The use of indicators to measure the sustainability of tourism at cultural heritage sites: a critical review

Literature Cited

• Advisory Council on Historic Preservationm. (2021). Heritage tourism. https://www.achp.gov/heritage_tourism
   Google Scholar
• Akova, O., & Atsız, O. (2019). Sociocultural impacts of tourism development on heritage sites. In D. Gursoy & R. Nunkoo (Eds.), The Routledge handbook of tourism impacts: Theoretical and applied perspectives (pp. 252–264). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Alazaizeh, M., Hallo, J., Backman, S., Norman, W., & Vogel, M. (2019). Giving voice to heritage tourists: Indicators of quality for a sustainable heritage experience at Petra, Jordan. Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change, 17(3), 269–284. https://doi.org/10.1080/14766825.2018.1455693
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Altinay, L., & Paraskevas, A. (2008). Planning research in hospitality and tourism. Elsevier.
   Google Scholar
• Asmelash, A., & Kumar, S. (2019). Assessing progress of tourism sustainability: Developing and validating sustainability indicators. Tourism Management, 71, 67–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2018.09.020
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aydin, B., & Alvarez, M. (2016). English-speaking tourists’ evaluation of sustainability attributes in cultural tourism destinations: The case of Cusco. Teorija in Praksa, 53(4), 942–958.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Babbie, E. (2021). The practice of social research (15th ed.). Cengage.
   Google Scholar
• Bell, S., & Morse, S. (2008). Sustainability indicators: Measuring the immeasurable (2nd ed.). Earthscan Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Blackstock, K., White, V., McCrum, G., Scott, A., & Hunter, C. (2008). Measuring responsibility: An appraisal of a Scottish national park’s sustainable tourism indicators. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 16(3), 276–297. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669580802154090
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bossel, H. (1999). Indicators for sustainable development: Theory, methods, applications. International Institute for Sustainable Development.
   Google Scholar
• Bramwell, B., & Lane, B. (2011). Critical research on the governance of tourism and sustainability. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 19(4–5), 411–421. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2011.580586
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, G., Koth, B., Kreag, G., & Weber, D. (2006). Managing Australia’s protected areas, a review of visitor management models, frameworks and processes. Sustainable Tourism Cooperative Research Center.
   Google Scholar
• Byrd, E. (2007). Stakeholders in sustainable tourism development and their roles: Applying stakeholder theory to sustainable tourism development. Tourism Review, 62(2), 6–13. https://doi.org/10.1108/16605370780000309
   Google Scholar
• Cai, Z., Fang, C., Zhang, Q., & Chen, F. (2021). Joint development of cultural heritage protection and tourism: The case of Mount Lushan cultural heritage site. Heritage Science, 9(1), Article 86. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40494-021-00558-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• California Department of Transportation. (2017). Loudness comparison chart [pdf]. http://www.dot.ca.gov/dist2/projects/sixer/loud.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Carmines, E., & Zeller, R. (1979). Reliability and validity assessment (Sage University Paper series on Quantitative Applications in the Social Sciences, Series No. 07-017). Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Caust, J., & Vecco, M. (2017). Is UNESCO World Heritage recognition a blessing or burden? Evidence from developing Asian countries. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 27, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2017.02.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cimnaghi, E., & Mussini, P. (2015). An application of tourism carrying capacity assessment at two Italian cultural heritage sites. Journal of Heritage Tourism, 10(3), 302–313. https://doi.org/10.1080/1743873X.2014.988158
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clarivate. (2022). Web of science core collection. https://clarivate.com/webofsciencegroup/solutions/web-of-science-core-collection/
   Google Scholar
• Coroș, M., Privitera, D., Păunescu, L., Nedelcu, A., Lupu, C., & Ganușceac, A. (2021). Mărginimea Sibiului tells its story: Sustainability, cultural heritage and rural tourism—A supply-side perspective. Sustainability, 13(9), 5309. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13095309
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cottrell, S., & Vaske, J. (2006). A framework for monitoring and modeling sustainable tourism. e-Review of Tourism Research, 4(4), 74–84.
   Google Scholar
• Crabtree, R., & Bayfield, N. (1998). Developing sustainability indicators for mountain ecosystems: A study of the Cairngorms, Scotland. Journal of Environmental Management, 52(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1006/jema.1997.0159
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dalkey, N. (1969). The Delphi method: An experimental study of group opinion (RM-5888-PR). Rand Corporation.
   Google Scholar
• du Cros, H. (2001). A new model to assist in planning for sustainable cultural heritage tourism. International Journal of Tourism Research, 3(2), 165–170. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.297
   Google Scholar
• Durovic, M., & Lovrentjev, S. (2014). Indicators of sustainability in cultural tourism. The Macrotheme Review (A Multidisciplinary Journal of Global Macro Trends), 3(7), 180–189.
   Google Scholar
• EBSCO. (2022). Academic search complete. https://www.ebsco.com/products/research-databases/academic-search-complete
   Google Scholar
• Eppich, R., & Grinda, J. (2015, 31 August – 4 September). Management documentation indicators & good practice at cultural heritage places. The international archives of the photogrammetry, remote sensing and spatial information sciences, volume XL-5/W7, 25th international CIPA symposium, Taipei, Taiwan.
   Google Scholar
• Esen, S., & Altinöz, A. (2021). The heritage resilience scorecard: Performance measurement in risk governance of cultural heritage. The Historic Environment: Policy & Practice, 12(2), 222–251. https://doi.org/10.1080/17567505.2020.1864117
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gahin, R., Veleva, V., & Hart, M. (2003). Do indicators help create sustainable communities? Local Environment, 8(6), 661–666. https://doi.org/10.1080/1354983032000152752
   Google Scholar
• Garrod, B., & Fyall, A. (2000). Managing heritage tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 27(3), 682–708. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(99)00094-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gildea, C. (2012). Sustainable management of tourist attractions in Ireland: The development of a generic sustainable management checklist [M.A. dissertation]. Institute of Technology, Sligo. http://cual.openrepository.com/cual/handle/10759/595528
   Google Scholar
• Global Heritage Fund. (2019). Why we all need to travel with purpose. https://globalheritagefund.org/2019/09/27/why-we-all-need-to-travel-with-purpose/
   Google Scholar
• Global Sustainable Tourism Council. (2019a). Book different. https://www.bookdifferent.com/en/
   Google Scholar
• Global Sustainable Tourism Council. (2019b). Certified sustainable destinations. https://www.gstcouncil.org/certified-sustainable-destinations/
   Google Scholar
• Green Destinations. (2019). Green destinations collection. http://collection.greendestinations.org/
   Google Scholar
• Hall, C. M. (2009). Archetypal approaches to implementation and their implications for tourism policy. Tourism Recreation Research, 34(3), 235–245. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2009.11081599
   Google Scholar
• Hargrove, C. (2017). Cultural heritage tourism: Five steps for success and sustainability. Rowman & Littlefield.
   Google Scholar
• Hu, H., Qiao, X., Yang, Y., & Zhang, L. (2021). Developing a resilience evaluation index for cultural heritage site: Case study of Jiangwan Town in China. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 26(1), 15–29. https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2020.1805476
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iliopoulou-Georgudaki, J., Theodoropoulos, C., Konstantinopoulos, P., & Georgoudaki, E. (2017). Sustainable tourism development including the enhancement of cultural heritage in the city of Nafpaktos – Western Greece. International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology, 24(3), 224–235. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504509.2016.1201021
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiricka, A., Salak, B., Arnberger, A., Eder, R., & Pröbstl-Haider, U. (2014). VV-TOMM: Capacity building in remote tourism territories through the first European transnational application of the tourism optimization management model. In C. Brebbia, S. Favro, & F. Pineda (Eds.), Sustainable tourism VI (pp. 93–103). WIT transactions on ecology and the environment, vol. 187. WIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Jitmaneeroj, B. (2016). Reform priorities for corporate sustainability. Management Decision, 54(6), 1497–1521. https://doi.org/10.1108/MD-11-2015-0505
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawshe, C. (1975). A quantitative approach to content validity. Personnel Psychology, 28(4), 563–575. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.1975.tb01393.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leask, A. (2006). Managing world heritage sites. Butterworth-Heinemann.
   Google Scholar
• Li, M., Wu, B., & Cai, L. (2008). Tourism development of world heritage sites in China: A geographic perspective. Tourism Management, 29(2), 308–319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2007.03.013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lozano-Oyola, M., Blancas, F., Gonzalez, M., & Caballero, R. (2012). Sustainable tourism indicators as planning tools in cultural destinations. Ecological Indicators, 18, 659–675. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2012.01.014
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manidis Roberts Consultants. (1997). Developing a tourism optimisation management model.
   Google Scholar
• Mikulić, J., Kožić, I., & Krešić, D. (2015). Weighting indicators of tourism sustainability: A critical note. Ecological Indicators, 48, 312–314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2014.08.026
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, G., & Twining-Ward, L. (2005). Monitoring for a sustainable tourism transition: The challenge of developing and using indicators. CABI.
   Google Scholar
• Miller, G., & Twining-Ward, L. (2006). Monitoring as an approach to sustainable tourism. In D. Buhalis & C. Costa (Eds.), Tourism management dynamics: Trends, management and tools (pp. 51–57). Elsevier.
   Google Scholar
• Mutisya, E., & Yarime, M. (2014). Moving towards urban sustainability in Kenya: A framework for integration of environmental, economic, social and governance dimensions. Sustainability Science, 9(2), 205–215. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-013-0223-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Geographic Society. (2017). Methodology: How the national geographic stewardship surveys worked. http://destinationcenter.org/destination-watch/the-natgeo-destination-surveys/methodology/
   Google Scholar
• Neuman, W. (2006). Social research methods: Qualitative and quantitative approaches (6th ed.). Pearson.
   Google Scholar
• Ngamsomsuke, W., Hwang, T., & Huang, C. (2011). Sustainable cultural heritage tourism indicators. In Proceedings of International conference on social science and humanity IPEDR (Vol. 5, pp. VI-516–VI-519). IACSIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Niavis, S., Papatheochari, T., Psycharis, Y., Rodriguez, J., Font, X., & Martinez Codina, A. (2019). Conceptualising tourism sustainability and operationalising its assessment: Evidence from a Mediterranean community of projects. Sustainability, 11(15), 4042. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11154042
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nocca, F. (2017). The role of cultural heritage in sustainable development: Multidimensional indicators as decision-making tool. Journal of Sustainability, 9(10), 1–27. Article 1882. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101882
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prescott-Allen, R. (1997). Barometer of sustainability: Measuring and communicating wellbeing and sustainable development. (An approach to assessing progress toward sustainability: Tools and training series). International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources.
   Google Scholar
• Reddy, M. (2008). Sustainable tourism rapid indicators for less-developed islands: An economic perspective. International Journal of Tourism Research, 10(6), 557–576. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.700
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reed, M., Fraser, E., & Dougill, A. (2006). An adaptive learning process for developing and applying sustainability indicators with local communities. Ecological Economics, 59(4), 406–418. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2005.11.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ren, W., & Han, F. (2018). Indicators for assessing the sustainability of built heritage attractions: An Anglo-Chinese study. Sustainability, 10(7), 1–28. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10072504
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richins, H. (2009). Environmental, cultural, economic and socio-community sustainability: A framework for sustainable tourism in resort destinations. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 11(4), 785–800. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-008-9143-6
   Google Scholar
• Rusticus, S. (2014). Content validity. In A. Michalos (Ed.), Encyclopedia of quality of life and well-being research. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0753-5_553
   Google Scholar
• Saaty, T. (1980). The analytic hierarchy process-planning, priority setting, resource allocation. McGraw-Hill.
   Google Scholar
• San Sebastián Poch, E., Llano-Castresana, U., & De La Fuente Arana, A. (2019). Indicators of sustainable development for cultural landscapes: Film sceneries and cultural heritage. In P. De Wilde (Ed.), Structural studies, repairs and maintenance of heritage architecture XVI (pp. 29–40). WIT transactions on the built environment, vol. 191. WIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sirakaya, E., Jamal, T., & Choi, H. (2001). Developing indicators for destination sustainability. In D. Weaver (Ed.), The encyclopedia of ecotourism (pp. 411–432). CABI.
   Google Scholar
• Stafford-Smith, M., Griggs, D., Gaffney, O., Ullah, F., Reyers, B., Kanie, N., Stigson, B., Shrivastava, P., Leach, M., & O’Connell, D. (2017). Integration: The key to implementing the sustainable development goals. Sustainability Science, 12(6), 911–919. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-016-0383-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Talamini, G., & Tritto, A. (2020). Conserving a valley system: Measuring the effectiveness of the Shaxi rehabilitation project and its potential as a model for the conservation of Chinese agricultural heritage. The Historic Environment: Policy & Practice, 11(2-3), 181–201. https://doi.org/10.1080/17567505.2020.1746059
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Timothy, D. (2021). Cultural heritage and tourism: An introduction (2nd ed.). Channel View.
   Google Scholar
• Timothy, D., & Boyd, S. (2003). Heritage tourism. Pearson.
   Google Scholar
• Torres-Delgado, A., & Saarinen, J. (2014). Using indicators to assess sustainable tourism development: A review. Tourism Geographies, 16(1), 31–47. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2013.867530
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• United Nations Development Programme. (2014). Governance indicators: A users’ guide (2nd ed.).
   Google Scholar
• United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. (2018). The criteria for selection. World Heritage Centre. http://whc.unesco.org/en/criteria/
   Google Scholar
• United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. (2019). Convention concerning the protection of the world cultural and natural heritage. https://whc.unesco.org/en/conventiontext/
   Google Scholar
• United Nations World Tourism Organization. (1996). What tourism managers need to know: A practical guide to the development and use of indicators of sustainable tourism.
   Google Scholar
• United Nations World Tourism Organization. (2004). Indicators of sustainable development for tourism destinations: A guidebook.
   Google Scholar
• United Nations World Tourism Organization. (2019). Sustainable development of tourism. https://sdt.unwto.org/content/about-us-5
   Google Scholar
• Vásquez, I., & McMahon, F. (2020). The human freedom index 2020: A global measurement of personal, civil, and economic freedom. The Cato Institute and the Fraser Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Webster, K. (1998). Developing community LA21s. In D. Warburton (Ed.), Community and sustainable development (pp. 182–197). Earthscan Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Weng, L., He, B., Liu, L., Li, C., & Zhang, X. (2019). Sustainability assessment of cultural heritage tourism: Case study of Pingyao ancient city in China. Sustainability, 11(5), 1392. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11051392
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White, V., McCrum, G., Blackstock, K., & Scott, A. (2006). Indicators and sustainable tourism: Literature review. The Macaulay Institute.
   Google Scholar
• World Heritage Watch. (2020). World heritage watch report 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Zubiaga, M., Izkara, J., Gandini, A., Alonso, I., & Saralegui, U. (2019). Towards smarter management of overtourism in historic centres through visitor-flow monitoring. Sustainability, 11(24), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11247254
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zuzana, J., & Zuzana, L. (2015). Monitoring system of sustainable development in cultural and mountain tourism destinations. Journal of Competitiveness, 7(1), 35–52. https://doi.org/10.7441/joc.2015.01.03
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar