143
Views
3
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Civil Engineering

Walking speed probability distribution in smoke-filled tunnel experiments

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, , , & ORCID Icon
Pages 661-668 | Received 24 Mar 2021, Accepted 05 Aug 2022, Published online: 25 Oct 2022

References

  • Chandra, S., and A. K. Bharti. 2013. “Speed Distribution Curves for Pedestrians during Walking and Crossing.” Procedia-Social and Behavioural Sciences 104: 660–667. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.11.160.
  • Chinatimes news reported by Li, Jhong-yi. 2012. “Move His Girlfriend to Escape from the Tunnel Fire, QIU, QI-FENG Said: I Want to Merry Her” [In Chinese.] Chinatimes news, 8th May in 2012. Accessed on 12 June 2020. https://www.chinatimes.com/newspapers/20120508000372-260102?chdtv.
  • Dobashi, M., T. Imai, H. Yanagi, and A. Mizuno. 2000. “Numerical Simulation of the Emergency Tunnel Ventilation for a Tunnel with Longitudinal and Transverse Systems Combined” In Proceedings of 10th International Symposium on Aerodynamics and Ventilation of Vehicle Tunnels, 43: 581–595. November Boston: BHR Group
  • Dougal, D. 2011. ”An Introduction to Fire Dynamics”, p. 448. Third ed. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
  • Frantzich, H., and D. Nilsson. 2003. “Utrymninggenomtätrök: Beteendeochförflyttning [Evacuation in Dense Smoke: Behaviour and Movement].” [In Swedish.] Report 3126: 75. Department of Fire Safety Engineering and Systems Safety, Lund University.
  • Frantzich, H., and D. Nilsson. 2004. “Evacuation Experiments in a Smoke Filled Tunnel” In Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on Human Behaviour in Fire, London, 229–238. September. Gosport: Interscience Communications .
  • Fridolf, K., K. Andree, D. Nilsson, and H. Frantzich. 2013. “The Impact of Smoke on Walking Speed.” Fire and Materials 38 (7): 744–759. doi:10.1002/fam.2217.
  • Fridolf, K., E. Ronchi, D. Nilsson, and H. Frantzich. 2015. “The Relationship between Obstructed and Unobstructed Walking Speed: Results from Evacuation Experiment in a Smoke Filled Tunnel.” In Proceedings of International symposium on Human Behaviour in Fire, Cambridge, 537–548. September 2015 Gosport: Interscience Communications .
  • Fruin, J. 1971. Pedestrian Planning and Design. New York: Metropolitan Association of Urban Designers and Environmental Planners.
  • Jin, T., and T. Yamada. 1985. “Irritating Effects of Fire Smoke on Visibility.” Fire Science & Technology 5 (1): 79–89. doi:10.3210/fst.5.79.
  • National Fire Protection Association. 2014. “Standard for Road Tunnels, Bridges, and Other Limited Access Highways.” In NFAP, Vol. 502, p. 38. Massachusetts: National Fire Codes Online.
  • Ronchi, E., K. Fridolf, H. Frantzich, D. Nilsson, A. L. Walter, and H. Modif. 2018. “A Tunnel Evacuation Experiment on Movement Speed and Exit Choice in Smoke.” Fire Safety Journal 97: 126–136. doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2017.06.002.
  • Seike, M., N. Kawabata, and M. Hasegawa. 2016. “Experiments of Evacuation Speed in Tunnel Filled Smoke.” Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 53: 61–67. doi:10.1016/j.tust.2016.01.003.
  • Seike, M., N. Kawabata, and M. Hasegawa. 2017a. “Evacuation Speed in Full-Scale Darkened Tunnel Filled with Smoke.” Fire Safety Journal 91: 901–907. doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2017.04.034.
  • Seike, M., N. Kawabata, and M. Hasegawa. 2017b. “Quantitative Assessment Method for Road Tunnel Fire Safety: Development of an Evacuation Simulation Method Using CFD-Derived Smoke Behavior.” Safety Science 94: 116–127. doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2017.01.005.
  • Seike, M., N. Kawabata, and M. Hasegawa. 2020. “Walking Speed in Completely Darkened Full-Scale Tunnel Experiments.” Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 106: 103621. doi:10.1016/j.tust.2020.103621.
  • Seike, M., Y.-C. Lu, N. Kawabata, and M. Hasegawa. 2021. “Evacuation Speed Distribution in Smoke Filled Tunnel Experiments.” Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 112: 103934. doi:10.1016/j.tust.2021.103934.
  • Togawa, K. 1955. “Study on the Evacuation of Underground Buildings (Part 1).” In Architectural Institute of Japan Research Report, Vol. 32. 9–12. Architectural Institute of Japan. [In Japanese.] Accessed on January 7th in, 2019
  • Tokachi Mainichi Newspaper, Inc. 2011. “Parts Fall off and Derailment a Miserable Sekishō Line Limited Express.”. 29th May 2011. [In Japanese.] Accessed on 25 May 2015. http://www.tokachi.co.jp/news/201105/201105290009334.php.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.