540
Views
3
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

An investigation of factors affecting solo travel intention among marginalized groups: a case of Indian Muslim Women

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon
Pages 1014-1034 | Received 30 May 2022, Accepted 23 Jan 2023, Published online: 24 Feb 2023

References

  • Abdelwahed, N. A. A., Soomro, B. A., & Shah, N. (2022). Climate change and pro-environmental behaviours: The significant environmental challenges of livelihoods. Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal, https://doi.org/10.1108/MEQ-10-2021-0236
  • Ahmadi, F. (2006). Islamic feminism in Iran: Feminism in a new Islamic context. Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion, 33–53. https://doi.org/10.2979/FSR.2006.22.2.33
  • Aji, H. M., Muslichah, I., & Seftyono, C. (2021). The determinants of Muslim travellers’ intention to visit non-Islamic countries: A halal tourism implication. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 12(8), 1553–1576. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIMA-03-2020-0075
  • Ajzen, I. (1985). From intentions to actions: A theory of planned behavior. In J. Kuhl, & J. Beskmann (Eds.), Action control (pp. 11–39). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-69746-3_2
  • Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T
  • Ajzen, I. (2012). Martin Fishbein’s legacy: The reasoned action approach. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 640(1), 11–27. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716211423363
  • Alsawafi, A. M., & Almuhrzi, H. (2022). The college student travel market: Exploring the key factors influencing higher education Arab students’ travel decisions. International Journal of Leisure and Tourism Marketing, 7(3), 235–250. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJLTM.2022.122460
  • Althalathini, D., Al-Dajani, H., & Apostolopoulos, N. (2022). The impact of Islamic feminism in empowering Women’s entrepreneurship in conflict zones: Evidence from Afghanistan, Iraq and Palestine. Journal of Business Ethics, 178(1), 39–55. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-021-04818-z
  • Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1988). Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103(3), 411. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.103.3.411
  • Apostolopoulos, Y., & Sönmez, S. (2001). Working producers, leisured consumers: Women’s experiences in developing regions. In Y. Apostolopoulos, S. Sonmez, & D. Timothy (Eds.), Women as producers and consumers of tourism in developing regions (pp. 3–18). Praeger Publishers.
  • Awde, N. (2005). Women in Islam: An anthology from the Quran and Hadiths (Revised and expanded ed.). Bennett & Bloom.
  • Beerli, A., & Martin, J. D. (2004). Factors influencing destination image. Annals of tourism research, 31(3), 657–681. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2004.01.010
  • Berdychevsky, L., Gibson, H. J., & Bell, H. L. (2013). Girlfriend getaways and women's well-being. Journal of Leisure Research, 45(5), 602–623. https://doi.org/10.18666/jlr-2013-v45-i5-4365
  • Bernard, S., Rahman, I., & McGehee, N. G. (2022). Breaking barriers for Bangladeshi female solo travelers. Tourism Management Perspectives, 41, 100932. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2021.100932
  • Bianchi, C. (2022). Antecedents of tourists’ solo travel intentions. Tourism Review, 77(3), 780–795. https://doi.org/10.1108/TR-12-2020-0611
  • Boksberger, P. E., Bieger, T., & Laesser, C. (2007). Multidimensional analysis of perceived risk in commercial air travel. Journal of Air Transport Management, 13(2), 90–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2006.10.003
  • Boomsma, A. (1987). The robustness of maximum likelihood estimation in structural equation models. In P. Cuttance, & R. Ecob (Eds.), Structural modeling by example:Applications in educational, sociological, and behavioral research (pp. 160–188). Cambridge University Press.
  • Brown, J. (2014). Factors related to domestic violence in Asia: The conflict between culture and patriarchy. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 24(7), 828–837. https://doi.org/10.1080/10911359.2014.884962
  • Brown, L., & Osman, H. (2017). The female tourist experience in Egypt as an Islamic destination. Annals of Tourism Research, 63, 12–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2016.12.005
  • Brugulat, M., & Coromina, L. (2021). Constraints of solo female backpackers in Southeast Asia. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 26(6), 640–653. https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2021.1886134
  • Canetto, S. S. (2015). Suicidal behaviors among Muslim Women. Crisis, 36(6), https://doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910/a000347
  • Carey, R. L., Polanco, C., & Blackman, H. (2022). Black adolescent boys’ perceived school mattering: From marginalization and selective love to radically affirming relationships. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 32(1), 151–169. https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.12706
  • Carreira, V., Gonzalez-Rodriguez, M. R., & Diaz-Fernandez, M. C. (2022). The relevance of motivation, authenticity and destination image to explain future behavioural intention in a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Current Issues in Tourism, 25(4), 650–673. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2021.1905617
  • Carvalho, M. A. M. (2022). Factors affecting future travel intentions: Awareness, image, past visitation and risk perception. International Journal of Tourism Cities, 8(ahead-of-print), https://doi.org/10.1108/IJTC-11-2021-0219
  • Chai, P. P. (1996). Fully independent travellers. BTR Tourism Update, Autumn, 3.
  • Charlton, C. (2014). Majority admit they would hesitate to help lost child. Retrieved 11 May 2022, from http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2735350/Two-three-people-admithesitate-help-lost-child-fears-falsely-accused.html.
  • Chatterjee, S. (2022). Conflicting ideals and practices: Gender, marriage and norms within the Urban middle classes in contemporary India (Doctoral dissertation). University of Essex.
  • Cherayi, S., & Jose, J. P. (2016). Empowerment and social inclusion of Muslim women: Towards a new conceptual model. Journal of rural studies, 45, 243–251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2016.04.003
  • Chiang, C. Y., & Jogaratnam, G. (2006). Why do women travel solo for purposes of leisure? Journal of Vacation Marketing, 12(1), 59–70. https://doi.org/10.1177/1356766706059041
  • Chien, G. C. L., Yen, I. Y., & Hoang, P. Q. (2012). Combination of Theory of Planned Behavior and Motivation: An Exploratory Study of Potential Beach-based Resorts in Vietnam. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 17(5), 489–508. https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2011.627352
  • Chung, J. Y., Baik, H. J., & Lee, C. K. (2017). The role of perceived behavioural control in the constraint-negotiation process: The case of solo travel. Leisure Studies, 36(4), 481–492. https://doi.org/10.1080/02614367.2016.1190780
  • Condor Ferries. (2022). Solo Travel Statistics 2020-2021. Retrieved 06 May 2022, from https://www.condorferries.co.uk/solo-travel-statistics.
  • Cooke, M. (2000). Multiple critique: Islamic feminist rhetorical strategies. Nepantla: Views from South, 1(1), 91–110.
  • Cornwall, A. (2016). Women's empowerment: What works? Journal of International Development, 28(3), 342–359. https://doi.org/10.1002/jid.3210
  • Crompton, J. L. (1979). Motivations for pleasure vacation. Annals of tourism research, 6(4), 408–424. https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(79)90004-5
  • Datta, A. (2016). The genderscapes of hate: On violence against women in India. Dialogues in Human Geography, 6(2), 178–181. https://doi.org/10.1177/2043820616655016
  • DeVault, M. L. (1996). Talking back to sociology: Distinctive contributions of feminist methodology. Annual review of sociology, 29–50. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.22.1.29
  • Din, K. H. (1989). Islam and tourism: Patterns, issues, and options. Annals of tourism research, 16(4), 542–563. https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(89)90008-X
  • Djelloul, G. (2018). Islamic feminism: A contradiction in terms? Eurozine. Retrieved November 14, 2022, from https://www.eurozine.com/islamic-feminism-contradiction-terms/#footnote-1.
  • Dubey, S. Y. (2016). Women at the bottom in India: Women workers in the informal economy. Contemporary Voice of Dalit, 8(1), 30–40. https://doi.org/10.1177/2455328X16628776
  • Duffy, L. N., Cardenas, D. A., Chancellor, H. C., & Byrd, E. T. (2016). Examining barriers, motivations, and perceptions of women working in the tourism industry: Case study of Ayampe, Ecuador.
  • Ernszt, I., & Marton, Z. (2021). Alone or Not Alone?–The attitudes of Hungarians towards Solo travel. Entrenova-Enterprise Research Innovation, 7(1), 419–427. https://doi.org/10.54820/DGPS9412
  • Falconer, E. (2017). ‘Learning to be Zen’: Women travellers and the imperative to happy. Journal of Gender Studies, 26(1), 56–65. https://doi.org/10.1080/09589236.2016.1243043
  • Feldbauer, I. G., & Jeffrey, H. L. (2021). Disempowered hosts? A literature review of Muslim Women and tourism. Women in Tourism in Asian Muslim Countries, 13–23. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-4757-1_2
  • Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39–50. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378101800104
  • Frontline. (2022). Marginalisation of women and the social exclusion discourse. Retrieved 20 April 2022, from https://frontline.thehindu.com/books/marginalisation-of-women-and-the-social-exclusion-discourse/article33313302.ece.
  • Garson, G. D. (2001). PA 765 statnotes: An online textbook (Vol. 2001). On line] Available: http://www2.chass.ncsu.edu/garson/pa765/statnote.htm.
  • George, D., & Mallery, P. (2003). SPSS for windows step by step: Answers to selected exercises. A Simple Guide and Reference, 63, 1461–1470.
  • Global Religious Futures. (2020). The future of world religions. Retrieved 16 May 2022, from http://globalreligiousfutures.org/.
  • Goldsmith, B., & Beresford, M. (2022). India most dangerous country for women with sexual violence rife. Retrieved 11 May 2022, from https://www.reuters.com/article/women-dangerous-poll-idINKBN1JM076.
  • Gu, M. (2015). A complex interplay between religion, gender and marginalization: Pakistani schoolgirls in Hong Kong. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 38(11), 1934–1951. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2014.941895
  • Guo, X., Edghiem, F., Dakhan, S. A., Khan, M. (2022). Investigating female students’ entrepreneurial intention in the UK and Pakistan: An application of TPB. In D. Hyams-Ssekasi, & F. Agboma (Eds.), Entrepreneurship and Change. Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-07139-3_6
  • Habibullah, M. (2021). Feministic Islamophobia: Representation of Muslim Women in V.S. Naipaul’s travelogues and Daniel Pipes’ history. Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, 41(4), 669–684. https://doi.org/10.1080/13602004.2022.2029013
  • Hair, J. F., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2011). PLS-SEM: Indeed a Silver Bullet. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 19(2), 139–152. https://doi.org/10.2753/MTP1069-6679190202
  • Han, H. (2015). Travelers’ pro-environmental behavior in a green lodging context: Converging value-belief-norm theory and the theory of planned behavior. Tourism Management, 47, 164–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2014.09.014
  • Hanafiah, M. H., & Hamdan, N. A. A. (2021). Determinants of Muslim travellers Halal food consumption attitude and behavioural intentions. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 12(6), 1197–1218. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIMA-09-2019-0195
  • Hasan, F., Latzer, Y., Diedrichs, P. C., & Lewis-Smith, H. (2021). A qualitative exploration of motivations for fasting and the impact of Ramadan on eating behaviors and body image among young adult Muslim women in the United Kingdom. Eating behaviors, 42, 101545. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eatbeh.2021.101545
  • Hashem, H., Ghani, M., Hirani, S., Bennett, A., & Awad, G. H. (2022). Solo status, religious centrality, and discrimination among American Muslim women. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 88, 32–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2022.03.005
  • Hassani, A., & Moghavvemi, S. (2020). Muslims’ travel motivations and travel preferences: The impact of motivational factors on Islamic service, hedonic and product preferences. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 11(2), 344–367. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIMA-11-2018-0215
  • Hazra, S. (2019). Why caregiving needs To move beyond the boundaries of Gender. Retrieved 18 September 2022, from https://feminisminindia.com/2019/04/25/caregiving-beyond-gender-boundaries/.
  • Heimtun, B., & Abelsen, B. (2013). Singles and solo travel: Gender and type of holiday. Tourism Culture & Communication, 13(3), 161–174. https://doi.org/10.3727/109830414X13911221027443
  • Heiny, J., Ajzen, I., Leonhäuser, I. U., & Schmidt, P. (2019). Intentions to enhance tourism in private households: Explanation and mediated effects of entrepreneurial experience. Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation in Emerging Economies, 5(2), 128–148. https://doi.org/10.1177/2393957519858531
  • Hosseini, S., Macias, R. C., & Garcia, F. A. (2022). The exploration of Iranian solo female travellers’ experiences. International Journal of Tourism Research, 24(2), 256–269. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.2498
  • Hsu, C. H., & Huang, S. (2012). An extension of the theory of planned behavior model for tourists. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 36(3), 390–417. https://doi.org/10.1177/1096348010390817
  • Hudoyo, M. (2019). Muslim millennials want destination marketers to rethink ‘halal travel’. Retrieved 11 May 2022, from https://www.ttgasia.com/2019/10/25/muslim-millennials-want-destination-marketers-to-rethink-halal-travel/.
  • Hudson, M., Netto, G., Noon, M., Sosenko, F., De Lima, P., & Kamenou-Aigbekaen, N. (2017). Ethnicity and low wage traps: Favouritism, homosocial reproduction and economic marginalization. Work, employment and society, 31(6), 992–1009. https://doi.org/10.1177/0950017016674898
  • Hyder, S. (2021). Global rise of Islamic feminism and its status. Interdisciplinary Journal of Applied and Basics Subjects, 1(2), 1–13.
  • Idris, I. (2022). Approaches to gender/inclusion from conservative Islamist perspective. K4D Helpdesk Report 1220. Institute of Development Studies. DOI: 10.19088/K4D.2022.141
  • Je, J. S., Khoo, C., & Yang, E. C. L. (2022). Gender issues in tourism organisations: Insights from a two-phased pragmatic systematic literature review. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 30, 1658–1681. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1831000
  • Jordan, F., & Aitchison, C. (2008). Tourism and the sexualisation of the gaze: Solo female tourists’ experiences of gendered power, surveillance and embodiment. Leisure Studies, 27(3), 329–349. https://doi.org/10.1080/02614360802125080
  • Jordan, F., & Gibson, H. (2005). “We're Not Stupid . . . But We'll Not Stay Home Either”: Experiences of Solo Women travelers. Tourism Review International, 9(2), 195–211. https://doi.org/10.3727/154427205774791663
  • Joynathsing, C., & Ramkissoon, H. (2010). Understanding the behavioral intention of European tourists. In Proceedings of International Research Symposium in Service Management (Vol. 1694, p. 0938).
  • Kaba, B. (2021). Foreign solo female travellers’ perceptions of risk and safety in Turkey. In M. Krevs (Eds.), Hidden Geographies. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-74590-5_23
  • Karagoz, D., Işık, C., Dogru, T., & Zhang, L. (2021). Solo female travel risks, anxiety and travel intentions: Examining the moderating role of online psychological-social support. Current Issues in Tourism, 24(11), 1595–1612. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2020.1816929
  • Khanal, K., & Sen, R. (2020). The dowry gift in South Asia: An institution on the intersection of market and patriarchy. Journal of Economic Issues, 54(2), 356–362. https://doi.org/10.1080/00213624.2020.1743145
  • Khan, I. M., Sahadev, S., Rashid, T., & Banerjee, S. (2022). Social media and empowerment in hospitality and tourism decision-making: A study among UK Muslim women. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 101, 103125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2021.103125
  • Khan, M. J., Chelliah, S., & Ahmed, S. (2017). Factors influencing destination image and visit intention among young women travellers: Role of travel motivation, perceived risks, and travel constraints. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 22(11), 1139–1155. https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2017.1374985
  • Khan, M. J., Chelliah, S., Khan, F., & Amin, S. (2019). Perceived risks, travel constraints and visit intention of young women travelers: The moderating role of travel motivation. Tourism Review, 74(3), 721–738. https://doi.org/10.1108/TR-08-2018-0116
  • Khoo-Lattimore, C., & Prayag, G. (2015). The girlfriend getaway market: Segmenting accommodation and service preferences. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 45, 99–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2014.12.003
  • Khoo-Lattimore, C., Yang, E. C. L., & Je, J. S. (2019). Assessing gender representation in knowledge production: A critical analysis of UNWTO’s planned events. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 27(7), 920–938. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2019.1566347
  • Kluin, J. Y., & Lehto, X. Y. (2012). Measuring family reunion travel motivations. Annals of Tourism Research, 39(2), 820–841. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2011.09.008
  • Kour, P., & Manhas, P. S. (2018). Analysis of travel constraints among Indian Women travelling alone across Himalayan destinations. Avahan: A Journal on Hospitalty and Tourism, 6(1), 38–45.
  • Kozak, M., Crotts, J. C., & Law, R. (2007). The impact of the perception of risk on international travellers. International Journal of Tourism Research, 9(4), 233–242. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.607
  • Kramer, S. (2021). Key findings about the religious composition of India, Pew Research Center. Pew Research Center. Available at: https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2021/09/21/key-findings-about-the-religious-composition-of-india/ (Accessed: January 1, 2023).
  • Laesser, C., Beritelli, P., & Bieger, T. (2009). Solo travel: Explorative insights from a mature market (Switzerland). Journal of Vacation Marketing, 15(3), 217–227. https://doi.org/10.1177/1356766709104268
  • Lam, T., & Hsu, C. H. C. (2006). Predicting behavioral intention of choosing a travel destination. Tourism Management, 27(4), 589–599. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2005.02.003
  • Lane, J., & Meeker, J. W. (2003). Women's and men's fear of gang crimes: Sexual and nonsexual assault as perceptually contemporaneous offenses. Justice Quarterly, 20(2), 337–371. https://doi.org/10.1080/07418820300095551
  • Larsen, J., & Urry, J. (2011). Gazing and performing. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 29(6), 1110–1125. https://doi.org/10.1068/d21410
  • Leith, C. (2020). Tourism trends: Lifestyle developments and the links to solo tourism. Journal of Tourism Futures, 6(3), 251–255. https://doi.org/10.1108/JTF-11-2019-0126
  • Lenneis, V., Evans, A. B., & Agergaard, S. (2022). Swimming as self-care – a Foucauldian analysis of swimming for Danish Muslim Women. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 57(3), 401–420. https://doi.org/10.1177/10126902211016843
  • Liu, Y. C., Li, I. J., Yen, S. Y., & Sher, P. J. (2018). What makes Muslim friendly tourism? An empirical study on destination image, tourist attitude and travel intention. Advances in Management and Applied Economics, 8(5), 27–43.
  • Liu, Y., Shi, H., Li, Y., & Amin, A. (2021). Factors influencing Chinese residents’ post-pandemic outbound travel intentions: An extended theory of planned behavior model based on the perception of COVID-19. Tourism Review, https://doi.org/10.1108/TR-09-2020-0458
  • Mair, H. (2018). Critical inquiry in tourism and hospitality research. In R. Nunkoo (Ed.) Handbook of research methods for tourism and hospitality management. Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781785366284.00010.
  • Mastercard-Crescentrating. (2019). The mastercard-crescent rating halal travel frontier 2019 report unveils the top trends to watch. Retrieved 16 May 2022, from https://www.mastercard.com/news/ap/en/newsroom/press-releases/en/2019/january/the-mastercard-crescentrating-halal-travel-frontier-2019-report-unveils-the-top-trends-to-watch/.
  • McArthur, J. (2022). Critical theory in a decolonial age. Educational Philosophy and Theory, 54(10), 1681–1692. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131857.2021.1934670
  • Ministry of Minority Affairs. (2019). Sachar Committee Report, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India. Retrieved 16 May 2022, from http://www.minorityaffairs.gov.in/reports/sachar-committee-report.
  • Mirehie, M., & Gibson, H. J. (2020). The relationship between female snow-sport tourists’ travel behaviors and well-being. Tourism Management Perspectives, 33, 100613. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2019.100613
  • Moutinho, L. (2000). Segmentation, targeting, positioning and strategic marketing. In Strategic management in tourism, 121–166. https://doi.org/10.1079/9780851992822.0121
  • Mowen, J. C., & Minor, M. S. (1998). Consumer Behavior. Prentice-Hall.
  • Nazir, M. U., Mehmood, S. A., Yasin, I., Tat, H. H., Pervaiz, A. N., & Majeed, M. I. (2021). Do female travelers perceive more risks and restrictions than male travelers? A multigroup analysis. Journal of Applied Structural Equation Modeling, 5(2), 1–35. https://doi.org/10.47263/JASEM.5(2)01
  • Nainar, V. (2013). Patriarchy in South Asia–structures and relations. Analyse and Kritik, June.
  • Ng, P. M. L., & Cheung, C. T. Y. (2022). Why do young people do things for the environment? The effect of perceived values on pro-environmental behaviour. Young Consumers, (ahead-of-print). https://doi.org/10.1108/YC-11-2021-1411.
  • Nikjoo, A., Markwell, K., Nikbin, M., & Hernández-Lara, A. B. (2021). The flag-bearers of change in a patriarchal Muslim society: Narratives of Iranian solo female travelers on Instagram. Tourism Management Perspectives, 38, 100817. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2021.100817
  • Nilashi, M., Abumalloh, R. A., Alrizq, M., Alghamdi, A., Samad, S., Almulihi, A., Althobaiti, M. M., Ismail, M. Y., & Mohd, S. (2022). What is the impact of eWOM in social network sites on travel decision-making during the COVID-19 outbreak? A two-stage methodology. Telematics and Informatics, 69, 101795. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2022.101795
  • Nisha, F., & Cheung, C. (2022). Locating Muslimah in the travel and tourism research. Tourism Management Perspectives, 41, 100940. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2022.100940
  • Nunnally, J. C., & Bernstein, I. H. (1978). The role of university in the development of entrepreneurial vocations: A Spanish study. In Psychometric theory, (pp. 387–405). McGraw-Hill
  • Nurein, S. A., & Iqbal, H. (2021). Identifying a space for young Black Muslim women in contemporary Britain. Ethnicities, 21(3), 433–453. https://doi.org/10.1177/14687968211001899
  • Nazneen, S., Hossain, N., & Chopra, D. (2019). Introduction: Contentious women's empowerment in South Asia. Contemporary South Asia, 27(4), 457–470. https://doi.org/10.1080/09584935.2019.1689922
  • Oglethorpe, J. E., & Monroe, K. B. (1987). Risk perception and risk acceptability in consumer behavior: Conceptual issues and an agenda for future research. In Proceedings of AMA Winter Marketers Educators’ Conference (pp. 255-260).
  • Oktadiana, H., Pearce, P. L., & Li, J. (2020). Let's travel: Voices from the millennial female Muslim travellers. International Journal of Tourism Research, 22(5), 551–563. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.2355
  • Pallant, J. (2020). SPSS survival manual: A step by step guide to data analysis using IBM SPSS. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003117452.
  • Parrey, S. H., Hakim, I. A., & Rather, R. A. (2019). Mediating role of government initiatives and media influence between perceived risks and destination image: A study of conflict zone. International Journal of Tourism Cities, 5(1), 90–106. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJTC-02-2018-0019
  • Patil, A. (2018). Why caregiving needs to be ‘de-feminized’. Retrieved 18 September 2022, from https://www.whiteswanfoundation.org/caregiving/how-the-role-of-caring-disproportionately-burdens-women.
  • Piedalue, A. D. (2022). Slow nonviolence: Muslim women resisting the everyday violence of dispossession and marginalization. Environment and planning C: Politics and space, 40(2), 373–390. https://doi.org/10.1177/2399654419882721
  • Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J.-Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879–903. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879
  • Ratthinan, S. P., & Selamat, N. H. (2019). Negotiating travel constraints via technology: A study of Malay Muslim women through a hierarchical constraint model perspective. Asian Journal of Business Research, 9(2), 55. https://doi.org/10.14707/ajbr.190060
  • Reisinger, Y., & Mavondo, F. (2005). Travel anxiety and intentions to travel internationally: Implications of travel risk perception. Journal of travel research, 43(3), 212–225. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287504272017
  • Rinaldo, R. (2014). Pious and critical: Muslim women activists and the question of agency. Gender & Society, 28(6), 824–846. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243214549352
  • Roy, R., Akhtar, F., & Das, N. (2017). Entrepreneurial intention among science & technology students in India: Extending the theory of planned behavior. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 13(4), 1013–1041. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-017-0434-y
  • Sanchez-Canizares, S. M., Cabeza-Ramírez, L. J., Muñoz-Fernández, G., & Fuentes-García, F. J. (2021). Impact of the perceived risk from Covid-19 on intention to travel. Current Issues in Tourism, 24(7), 970–984. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2020.1829571
  • Schiffmann, L. G., & Kanuk, L. L. (1991). Consumer behavior. Prentice Hall.
  • Sengupta, S. (2022). Travel after tragedy: A phenomenological study on what it takes for women to travel solo after tragedy. Journal of Leisure Research, 53(1), 92–111. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.2021.1899777
  • Seow, D., & Brown, L. (2018). The solo female Asian tourist. Current Issues in Tourism, 21(10), 1187–1206. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2017.1423283
  • Shakona, M., Backman, K., Backman, S., Norman, W., Luo, Y., & Duffy, L. (2015). Understanding the traveling behavior of Muslims in the United States. International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research, 9(1), 22–35. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCTHR-05-2014-0036
  • Shinde, S. V., & John, A. (2012). Educational status of Muslim women in India. Review of Research, 1(6), 1–4.
  • Singh, A., Chokhandre, P., Singh, A. K., Barker, K. M., Kumar, K., McDougal, L., & Raj, A. (2022). Development of the India patriarchy index: Validation and testing of temporal and spatial patterning. Social Indicators Research, 159(1), 351–377. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-021-02752-1
  • Sonmez, S. F., & Graefe, A. R. (1998). Influence of terrorism risk on foreign tourism decisions. Annals of tourism research, 25(1), 112–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(97)00072-8
  • Sparks, B., & Pan, G. W. (2009). Chinese outbound tourists: Understanding their attitudes, constraints and use of information sources. Tourism Management, 30(4), 483–494. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2008.10.014
  • Steenkamp, J. B. E., & Geyskens, I. (2006). How country characteristics affect the perceived value of web sites. Journal of Marketing, 70(3), 136–150. https://doi.org/10.1509/jmkg.70.3.136
  • Stevens, J. P. (2012). Applied multivariate statistics for the social sciences. Routledge.
  • Sujood, Hamid, S., & Bano, N. (2021). Behavioural intention of traveling in the period of COVID-19: An application of the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) and perceived risk. International Journal of Tourism Cities, 8(2), 357–378. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJTC-09-2020-0183
  • Sujood, Bano, N., & Siddiqui, S. (2022). Consumers’ intention towards the use of smart technologies in tourism and hospitality (T&H) industry: A deeper insight into the integration of TAM, TPB and trust. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Insights, (ahead-of-print), https://doi.org/10.1108/JHTI-06-2022-0267
  • Sveinson, K., & Hoeber, L. (2016). Female sport fans’ experiences of marginalization and empowerment. Journal of Sport Management, 30(1), 8–21. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.2014-0221
  • Tackett, S., Young, J. H., Putman, S., Wiener, C., Deruggiero, K., & Bayram, J. D. (2018). Barriers to healthcare among Muslim women: A narrative review of the literature. Women's Studies International Forum, 69, 190–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2018.02.009
  • Talwar, S., Kaur, P., Kumar, S., Hossain, M., & Dhir, A. (2021). What determines a positive attitude towards natural food products? An expectancy theory approach. Journal of Cleaner Production, 327, 129204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.129204
  • Tan, M. I. I., Razali, R. N., & Husny, Z. J. (2012). The adoption of halal transportations technologies for halal logistics service providers in Malaysia. International Journal of Transport and Vehicle Engineering, 6(3), 737–744.
  • Tavakoli, R., & Mura, P. (2015). ‘Journeys in Second Life’ – Iranian Muslim women's behaviour in virtual tourist destinations. Tourism Management, 46, 398–407. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2014.07.015
  • Tavakoli, R., & Mura, P. (2021). Muslim Women travellers’ constraints: A critical review. In N. Slak Valek &, H. Almuhrzi (Eds.), Women in Tourism in Asian Muslim Countries: Perspectives on Asian Tourism (pp. 25–40). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-4757-1_3.
  • Tavitiyaman, P., & Qu, H. (2013). Destination image and behavior intention of travelers to Thailand: The moderating effect of perceived risk. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 30(3), 169–185. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2013.774911
  • Thakur, P., Khoo, C., & Pyar, W. Y. K. (2021). Diversity training: Where are we, and where should we be heading? A systematic literature review. Tourism Recreation Research, 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2021.1965369
  • Thomas, T. K., & Mura, P. (2019). The ‘normality of unsafety’- foreign solo female travellers in India. Tourism Recreation Research, 44(1), 33–40. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2018.1494872
  • Toffoletti, K., & Palmer, C. (2017). New approaches for studies of Muslim women and sport. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 52(2), 146–163. https://doi.org/10.1177/1012690215589326
  • Van den Brandt, N. (2019). Secularity, gender, and emancipation: thinking through feminist activism and feminist approaches to the secular. Religion, 49(4), 691–716. https://doi.org/10.1080/0048721X.2019.1642261
  • Vargas-Sánchez, A., & Moral-Moral, M. (2018). Halal tourism: State of the art. Tourism Review, 74(3), 385–399. https://doi.org/10.1108/TR-01-2018-0015
  • Wadud, A. (2021). Reflections on Islamic Feminist Exegesis of the Qur’an. Religions, 12(7), 497. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel12070497
  • Waheed, A., Sayeed, A., & Mujtaba, S. I. (2014). Empowerment of Muslim Women in India: A Sociological Analysis. Bangladesh e-Journal of Sociology, 11(2), 41.
  • Wang, L. H., Yeh, S. S., Chen, K. Y., & Huan, T. C. (2022). Tourists’ travel intention: Revisiting the TPB model with age and perceived risk as moderator and attitude as mediator. Tourism Review, https://doi.org/10.1108/TR-07-2021-0334
  • Wang, S., Wang, J., Yang, S., Li, J., & Zhou, K. (2020). From intention to behavior: Comprehending residents’ waste sorting intention and behavior formation process. Waste Management, 113, 41–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2020.05.031
  • Wantono, A., & McKercher, B. (2020). Backpacking and risk perception: The case of solo Asian women. Tourism Recreation Research, 45(1), 19–29. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2019.1636180
  • Wearing, B. (1998). Leisure and feminist theory. Sage.
  • Wilson, E. (2004). ‘A journey of her own?’ the impact of constraints on women's solo travel (Doctoral dissertation, Griffith University). Australia.
  • Wilson, E., Holdsworth, L., & Witsel, M. (2009). Gutsy women? Conflicting discourses in women's travel guidebooks. Tourism Recreation Research, 34(1), 3–11. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2009.11081570
  • Wilson, E., & Hollinshead, K. (2015). Qualitative tourism research: Opportunities in the emergent soft sciences. Annals of Tourism Research, 54, 30–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2015.06.001
  • Wilson, E., & Little, D. E. (2005). A “relative escape”? The impact of constraints on women who travel solo. Tourism Review International, 9(2), 155–175. https://doi.org/10.3727/154427205774791672
  • Wilson, E., & Little, D. E. (2008). The solo female travel experience: Exploring the ‘geography of women's fear’. Current Issues in Tourism, 11(2), 167–186. https://doi.org/10.2167/cit342.0
  • World Population Review. (2022). Most dangerous Countries For Women. Retrieved 11 May 2022, from https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/most-dangerous-countries-for-women.
  • Yang, E. C. L. (2021). What motivates and hinders people from travelling alone? A study of solo and non-solo travellers. Current Issues in Tourism, 24(17), 2458–2471. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2020.1839025
  • Yang, E. C. L., Khoo-Lattimore, C., & Arcodia, C. (2017). A systematic literature review of risk and gender research in tourism. Tourism Management, 58, 89–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2016.10.011
  • Yang, E. C. L., Khoo-Lattimore, C., & Arcodia, C. (2018a). Power and empowerment: How Asian solo female travellers perceive and negotiate risks. Tourism Management, 68, 32–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2018.02.017
  • Yang, E. C. L., Khoo-Lattimore, C., & Arcodia, C. (2018b). Constructing space and self through risk taking: A case of Asian solo female travelers. Journal of Travel Research, 57(2), 260–272. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287517692447
  • Yang, E. C. L., Nimri, R., & Lai, M. Y. (2022). Uncovering the critical drivers of solo holiday attitudes and intentions. Tourism Management Perspectives, 41, 100913. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2021.100913
  • Yang, E. C. L., Yang, M. J. H., & Khoo-Lattimore, C. (2019). The meanings of solo travel for Asian women. Tourism Review, 74(5), 1047–1057. https://doi.org/10.1108/TR-10-2018-0150
  • Yeasmeen, T., Kelaher, M., & Brotherton, J. M. (2022). Understanding the types of racism and its effect on mental health among Muslim women in Victoria. Ethnicity & Health, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/13557858.2022.2027882
  • Zboja, J. J., Jackson, R. W., & Grimes-Rose, M. (2020). An expectancy theory perspective of volunteerism: the roles of powerlessness, attitude toward charitable organizations, and attitude toward helping others. International Review on Public and Nonprofit Marketing, 17(4), 493–507. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12208-020-00260-5
  • Zhang, Y., & Hitchcock, M. J. (2017). The Chinese female tourist gaze: A netnography of young women's blogs on Macao. Current Issues in Tourism, 20(3), 315–330. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2014.904845
  • Zhang, Y., Lee, T. J., & Xiong, Y. (2019). A conflict resolution model for sustainable heritage tourism. International Journal of Tourism Research, 21(4), 478–492. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.2276
  • Zhao, X., Dichtl, F. F., & Foran, H. M. (2022). Predicting smoking behavior: Intention and future self-continuity among Austrians. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 27(5), 1042–1051. https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2020.1842898
  • Zheng, W., Qiu, H., Morrison, A. M., Wei, W., & Zhang, X. (2022). Landscape and unique fascination: A dual-case study on the antecedents of tourist pro-environmental behavioral intentions. Land, 11(4), 479. https://doi.org/10.3390/land11040479
  • Zulkifli, W. S. W., Rahman, S. A., Awang, K. W., & Man, Y. B. C. (2011). Developing the framework for halal friendly tourism in Malaysia. International Business Management, 5(6), 295–302.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.