Qualitative perceptions of the meaning of “headship” and female-headed households in post-apartheid South Africa

References

• Alkire, S., R. Meinzen-Dick, A. Peterman, A. Quisumbing, G. Seymour, and A. Vaz. 2013. “The Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index.” World Development 52: 71–91.10.1016/j.worlddev.2013.06.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arias, E., and A. Palloni. 1996. Prevalence and Patterns of Female-headed Households in Latin America. CDE Working Paper No. 96–14. Madison, WI: Center for Demography and Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison.
   Google Scholar
• Asgary, N., and J. Pagan. 2004. “Relative Employment and Earnings of Female Household Heads in Mexico, 1987–1995.” The Journal of Developing Areas 38 (1): 93–106.10.1353/jda.2005.0001
   Google Scholar
• Baden, S., and K. Milward. 1997. Gender Inequality and Poverty: Trends, Linkages, Analysis and Policy Implications. Report prepared for the Gender Equality Unit, Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency. Brighton: BRIDGE- Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex.
   Google Scholar
• Barros, R., L. Fox, and R. Mendonça. 1997. “Female-headed Households, Poverty, and the Welfare of Children in Urban Brazil.” Economic Development and Cultural Change 45 (2): 231–257.10.1086/452272
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhorat, H., and C. van der Westhuizen. 2008. “Economic Growth, Poverty and Inequality in South Africa: The First Decade of Democracy.” Paper presented at the Development Policy Research Unit Conference, Gauteng.
   Google Scholar
• Budlender, D. 2003. “The Debate about Household Headship.” Social Dynamics 29 (2): 48–72.10.1080/02533950308628675
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Budlender, D. 2005. “Women and Poverty.” Agenda 19 (64): 30–36.
   Google Scholar
• Budlender, D., S. Mgweba, K. Motsepe, and L. Williams. 2011. Women, Land and Customary Law. Johannesburg: Community Agency for Social Enquiry (CASE).
   Google Scholar
• Buvinić, M., and G. Gupta. 1997. “Female-headed Households and Female-maintained Families: Are They worth Targeting to Reduce Poverty in Developing Countries?” Economic Development and Cultural Change 45 (2): 259–280.10.1086/452273
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carr, E. 2005. “Development and the Household: Missing the Point?” GeoJournal 62 (1–2): 71–83.10.1007/s10708-005-8627-2
   Google Scholar
• Casale, D., and D. Posel. 2002. “The Continued Feminisation of the Labour Force in South Africa.” South African Journal of Economics 70 (1): 156–184.10.1111/j.1813-6982.2002.tb00042.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chant, S. 2003. Female Household Headship and the Feminisation of Poverty: Facts, Fictions and Forward Strategies. New Working Paper Series No. 9. London: LSE Gender Institute, London School of Economics and Political Science.
   Google Scholar
• Chant, S. 2006. “Re‐thinking the “Feminization of Poverty” in Relation to Aggregate Gender Indices.” Journal of Human Development 7 (2): 201–220.10.1080/14649880600768538
   Google Scholar
• Chant, S. 2007. Gender, Generation and Poverty. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.10.4337/9781847206886
   Google Scholar
• Finley, A. 2007. “The “Graying” of Mexico and Its Impact on Female-headed Households: Theoretical and Methodological Considerations.” Latin American Research Review 42 (3): 183–204.10.1353/lar.2007.0032
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuwa, N. 2000a. “A Note on the Analysis of Female-headed Households in Developing Countries.” Technical Bulletin of the Faculty of Horticulture of Chiba University 54: 125–138.
   Google Scholar
• Fuwa, N. 2000b. “The Poverty and Heterogeneity among Female-headed Households Revisited: The Case of Panama.” World Development 28 (8): 1515–1542.10.1016/S0305-750X(00)00036-X
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goody, J. 1973. “Bridewealth and Dowry in Africa and Eurasia.” In Bridewealth and Dowry, edited by J. Goody and S. Tambiah, 1–58. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Guyer, J. 1986. “Intra-household Processes and Farming Systems Research: Perspectives from Anthropology.” In Understanding Africa’s Rural Households and Farming Systems, edited by J. Mook, 92–104. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
   Google Scholar
• Handa, S. 1994. “Gender, Headship and Intrahousehold Resource Allocation.” World Development 22 (10): 1535–1547.10.1016/0305-750X(94)90036-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Handa, S. 1996. “The Determinants of Female Headship in Jamaica: Results from a Structural Model.” Economic Development and Cultural Change 44 (4): 793–815.10.1086/452245
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haughton, J., and S. Khandker. 2009. Handbook on Poverty and Inequality. Washington, DC: The World Bank.
   Google Scholar
• Hedman, B., F. Perucci, and P. Sundstrom. 1996. Engendering Statistics: A Tool for Change. Orebro: Statistics Sweden.
   Google Scholar
• Hosegood, V., J. Benzler, and G. Solarsh. 2005. “Population Mobility and Household Dynamics in Rural South Africa: Implications for Demographic and Health Research.” Southern African Journal of Demography 10 (1/2): 43–68.
   Google Scholar
• Jacobs, S. 2004. “Livelihoods, Security and Needs: Gender Relations and Land Reform in South Africa.” Journal of International Women’s Studies 6 (1): 1–19.
   Google Scholar
• Leibbrandt, M., and I. Woolard. 2001. “Household Incomes, Poverty and Inequality in a Multivariate Framework.” In Fighting Poverty: Labour Markets and Inequality in South Africa, edited by H. Bhorat, M. Leibbrandt, M. Maziya, S. van der Berg, and I. Woolard, 41–73. Cape Town: UCT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Moghadam, V. 2005. The “Feminization of Poverty” and Women’s Human Rights. SHS Papers in Women’s Studies/Gender Research. Paris: UNESCO.
   Google Scholar
• Moultrie, T., and I. Timæus. 2001. “Fertility and Living Arrangements in South Africa.” Journal of Southern African Studies 27 (2): 207–223.10.1080/03057070120049930
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’laughlin, B. 1998. “Missing Men? The Debate over Rural Poverty and Women-headed Households in Southern Africa.” Journal of Peasant Studies 25 (2): 1–48.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pauw, B. 1979. The Second Generation: A Study of the Family among Urbanized Bantu in East London. Cape Town: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Pearce, D. 1978. “The Feminization of Poverty: Women, Work and Welfare.” Urban and Social Change Review 11: 28–36.
   Google Scholar
• Posel, D. 2001. “Who Are the Heads of Household, What Do They Do, and is the Concept of Headship Useful? An Analysis of Headship in South Africa.” Development Southern Africa 18 (5): 651–670.10.1080/03768350120097487
   Google Scholar
• Posel, D., and R. Devey. 2006. “The Demographics of Fatherhood in South Africa: An Analysis of Survey Data, 1993–2002.” In Baba: Men and Fatherhood in South Africa, edited by L. Richter and R. Morrell, 38–52. Cape Town: HSRC Press.
   Google Scholar
• Posel, D., and M. Rogan. 2009. “Women, Income and Poverty: Gendered Access to Resources in Post-apartheid South Africa.” Agenda 23 (81): 25–34.
   Google Scholar
• Posel, D., and M. Rogan. 2012. “Gendered Trends in Poverty in the Post-apartheid Period, 1997–2006.” Development Southern Africa 29 (1): 97–113.10.1080/0376835X.2012.645645
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Presser, H. 1998. “Decapitating the U.S. Census Bureau’s “Head of Household”: Feminist Mobilization in the 1970s.” Feminist Economics 4 (3): 145–158.10.1080/135457098338356
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preston-Whyte, E. 1978. “Families without Marriage: A Zulu Case Study.” In Social System and Tradition in Southern Africa: Essays in Honour of Eileen Krige, edited by J. Argyle and E. Preston-Whyte, 55–85. Cape Town: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Preston-Whyte, E., and M. Zondi. 1989. “The Agenda of Black Teenage Mothers in Durban.” Agenda 4: 47–68.
   Google Scholar
• Rabe, M. 2008. “Can the “African Household” Be Presented Meaningfully in Large-scale Surveys?” African Sociological Review 12 (2): 167–181.
   Google Scholar
• Rogan, M. 2013a. “Alternative Definitions of Headship and the “Feminisation” of Income Poverty in Post-apartheid South Africa.” Journal of Development Studies 49 (10): 1344–1357.10.1080/00220388.2013.812199
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogan, M. 2013b. “Poverty and Headship in Post-apartheid South Africa, 1997–2006.” Social Indicators Research 113 (1): 491–511.10.1007/s11205-012-0107-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogers, B. 1995. “Alternative Definitions of Female Headship in the Dominican Republic.” World Development 23 (12): 2033–2039.10.1016/0305-750X(95)00099-X
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenhouse, S. 1989. Identifying the Poor: Is Headship a Useful Concept? Living Standards Measurement Study Working Paper No. 58. Washington, DC: The World Bank.
   Google Scholar
• Rudwick, S., and D. Posel. 2015. “Zulu Bridewealth ( Ilobolo ) and Womanhood in South Africa.” Social Dynamics 41 (2): 289–306.10.1080/02533952.2015.1060683
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell, M. 1993. “Are Households Universal? On Misunderstanding Domestic Groups in Swaziland.” Development and Change 24 (4): 755–785.10.1111/dech.1993.24.issue-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell, M. 1994. “Do Blacks Live in Nuclear Families? An Appraisal of Steyn’s Work on Urban Family Structure in South Africa.” South African Sociological Review 6 (2): 56–67.
   Google Scholar
• Russell, M. 2002. Are Urban Black Families Nuclear? A Comparative Study of Black and White South African Family Norms. CSSR Working Paper No. 17. Cape Town: Centre for Social Science Research, University of Cape Town.
   Google Scholar
• Russell, M. 2003. “Understanding Black Households: The Problem.” Social Dynamics 29 (2): 5–47.10.1080/02533950308628674
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell, M. 2004. Understanding Black Households in Southern Africa: The African Kinship and Western Nuclear Family Systems. CSSR Working Paper No. 67. Cape Town: Centre for Social Science Research, University of Cape Town.
   Google Scholar
• Spiegel, A. 1995. “Migration, Urbanization and Domestic Fluidity.” African Anthropology 2 (2): 90–113.
   Google Scholar
• Spiegel, A., V. Watson, and P. Wilkinson. 1996. “Domestic Diversity and Fluidity among Some African Households in Greater Cape Town.” Social Dynamics 22 (1): 7–30.10.1080/02533959608458599
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart-Withers, R. 2007. “Contesting Development: The Experience of Female-headed Households in Samoa.” PhD thesis, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
   Google Scholar
• Stewart-Withers, R. 2011. “Contesting a Third World Development Category: Female-headed Households in Samoa.” Women’s Studies International Forum 34: 171–184.10.1016/j.wsif.2010.11.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steyn, A. 1995. “Urban Household Structures in the Republic of South Africa.” In Family Formation and Dissolution: Perspectives from East and West, edited by C. Yi, 169–204. Taipei: Academia Sinica.
   Google Scholar
• Van der Waal, C. 1996. “Rural Children and Residential Instability in the Northern Province of South Africa.” Social Dynamics 22 (1): 31–54.10.1080/02533959608458600
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Varley, A. 1996. “Women Heading Households: Some More Equal than Others?” World Development 24 (3): 505–520.10.1016/0305-750X(95)00149-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Vliet, V. 1991. “Traditional Husbands, Modern Wives?.” African Studies 50 (1): 219–241.10.1080/00020189108707743
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker, C. 2003. “Piety in the Sky? Gender Policy and Land Reform in South Africa.” Journal of Agrarian Change 3 (1–2): 113–148.10.1111/1471-0366.00052
   Google Scholar
• Whisson, M. 1976. “The Significance of Kinship in a Cape Peninsula Township.” African Studies 35 (3–4): 253–271.10.1080/00020187608707477
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilk, R. 1991. “The Household in Anthropology: Panacea or Problem?” Reviews in Anthropology 20 (1): 1–12.10.1080/00988157.1991.9977987
   Google Scholar
• Wilk, R., and R. Netting. 1984. “Households: Changing Forms and Functions.” In Households: Comparative and Historical Studies of the Domestic Group, edited by R. Netting, R. Wilk, and E. Arnould, 1–28. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Yanagisako, S. 1979. “Family and Household: The Analysis of Domestic Groups.” Annual Review of Anthropology 8: 161–205.10.1146/annurev.an.08.100179.001113
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ziehl, S. 2001. “Documenting Changing Family Patterns in South Africa: Are Census Data of Any Value?” African Sociological Review 5 (2): 36–62.
   Google Scholar
• Ziehl, S. 2002. “Black South Africans Do Live in Nuclear Family Households – A Response to Russell.” Society in Transition 33 (1): 26–49.10.1080/21528586.2002.10419050
   Google Scholar
• Zulu, E., and A. Sibanda. 2005. “Racial Differences in Household Structure.” In The Demography of South Africa, edited by T. Zuberi, A. Sibanda, and E. Udjo, 218–252. New York: M.E. Sharpe.
   Google Scholar