Social media influencers’ visual framing of Iran on YouTube

References

• Afary, J. (1996). The Iranian constitutional revolution, 1906-1911: Grassroots democracy, social democracy, and the origins of feminism. Columbia University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ahmadi, M., Khodadadi, M., & Shahabi, H. (2018). Planning for ecotourism in the protected area of Manesht and Ghelarang, Ilam province, Iran. Journal of Quality Assurance in Hospitality & Tourism, 19(2), 243–268. https://doi.org/10.1080/1528008X.2017.1394956
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akehurst, G. (2009). User generated content: The use of blogs for tourism organisations and tourism consumers. Service Business, 3(1), 51–61. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11628-008-0054-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ardèvol-Abreu, A. (2015). Framing theory in communication research. Origins, development and current situation in Spain. Revista Latina de Comunicación Social, 70, 423–450.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bahaee, M., & Pisani, M. J. (2009). Are Iranian consumers poised to ‘buy American’ in a hostile bilateral environment? Business Horizons, 52(3), 223–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2008.11.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bahaee, M., & Saremi, M. (2014). Growing tourism in a hostile environment: A case of Iran. Tourism Review International, 17(3), 137–150. https://doi.org/10.3727/154427213X13838418676880
   Google Scholar
• Booth, N., & Matic, J. A. (2011). Mapping and leveraging influencers in social media to shape corporate brand perceptions. Corporate Communications: An International Journal, 16(3), 184–191. https://doi.org/10.1108/13563281111156853
   Google Scholar
• Briciu, A., & Briciu, V. (2020). Participatory culture and tourist experience: Promoting destinations through YouTube. In A. Kavoura, E. Kefallonitis & P. Theodoridis (Eds.), Strategic innovative marketing and tourism (pp. 425–433). Springer Nature.
   Google Scholar
• Buda, D. M. (2015). The death drive in tourism studies. Annals of Tourism Research, 50, 39–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2014.10.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cardozo, P. F., & Santana Talavera, A. S. (2019). The tourism promotion of Andalusia and the canary islands (Spain) through YouTube videos: Comparing the inclusion of cultural heritage. TURyDES: Revista Turismo y Desarrollo Local [TURYDES: Tourism and Sustainable Local Development Magazine], 12(26).
   Google Scholar
• Carolina, A. (2018). YouTube and user generated content: Its value and utility in the tourism sector in Portugal. Dos Algarves. A Multidisciplinary E-Journal, 32, 3–19.
   Google Scholar
• Chang, C. T. (2007). Health-care product advertising: The influences of message framing and perceived product characteristics. Psychology & Marketing, 24(2), 143–169. https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.20156
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cholprasertsuk, A., Lawanwisut, C., & Thongrin, S. (2020). Social media influencers and Thai tourism industry: Tourists’ behavior, travel motivation, and influencing factors. Liberal arts journal Thammasat University 20(2), 234–263. https://doi.org/10.14456/lartstu.2020.21
   Google Scholar
• Cisco. (2021). Cisco Annual Internet Report (2018–2023) White Paper. Retrieved 26 February 2021, from https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/solutions/collateral/executive-perspectives/annual-internet-report/white-paper-c11-741490.html
   Google Scholar
• Cissel, M. (2012). Media framing: A comparative content analysis on mainstream and alternative news coverage of occupy wall street. The Elon Journal of Undergraduate Research in Communications, 3(1), 67–77.
   Google Scholar
• Corrêa, S. C. H., Soares, J. L., Christino, J. M. M., de Sevilha Gosling, M., & Gonçalves, C. A. (2020). The influence of YouTubers on followers’ use intention. Journal of Research in Interactive Marketing, 14(2), 173–194. https://doi.org/10.1108/JRIM-09-2019-0154
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Vries, N. J., & Carlson, J. (2014). Examining the drivers and brand performance implications of customer engagement with brands in the social media environment. Journal of Brand Management, 21(6), 495–515. https://doi.org/10.1057/bm.2014.18
   Google Scholar
• Dwivedi, Y. K., Kelly, G., Janssen, M., Rana, N. P., Slade, E. L., & Clement, M. (2018). Social media: The good, the bad, and the ugly. Information Systems Frontiers, 20(3), 419–423. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10796-018-9848-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Entman, R. M. (1991). Framing US coverage of international news: Contrasts in narratives of the KAL and Iran air incidents. Journal of Communication, 41(4), 6–27. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1991.tb02328.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Entman, R. M. (1993). Framing: Toward clarification of a fractured paradigm. Journal of Communication, 43(4), 51–58. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1993.tb01304.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erdener, J. (2016). Humans of New York and ethical reflections in the digital age. Communication and the Public, 1(3), 372–376. https://doi.org/10.1177/2057047316666086
   Google Scholar
• Escalas, J. (2004). Narrative processing: Building consumer connections to brands. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 14(1-2), 168–180. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327663jcp1401&2_19
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Etikan, I., Musa, S. A., & Alkassim, R. S. (2016). Comparison of convenience sampling and purposive sampling. American Journal of Theoretical and Applied Statistics, 5(1), 1–4. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajtas.20160501.11
   Google Scholar
• Femenia-Serra, F., & Gretzel, U. (2020). Influencer marketing for tourism destinations: Lessons from a mature destination. In Information and Communication Technologies in tourism 2020 (pp. 65–78). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36737-4_6
   Google Scholar
• Ferguson, S. (2000). Researching the public opinion environment (pp. 1–296). SAGE.
   Google Scholar
• Financial Tribune. (2019, April 23). 52% rise in Iran visitors. Retrieved from: https://financialtribune.com/articles/domestic-economy/97568/52-rise-in-iran-visitors
   Google Scholar
• Flavel, K. (2019, August). Road Trip Middle East: Iran (Part1-Shiraz) [Video file]. https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=lLCcM0cVP7M
   Google Scholar
• Francalanci, C., & Hussain, A. (2017). Influence-based Twitter browsing with NavigTweet. Information Systems, 64, 119–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.is.2016.07.012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freberg, K., Graham, K., McGaughey, K., & Freberg, L. A. (2011). Who are the social media influencers? A study of public perceptions of personality. Public Relations Review, 37(1), 90–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2010.11.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ge, J., & Gretzel, U. (2018). Emoji rhetoric: A social media influencer perspective. Journal of Marketing Management, 34(15-16), 1272–1295. https://doi.org/10.1080/0267257X.2018.1483960
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goffman, E. (1974). Frame analysis: An essay on the organization of experience. Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Greenwood, K. (2012). Picturing defiance: Visions of democracy in Iran. International Communication Gazette, 74(7), 619–635. https://doi.org/10.1177/1748048512458558
   Google Scholar
• Guerreiro, C., Viegas, M., & Guerreiro, M. (2019). Social networks and digital influencers: Their role in customer decision journey in tourism. Journal of Spatial and Organizational Dynamics, 7(3), 240–260.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hertog, J. K., & McLeod, D. M. (2001). A multiperspectival approach to framing analysis: A field guide. In S. D. Reese, Jr. Gandy & A. E. Grant (Eds.), Framing public life: perspectives on media and our understanding of the social world (pp. 141–162). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781410605689
   Google Scholar
• Hudson, L. A., & Ozanne, J. L. (1988). Alternative ways of seeking knowledge in consumer research. Journal of Consumer Research, 14(4), 508–521. https://doi.org/10.1086/209132
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jalilvand, M. R., Esfahani, S. S., & Samiei, N. (2010). Destination branding and tourists’ attitudes (the case of Isfahan as a tourism destination in Iran). International Journal of Marketing Studies, 2(2), 235. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijms.v2n2p235
   Google Scholar
• Jaya, I., Trisna, P. G. I., & Prianthara, I. B. T. (2020, April). Role of social media influencers in tourism destination image: How does digital marketing affect purchase intention. In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Vocational Higher Education (ICVHE 2018), Batam, Indonesia, August (pp. 2-4). https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.200331.114
   Google Scholar
• Kapuściński, G., & Richards, B. (2016). News framing effects on destination risk perception. Tourism Management, 57, 234–244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2016.06.017
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keddie, N. (2000). Women in Iran Since 1979. Social Research, 67(2), 405–438. Retrieved January 8, 2021, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/40971478
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khodadadi, M. (2016a). A new Dawn? The Iran nuclear deal and the future of the Iranian tourism industry. Tourism Management Perspectives, 18, 6–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2015.12.019
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khodadadi, M. (2016b). Challenges and opportunities for tourism development in Iran: Perspectives of Iranian tourism suppliers. Tourism Management Perspectives, 19, 90–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2016.05.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khodadadi, M. (2018). The emergence of cruise tourism in Iran. Journal of Tourism Futures, 4(3), 275–281. https://doi.org/10.1108/JTF-04-2018-0012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khodadadi, M., & O'Donnell, H. (2017). UK press and tourist discourses of Iran: A study in multiple realities. Leisure Studies, 36(1), 53–64. https://doi.org/10.1080/02614367.2015.1085591
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kousha, K., Thelwall, M., & Abdoli, M. (2012). The role of online videos in research communication: A content analysis of You Tube videos cited in academic publications. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 63(9), 1710–1727. https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.22717
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kozinets, R. V. (2018). Netnography for Management and Business Research. In C. Cassell, A. L. Cunliffe & G. Grandy (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of qualitative business and management research methods: Methods and challenges (pp. 384–397). SAGE Publications Ltd. https://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781526430236.n23
   Google Scholar
• Kozinets, R. V. (2019). YouTube utopianism: Social media profanation and the clicktivism of capitalist critique. Journal of Business Research, 98, 65–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.01.019
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kozinets, R. V., de Valck, K., Wojnicki, A., & Wilner, S. (2010). Networked narratives: Understanding word-of-mouth marketing in online communities. Journal of Marketing, 74(2), 71–89. https://doi.org/10.1509/jm.74.2.71
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kretschmer, T., & Peukert, C. (2020). Video killed the radio star? Online music videos and recorded music sales. Information Systems Research, 31(3), 776–800. https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.2019.0915
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laukaitis, J. (2019, September). My Daily Life in Iran (Eye-Opening 14 days) [Video file]. https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=3-q5rPz61ZM
   Google Scholar
• Lee, R. (2019, February). Middle East Part 1 (Iran) [Video file]. https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=9_vLbv1C4B4
   Google Scholar
• Levin, I. P., Schneider, S. L., & Gaeth, G. J. (1998). All frames are not created equal: A typology and critical analysis of framing effects. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 76(2), 149–188. https://doi.org/10.1006/obhd.1998.2804
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, Y., & Hu, Z. (2008). Red tourism in China 中国的红色旅游. Journal of China Tourism Research, 4(2), 156–171. https://doi.org/10.1080/19388160802313696
   Google Scholar
• Lincoln, Y., & Guba, E. (2009). The only generalization is: there is no generalization. In Gomm, R., Hammersley, M., & Foster, P. (Eds.), Case study method (pp. 27–44). SAGE Publications Ltd. https://doi.org/10.4135/9780857024367
   Google Scholar
• Macionis, N. (2004, November). Understanding the film-induced tourist. In International tourism and media conference proceedings (Vol. 24, pp. 86-97). Tourism Research Unit, Monash University: Melbourne.
   Google Scholar
• Mason, A., & Wright, K. B. (2011). Framing medical tourism: An examination of appeal, risk, convalescence, accreditation, and interactivity in medical tourism web sites. Journal of Health Communication, 16(2), 163–177. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2010.535105
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehdiabadi, A., Wanke, P. F., Khorshid, S., Spulbar, C., & Birau, R. (2021). A new hybrid fuzzy model: Satisfaction of residents in touristic areas toward tourism development. Mathematical Problems in Engineering, 2021), https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6650735
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Millner, A. G., Veil, S. R., & Sellnow, T. L. (2011). Proxy communication in crisis response. Public Relations Review, 37(1), 74–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2010.10.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molaei, H. (2018). Us and Us? The representation of Iran in Malaysian popular news media and vice versa through an intercultural approach. In A. Alami, & S. Alatas (Eds.), The civilisational and cultural heritage of Iran and the Malay world: A cultural discourse (pp. 93–105). Gerakbudaya Enterprise.
   Google Scholar
• Morakabati, Y. (2010). Deterrents to tourism development in Iran. International Journal of Tourism Research, 13(2), 103–123. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.802
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munar, A. M. (2011). Tourist-created content: Rethinking destination branding. International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research, 5(3), 291–305. https://doi.org/10.1108/17506181111156989
   Google Scholar
• Mura, P., & Sharif, S. P. (2017). Narrative analysis in tourism: A critical review. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 17(2), 194–207. https://doi.org/10.1080/15022250.2016.1227276
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mura, P., & Sharif, S. P. (2019). Iran on the news–exploring videos’ effects on potential tourists. Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change, 17(2), 208–221. https://doi.org/10.1080/14766825.2017.1349134
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nasihatkon, B., Kheiri, J., & Miralbell, O. (2016). Social media and hotel e-marketing in Iran: The case of parsian international hotels. Turyzm/Tourism, 26(2), 15–21. Retrieved February 12, 2021, from https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=664134.
   Google Scholar
• Nelson, T. E., Oxley, Z. M., & Clawson, R. A. (1997). Toward a psychology of framing effects. Political Behavior, 19(3), 221–246. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024834831093
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neufeld, D. (2021). The 50 Most Visited Websites in the World. Retrieved 12 February 2021, from https://www.visualcapitalist.com/the-50-most-visited-websites-in-the-world/.
   Google Scholar
• Ong, Y. X., & Ito, N. (2019, December) ‘I want to go there too!’ Evaluating social media influencer marketing effectiveness: A case study of Hokkaido's DMO. In J. Pesonen, and J. Neidhardt (Eds.), Information and communication technologies in tourism 2019. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05940-8_11
   Google Scholar
• Palazzo, M., Vollero, A., Vitale, P., & Siano, A. (2021). Urban and rural destinations on Instagram: Exploring the influencers’ role in #sustainabletourism. Land use Policy, 100, 104915. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.104915
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pan, S., & Hsu, C. H. (2014). Framing tourism destination image: Extension of stereotypes in and by travel media. In F. Hanusch & E. Fürsich (Eds.), Travel journalism (pp. 60–80). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137325983_4
   Google Scholar
• Pauwels, L. (2015). Reframing visual social science: Towards a more visual sociology and anthropology. Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Price, V., Tewksbury, D., & Powers, E. (1997). Switching trains of thought: The impact of news frames on readers’ cognitive responses. Communication Research, 24(5), 481–506. https://doi.org/10.1177/009365097024005002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodriguez, L., & Dimitrova, D. V. (2011). The levels of visual framing. Journal of Visual Literacy, 30(1), 48–65. https://doi.org/10.1080/23796529.2011.11674684
   Google Scholar
• Rogers, S., & Thorson, E. (2000). The interactive advertising model: How users perceive and process online ads. Journal of Interactive Advertising, 1(1), 41–60. https://doi.org/10.1080/15252019.2000.10722043
   Google Scholar
• Rudoviq, M. (2019). YouTube as a promotional tool: Vlogger versus tourist board generated videos [Doctoral dissertation, RIT Croatia]. https://zir.nsk.hr/en/islandora/object/acmt%3A87.
   Google Scholar
• Sadeghi, F. (2008). Negotiating with modernity: Young women and sexuality in Iran. Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East, 28(2), 250–259. https://muse.jhu.edu/article/242296/summary. https://doi.org/10.1215/1089201x-2008-003
   Google Scholar
• Santenello, P. (2019, February). First impressions of Iran (anti-American?) [Video file]. https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=5TWNXneUrMY
   Google Scholar
• Schwenzow, J., Hartmann, J., Schikowsky, A., & Heitmann, M. (2021). Understanding videos at scale: How to extract insights for business research. Journal of Business Research, 123, 367–379. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.09.059
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seyfi, S., & Hall, C. M. (2020a). Sanctions and tourism: Effects, complexities and research. Tourism Geographies, 22(4-5), 749–767. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2019.1663911
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seyfi, S., & Hall, C. M. (2020b). Sanctions and tourism: Conceptualisation and implications for destination marketing and management. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 15, 100381. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2019.100381
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seyfi, S., Hall, C. M., & Vo-Thanh, T. (2020). Tourism, peace and sustainability in sanctions-ridden destinations. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 1–20. doi:10.1080/09669582.2020.1818764.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siegel, J., & Barforoush, S. (2013). Media coverage of Iran's nuclear program an analysis of U.S. And U.K. Coverage, 2009-2012 (pp. 1-89). Center for international and security studies at Maryland. School of public policy, University of Maryland.
   Google Scholar
• Sigala, M. (2020). Tourism and COVID-19: Impacts and implications for advancing and resetting industry and research. Journal of Business Research, 117, 312–321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.06.015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sokolova, K., & Kefi, H. (2020). Instagram and YouTube bloggers promote it, why should I buy? How credibility and parasocial interaction influence purchase intentions. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 53, 101742. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2019.01.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steffen, V. J., Sternberg, L., Teegarden, L. A., & Shepherd, K. (1994). Practice and persuasive frame: Effects on beliefs, intention, and performance of a cancer self-examination. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 24(10), 897–925. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1994.tb02365.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stepchenkova, S., & Zhan, F. (2013). Visual destination images of Peru: Comparative content analysis of DMO and user-generated photography. Tourism Management, 36, 590–601. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2012.08.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tavakoli, R., & Mura, P. (2018). Netnography in tourism–beyond web 2.0. Annals of Tourism Research, 73(C), 190–192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2018.06.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tavakoli, R., & Mura, P. (2020). Netnography in tourism beyond Web 2.0: A critical assessment. In R. Kozinets & R. Gambetti (Eds.), Netnography unlimited: Understanding technoculture using qualitative social media research ( chapter 8, 16 pages). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Tavakoli, R., & Wijesinghe, S. N. (2019). The evolution of the web and netnography in tourism: A systematic review. Tourism Management Perspectives, 29, 48–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2018.10.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tiago, F., Moreira, F., & Borges-Tiago, T. (2019). YouTube videos: A Destination Marketing outlook. In A. Kavoura, E. Kefallonitis, & A. Giovanis (Eds.), Strategic innovative marketing and tourism (pp. 877–884). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-12453-3_101
   Google Scholar
• Wang, S., & Zhang, T. (1998). The history of China's tourism: Volume 1.
   Google Scholar
• Wischmann, L. (1987). Dying on the front page: Kent state and the Pulitzer Prize. Journal of Mass Media Ethics, 2(2), 67–74. https://doi.org/10.1080/08900528709358296
   Google Scholar
• Xu, X., & Pratt, S. (2018). Social media influencers as endorsers to promote travel destinations: An application of self-congruence theory to the Chinese generation Y. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 35(7), 958–972. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2018.1468851
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yetimoğlu, S., & Uğurlu, K. (2020). Influencer Marketing for tourism and hospitality. In A. Hassan & A. Sharma (Eds.), The Emerald handbook of ICT in tourism and hospitality (pp. 131–148). Emerald Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-83982-688-720201009
   Google Scholar
• Yousaf, S., & Xiucheng, F. (2020). Humanizing stigmatized places: Inter-group contact and attitude change toward Pakistan and Iran in the ‘Humans of New York’ Facebook space. Journal of Business Research, 116, 666–679. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2018.04.015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Youssefi, K., Baghban Kanani, A., & Shojaei, A. (2013). Ideological or international move? A critical discourse analysis toward the representation of Iran sanctions in Western printed media. Journal of Language Teaching & Research, 4(6), https://doi.org/10.4304/jltr.4.6.1343-1350
   Google Scholar
• YouTube. (2021). Rules and policies: Fair use. https://www.youtube.com/howyoutubeworks/policies/copyright/#fair-use.
   Google Scholar
• Yu, C. E., Wen, J., & Yang, S. (2020). Viewpoint of suicide travel: An exploratory study on YouTube comments. Tourism Management Perspectives, 34, 100669. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2020.100669
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaleckaite, E., Navickiene, R., & Meiste, R. (2020). Assessment of dark tourism awareness in YouTube social network. Socio-Economic Analyses, 12(1), 97–103. http://journals.uni-vt.bg/sia/eng/vol12/iss1/11
   Google Scholar