKercher, B., & Hui, E. L. (2004). Terrorism, economic uncertainty and outbound travel from Hong Kong. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 15(2-3), 99–115. https://doi.org/10.1300/J073v15n02_06
   Google Scholar
• Neuburger, L., & Egger, R. (2020). Travel risk perception and travel behaviour during the COVID-19 pandemic 2020: A case study of the DACH region. Current Issues in Tourism, 24(7), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2020.1803807
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ntounis, N., Parker, C., Skinner, H., Steadman, C., & Warnaby, G. (2021). Tourism and hospitality industry resilience during the COVID-19 pandemic: Evidence from england. Current Issues in Tourism, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2021.1883556
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palau-Saumell, R., Forgas-Coll, S., Amaya-Molinar, C. M., & Sánchez-García, J. (2015). Examining how country image influences destination image in a behavioral intentions model: The cases of lloret De Mar (Spain) and cancun (Mexico). Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 33(7), 949–965. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2015.1075456
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palazon, M., & Delgado-Ballester, E. (2013). Hedonic or utilitarian premiums: Does it matter? European Journal of Marketing, 47(8), 1256–1275. https://doi.org/10.1108/03090561311324318
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pan, S., & Ryan, C. (2009). Tourism sense-making: The role of the senses and travel journalism. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 26(7), 625–639. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548400903276897
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pan, S., Tsai, H., & Lee, J. (2011). Framing New Zealand: Understanding tourism TV commercials. Tourism Management, 32(3), 596–603. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2010.05.009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park, K., & Reisinger, Y. (2010). Differences in the perceived influence of natural disasters and travel risk on international travel. Tourism Geographies, 12(1), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616680903493621
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peijuan, C., Ting, L. P., & Pang, A. (2009). Managing a nation’s image during crisis: A study of the Chinese government’s image repair effort in the “Made in China” controversy. Public Relations Review, 35(3), 213–218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2009.05.015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pennington-Gray, L. (2018). Reflections to move forward: Where destination crisis management research needs to go. Tourism Management Perspectives, 25, 136–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2017.11.013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perpina, L., Prats, L., & Camprubi, R. (2020). Image and risk perceptions: An integrated approach. Current Issues in Tourism, 24(3), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2020.1715355
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pine, R., & McKercher, B. (2004). The impact of SARS on Hong Kong’s tourism industry. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 16(2), 139–143. https://doi.org/10.1108/09596110410520034
   Google Scholar
• Pizam, A. (1999). A comprehensive approach to classifying acts of crime and violence at tourism destinations. Journal of Travel Research, 38(1), 5–12. https://doi.org/10.1177/004728759903800103
   Google Scholar
• Pizam, A., & Fleischer, A. (2002). Severity versus frequency of acts of terrorism: Which has a larger impact on tourism demand? Journal of Travel Research, 40(3), 337–339. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287502040003011
   Google Scholar
• Pizam, A., & Jeong, G. H. (1996). Cross-cultural tourist behavior: Perceptions of Korean tour guides. Tourism Management, 17(4), 277–286. https://doi.org/10.1016/0261-5177(96)00019-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pizam, A., Jeong, G. H., Reichel, A., van Boemmel, H., Lusson, J. M., Steynberg, L., State-Costache, O., Volo, S., Kroesbacher, C., Kucerova, J., & Montmany, N. (2004). The relationship between risk-taking, sensation-seeking, and the tourist behavior of young adults: A cross-cultural study. Journal of Travel Research, 42(3), 251–260. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287503258837
   Google Scholar
• Prayag, G. (2018). Symbiotic relationship or not? Understanding resilience and crisis management in tourism. Tourism Management Perspectives, 25, 133–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2017.11.012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prideaux, B., Laws, E., & Faulkner, B. (2003). Events in Indonesia: Exploring the limits to formal tourism trends forecasting methods in complex crisis situations. Tourism Management, 24(4), 475–487. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(02)00115-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reichel, A., Fuchs, G., & Uriely, N. (2007). Perceived risk and the non-institutionalized tourist role: The case of Israeli student ex-backpackers. Journal of Travel Research, 48(2), 212–225. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287507299580
   Google Scholar
• Reisinger, Y., & Mavondo, F. (2005). Travel anxiety and intentions to travel internationally: Implications of travel risk perception. Journal of Travel Research, 43(3), 212–225. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287504272017
   Google Scholar
• Reisinger, Y., & Mavondo, F. (2006). Cultural differences in travel risk perception. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 20(1), 13–31. https://doi.org/10.1300/J073v20n01_02
   Google Scholar
• Ritchie, B. (2008). Tourism disaster planning and management: From response and recovery to reduction and readiness. Current Issues in Tourism, 11(4), 315–348. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500802140372
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ritchie, B. W., & Jiang, Y. (2019). A review of research on tourism risk, crisis and disaster management: Launching the annals of tourism research curated collection on tourism risk, crisis and disaster management. Annals of Tourism Research, 79, 102812. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2019.102812
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rittichainuwat, B. N. (2006). Tsunami recovery: A case study of Thailand’s tourism. Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 47(4), 390–404. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010880406289994
   Google Scholar
• Rozier-Rich, S., & Santos, C. A. (2011). Processing promotional travel narratives. Tourism Management, 32(2), 394–405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2010.03.009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samdahl, D. M. (1999). Epistemological and methodological issues in leisure research. In E. L. Jackson, & T. L. Burton (Eds.), Leisure studies (pp. 119–132). Venture.
   Google Scholar
• Santos, C. A. (2004). Perception and interpretation of leisure travel articles. Leisure Sciences, 26(4), 393–410. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400490502462
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schroeder, A., & Pennington-Gray, L. (2015). The role of social media in international tourist’s decision making. Journal of Travel Research, 54(5), 584–595. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287514528284
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott, N., Laws, E., & Prideaux, B. (2008). Tourism crises and marketing recovery strategies. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 23(2-4), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1300/J073v23n02_01
   Google Scholar
• Seddighi, H. R., Nuttall, M. W., & Theocharous, A. L. (2001). Does cultural background of tourists influence the destination choice? An empirical study with special reference to political instability. Tourism Management, 22(2), 181–191. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(00)00046-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simpson, P. M., & Siguaw, J. A. (2008). Perceived travel risks: The traveller perspective and manageability. International Journal of Tourism Research, 10(4), 315–327. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.664
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor, H. (2020, April 2). Coronavirus Latest: 2 April at a Glance. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/02/coronavirus-at-a-glance-global-death-toll-passes-50000.
   Google Scholar
• Teigen, K. H., & Glad, K. A. (2011). “It could have been much worse”: From travelers’ accounts of two natural disasters. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 11(3), 237–249. https://doi.org/10.1080/15022250.2011.606610
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsai, C. H., & Chen, C. W. (2010). An earthquake disaster management mechanism based on risk assessment information for the tourism industry: A case study from the island of Taiwan. Tourism Management, 31(4), 470–481. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2009.05.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsai, C. H., & Chen, C. W. (2011). The establishment of a rapid natural disaster risk assessment model for the tourism industry. Tourism Management, 32(1), 158–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2010.05.015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Volo, S. (2008). Communicating tourism crises through destination websites. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 23(2–4), 83–93. https://doi.org/10.1300/J073v23n02_07
   Google Scholar
• Walters, G., Mair, J., & Lim, J. (2016). Sensationalist media reporting of disastrous events: Implications for tourism. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 28, 3–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2016.04.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walters, G., Mair, J., & Ritchie, B. (2014). Understanding the tourist’s response to natural disasters: The case of the 2011 queensland floods. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 21(1), 101–113. https://doi.org/10.1177/1356766714528933
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, C., Li, D., Barnes, B. R., & Ahn, J. (2012). Country image, product image and consumer purchase intention: Evidence from an emerging economy. International Business Review, 21(6), 1041–1051. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2011.11.010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, H. Y. (2017). Determinants hindering the intention of tourists to visit disaster-hit destinations. Current Issues in Tourism, 20(5), 459–479. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2015.1062471
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, S. (2020). An inquiry into country image components and their effects on perceived destination image and travel intention. Tourism Recreation Research, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2020.1796341
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, W., He, H., Sahadev, S., & Song, W. (2018). U.K. Consumers’ perceived risk of buying products from emerging economies: A moderated mediation model. Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 17(3), 326–339. https://doi.org/10.1002/cb.1714
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weisaeth, L., Knudsen, O., & Tonnessen, A. (2002). Technological disasters, crisis management and leadership stress. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 93(1), 33–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3894(02)00036-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wen, J., Ying, T., Nguyen, D., & Teo, S. (2020). Will tourists travel to post-disaster destinations? A case of 2019 Australian bushfires from a Chinese tourists’ perspective, Tourism Recreation Research, 45(3), 420–424, DOI: 10.1080/02508281.2020.1763025
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, A. M., & Baláž, V. (2014). Mobility, risk tolerance and competence to manage risks. Journal of Risk Research, 17(8), 1061–1088. https://doi.org/10.1080/13669877.2013.841729
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolff, K., & Larsen, S. (2013). Tourist worries–here and now vs. there and then: The effect of item wording in the tourist worry scale. Tourism Management, 35, 284–287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2012.09.013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolff, K., & Larsen, S. (2014). Can terrorism make us feel safer? Risk perceptions and worries before and after the July 22nd attacks. Annals of Tourism Research, 44, 200–209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2013.10.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolff, K., & Larsen, S. (2017). A taxonomy of terror - about the effect of different kinds of terror on risk perceptions. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 17(2), 111–128. https://doi.org/10.1080/15022250.2015.1137487
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wut, T. M., Xu, J. B., & Wong, S. M. (2021). Crisis management research (1985–2020) in the hospitality and tourism industry: A review and research agenda. Tourism Management, 85, 104307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2021.104307
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, E. C. L., Khoo-Lattimore, C., & Arcodia, C. (2017). A systematic literature review of risk and gender research in tourism. Tourism Management, 58, 89–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2016.10.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, E. C. L., & Nair, V. (2014). Tourism at risk: A review of risk and perceived risk in tourism. Asia-Pacific Journal of Innovation in Hospitality and Tourism (APJIHT), 3(2), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.7603/s40930-014-0013-z
   Google Scholar
• Yeh, S. S. (2021). Tourism recovery strategy against COVID-19 pandemic. Tourism Recreation Research, 46(2) 188-194, DOI: 10.1080/02508281.2020.1805933.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoo, K. H., & Gretzel, U. (2011). Influence of personality on travel-related consumer-generated media creation. Computers in Human Behavior, 27(2), 609–621. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2010.05.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoo, K. H., Lee, Y. J., Gretzel, U., & Fesenmaier, D. R. (2009). Trust in travel-related consumer generated media. In W. Höpken, U. Gretzel, & R. Law (Eds.), Information and communication technologies in tourism 2009 (pp. 49–60). Springer Verlag.
   Google Scholar
• Young, W. B., & Montgomery, R. J. (1997). Crisis management and its impact on destination marketing: A guide for convention and visitors’ bureaus. Journal of Convention & Exhibition Management, 1(1), 3–18. https://doi.org/10.1300/J143v01n01_02
   Google Scholar
• Zeng, B., Carter, R. W., & De Lacy, T. (2005). Short-term perturbations and tourism effects: The case of SARS in China. Current Issues in Tourism, 8(4), 306–322. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500508668220
   Google Scholar
• Zheng, Y., Goh, E., & Wen, J. (2020). The effects of misleading media reports about COVID-19 on Chinese tourists’ mental health: A perspective article. Anatolia, 31(2), 337–340. https://doi.org/10.1080/13032917.2020.1747208
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar