New community in a new space: artificial, natural, created, contested. An idea from a golf estate in Johannesburg

References

• Anderson , B. 1991 . Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism , London and New York : Verso .
   Google Scholar
• ARC. 2008. Association Times 4 (August 1). http://www.hoasupport.co.za/images/newsletters/arc%20newsletter%2001%20aug%2008.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Atkinson, R. 2008. “The Politics of Gating (A Response to Private Security and Public Space by Manzi and Smith-Bowers).” Debate Article, European Journal of Spatial Development, May. www.nordregio.se/EJSD/debate080506.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Baldassare , M. 1992 . Suburban Communities . Annual Review of Sociology , 18 : 475 – 494 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ballard , R. 2004 . “ Assimilation, Emigration, Semigration and Integration: ‘White’ People’s Strategies for Finding a Comfort Zone in Post-apartheid South Africa ” . In Under Construction: “Race” and Identity in South Africa Today , Edited by: Distiller , N. and Steyn , M. 51 – 66 . Johannesburg : Heinemann .
   Google Scholar
• Bauman , Z. 2001 . Community: Seeking Safety in an Insecure World , Cambridge : Polity Cambridge Press .
   Google Scholar
• Beall , J. , Crankshaw , O. and Parnell , S. 2002 . Uniting a Divided City: Governance and Social Exclusion in Johannesburg , London : Earthscan Publications .
   Google Scholar
• Blakely , E. J. and Snyder , M. G. 1999 . Fortress America: Gated Communities in the United States , Washington , DC : Brookings .
   Google Scholar
• Boal, F., R. Murray, and M. Poole. 1976. “Belfast: The Urban Encapsulation of a National Conflict.” In Urban Ethnic Conflict: A Comparative Perspective, edited by S. E. Clarke and J. L. Obler, 77–131. Chapel Hill: Institute for Research in Social Sciences, University of North Carolina.
   Google Scholar
• Bosman , C. 2007 . Building Community Places – Machizukuri – Neoliberalism, Suburbanisation and ‘Americanisation’ . International Planning Studies , 12 ( 4 ) : 309 – 325 .
   Google Scholar
• Bremner , L. 2004a . Johannesburg: One City Colliding Worlds , Johannesburg : STE .
   Google Scholar
• Bremner , L. 2004b . Bounded Spaces: Demographic Anxieties in Post-apartheid Johannesburg . Social Identities: Journal for the Study of Race, Nation and Culture , 10 ( 4 ) : 455 – 468 .
   Google Scholar
• Caldeira , T. P. R. 2000 . City of Walls: Crime, Segregation and Citizenship in São Paulo , California : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Chipkin, I. 2012. “Middle Classing in Roodepoort: Capitalism and Social Change in South Africa.” PARI Long Essays/Number 2. http://www.pari.org.za/news-and-posts/middle-classing-in-roodepoort-capitalism-and-social-change-in-south-africa/.
   Google Scholar
• Coleman , J. 1986 . Individual Interests and Collective Action , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Congress for the New Urbanism. 1996. Charter of the New Urbanism. http://www.cnu.org/charter.
   Google Scholar
• Czegledy , A. 2003 . “ Villas of the Highveld: A Cultural Perspective on Johannesburg and its Northern Suburbs ” . In Emerging Johannesburg: Perspectives on the Postapartheid City , Edited by: Tomlinson , R. 21 – 42 . London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Davis , M. 1990 . City of Quartz: Excavating the Future in Los Angeles , London and New York : Verso .
   Google Scholar
• Esposito, R. 2004. “Il dono della vita tra ‘communitas’ e ‘immunitas’” [The gift of life between communitas and immunitas] Idée 55, 63–77.
   Google Scholar
• Graham , S. and Marvin , S. 2001 . Splintering Urbanism: Networked Infrastructures, Technological Mobilities and Urban Condition , New York : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Hirshman , A. 1970 . Exit, Voice, and Loyalty: Responses to Decline in Firms, Organizations, and States , Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hook , D. and Vrdoljak , M. 2002 . Gated Communities, Heterotopia and a ‘Rights’ of Privilege: A ‘Heterotopology’ of the South African Security Park . Geoforum , 33 : 195 – 219 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kolb , D. 2008 . Sprawling Places , Athens : University of Georgia Press .
   Google Scholar
• Landman, K., and W. Badenhorst. 2012. The Impact of Gated Communities on Spatial Transformation in the Greater Johannesburg Area. Report Series produced by the South African Research Chair in Development Planning and Modelling, School of Architecture and Planning, University of the Witwatersrand.
   Google Scholar
• Lemanski , C. , Landman , K. and Durington , M. 2008 . Divergent and Similar Experiences of ‘Gating’ in South Africa: Johannesburg, Durban and Cape Town . Urban Forum , 19 : 133 – 158 .
   Google Scholar
• Low , S. 2003 . Behind the Gates: Life, Security, and the Pursuit of Happiness in Fortress America , New York : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Mabin , A. 2005 . Suburbanisation, Segregation and Government of Territorial Transformations . Transformation , 56 : 41 – 64 .
   Google Scholar
• Mbembe , A. and Nuttall , S. , eds. 2008 . Johannesburg: The Elusive Metropolis , Johannesburg : Wits University Press .
   Google Scholar
• McKenzie , E. 2010 . Beyond Privatopia: Rethinking Residential Private Government , Washington : The Urban Institute Press .
   Google Scholar
• Murray , J. M. 2011 . City of Extremes , Johannesburg : Wits University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Park , R. and Burgess , E. W. 1967 . [1925], The City: Suggestions from Investigation of Human Behaviour in the Urban Environment , Chicago , IL : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Parkin , F. 1979 . Marxism and Class Theory: A Bourgeois Critique , New York : Columbia University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Roitman, S., and K. Rohrbach. 2011. Panel: “Gated Communities and their Contribution to the Open City”. Paper presented at the 6th International Conference of the Research Network “Private Urban Governance & Gated Communities,” Istanbul, September 8–11.
   Google Scholar
• Saltman , J. 1991 . “ Theoretical Orientation: Residential Segregation ” . In Urban Housing Segregation of Minorities in Western Europe and the United States , Edited by: Huttman , E. , Saltman , J. and Blauw , W. 1 – 17 . Durham , NC : Duke University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Sennett , R. 1977 . The Fall of the Public Man , New York : Alfred A. Knopf .
   Google Scholar
• Simone , A. M. 2004 . People as Infrastructure: Intersecting Fragments in Johannesburg . Public Culture , 16 ( 3 ) : 407 – 429 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor , N. 2000 . “ Eco-villages: Dreams and Reality ” . In Sustainable Communities , Edited by: Barton , H. 19 – 28 . London : Earthscan .
   Google Scholar
• Tomlinson , R. , Beauregard , R. A. , Bremner , L. and Mangcu , X. , eds. 2003 . Emerging Johannesburg: Perspectives on the Postapartheid City , London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Tonnies, F. [1887] 2011. Community and Society. London: Dover Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Wieviorka , M. 2004 . The Making of Differences . International Sociology , 19 ( 3 ) : 281 – 297 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar