References
- African Development Bank. 2016. “Jobs for Youth in Africa Strategy for Creating 25 Million Jobs and Equipping 50 Million Youth 2016–2025.” Accessed March 3, 2021. https://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Boards-Documents/Bank_Group_Strategy_for_Jobs_for_Youth_in_Africa_2016-2025_Rev_2.pdf
- African Union. 2011. African Youth Decade 2009–2018 Plan of Action: Accelerating Youth Empowerment for Sustainable Development. Addis Abeba: African Union. Accessed March 3, 2021. https://www.un.org/en/africa/osaa/pdf/au/african_youth_decade_2009-2018.pdf
- Ashman, S., B. Fine, and S. Newman. 2011. “The Crisis in South Africa: Neoliberalism, Financialization and Uneven and Combined Development.” Socialist Register 47: 174–195.
- Barchiesi, F. 2011. Precarious Liberation: Workers, the State and Contested Social Citizenship in South Africa. Binghamton: SUNY Press.
- Bauder, H. 2001a. “Culture in the Labour Market: Segmentation Theory and Perspectives of Place.” Progress in Human Geography 25 (1): 37–52. doi:https://doi.org/10.1191/030913201672119762.
- Bauder, H. 2001b. “Work, Young People and Neighbourhood Representations.” Social & Cultural Geography 2 (4): 461–480. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/14649360120092643.
- Bhorat, H. 2007. “Unemployment in South Africa: Descriptors and Determinants.” Unpublished Consultant Report for OECD, Paris, DPRU, Cape Town. Accessed March 3, 2021. http://www.iza.org/conference_files/worldb2009/Bhorat_Haroon.pdf
- Bickford‐Smith, V. 1995. “South African Urban History, Racial Segregation and the Unique Case of Cape Town?” Journal of Southern African Studies 21 (1): 63–78. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/03057079508708433.
- Bourdieu, P. 1999. The Weight of the World: Social Suffering in Contemporary Society. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
- Branson, N., and M. Leibbrandt. 2013. “Educational Attainment and Labour Market Outcomes in South Africa, 1994–2010.” OECD Economics Department Working Papers No. 1022. Accessed March 3, 2021. https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/docserver/5k4c0vvbvv0q-en.pdf?expires=1570756065&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=6D06EDADB8977791CF90C13A82826CAD
- Cassim, A., and M. Oosthuizen. 2014. “The State of Youth Unemployment in South Africa.” Brookings, August 15. https://www.brookings.edu/blog/africa-in-focus/2014/08/15/the-state-of-youth-unemployment-in-south-africa/
- Chamberlain, D., and S. Van der Berg. 2002. “Earnings Functions, Labour Market Discrimination and Quality of Education in South Africa.” Working Papers 02/2002. Stellenbosch: University, Department of Economics. Accessed March 3, 2021. https://ideas.repec.org/p/sza/wpaper/wpapers2.html
- Christopher, A. J. 2005. “The Slow Pace of Desegregation in South African Cities, 1996–2001.” Urban Studies 42 (12): 2305–2320. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/00420980500332122.
- Clairemont, D., R. Apostle, and R. Kreckel. 1983. “The Segmentation Perspective as a Middle Range Concept in Sociology.” Canadian Journal of Sociology 8 (3): 245–272. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/3340105.
- Clarke, M. 2004. “Ten Years of Labour Market Reform in South Africa: Real Gains for Workers?” Canadian Journal of African Studies/La Revue canadienne des études africaines 38 (3): 558–574. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/00083968.2004.10751296.
- Cole, J. 1987. Crossroads: The Politics of Reform and Repression, 1976–1986. Johannesburg: Ravan Press.
- Crankshaw, O. 2012. “Deindustrialization, Professionalization and Racial Inequality in Cape Town.” Urban Affairs Review 48 (6): 836–862. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1078087412451427.
- Dewar, D., and V. Watson. 1984. The Concept of Khayelitsha: A Planning Perspective. Cape Town: Urban Problems Research Unit: University of Cape Town.
- Dillabough, J. A., and J. Kennelly. 2010. Lost Youth in the Global City: Class, Culture, and the Urban Imaginary. London: Routledge.
- Donaldson, R., and D. du Plessis. 2013. “The Urban Renewal Programme as an Area-Based Approach to Renew Townships: The Experience from Khayelitsha’s Central Business District, Cape Town.” Habitat International 3: 295–301. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2012.10.012.
- Driskell, D., C. Fox, and N. Kudva. 2008. “Growing up in the New New York: Youth Space, Citizenship, and Community Change in a Hyperglobal City.” Environment & Planning A 40 (12): 2831–2844. doi:https://doi.org/10.1068/a40310.
- Du Toit, A., and D. Neves. 2014. “The Government of Poverty and the Arts of Survival: Mobile and Recombinant Strategies at the Margins of the South African Economy.” Journal of Peasant Studies 41 (5): 833–853. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2014.894910.
- Fataar, A. 2009. “Schooling Subjectivities across the Post-Apartheid City.” Africa Education Review 6 (1): 1–18. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/18146620902857202.
- Ferguson, J. 2015. Give a Man a Fish: Reflections on the New Politics of Distribution. Durham: Duke University Press.
- Ferguson, J., and T. M. Li. 2018. “Beyond the Proper Job: Political-Economic Analysis after the Century of Labouring Man.” PLAAS Working Paper 51. University of the Western Cape: PLAAS. Accessed March 3, 2021. https://repository.uwc.ac.za/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10566/4538/wp_51_beyond_proper_job_political_economic-analysis_2018.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
- Geertz, C. 1998. “Deep Hanging Out.” The New York Review of Books 45 (16): 69–72.
- Hanson, S., and G. Pratt. 1988. “Reconceptualising the Links between Home and Work in Urban Geography.” Economic Geography 64 (4): 299–321. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/144230.
- Holloway, S. 1998. “The Role of Residential Location in Conditioning the Effect of Metropolitan Economic Structure on Male Youth Employment.” The Professional Geographer 50 (1): 31–45. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/0033-0124.00101.
- Honwana, A. M. 2012. The Time of Youth: Work, Social Change, and Politics in Africa. Sterling, VA: Kumarian Press.
- Hunter, M. 2019. The Race for Education: Gender, White Tone and Schooling in South Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- ILO. 2019. “Where is Youth Unemployment the Highest?” Accessed March 3, 2021. https://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/multimedia/maps-and-charts/enhanced/WCMS_600072/lang—en/index.htm
- Jensen, S. 2008. Gangs, Politics and Dignity in Cape Town. Oxford: James Currey.
- Katz, C. 2004. Growing up Global: Economic Restructuring and Children’s Everyday Lives. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
- Kett, J. F. 1977. Rites of Passage: Adolescence in America. New York: Basic Books.
- Kingdon, G. G., and J. Knight. 2004. “Unemployment in South Africa: The Nature of the Beast.” World Development 32 (3): 391–408. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2003.10.005.
- Lee, G., and J. Wrench. 1984. “Routes into Segmented Youth Labour Markets.” International Journal of Social Economics 11 (7): 77–90. doi:https://doi.org/10.1108/eb013978.
- Leibbrandt, M., I. Woolard, A. Finn, and J. Argent. 2010. “Trends in South African Income Distribution and Poverty since the Fall of Apartheid.” No 101, OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers. Paris: Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development.
- Li, T. M. 2014. Land’s End: Capitalist Relations on an Indigenous Frontier. Durham: Duke University Press.
- Low, S. 2003. Behind the Gates: Life, Security, and the Pursuit of Happiness in Fortress America. London: Routledge.
- Makhubu, N., and M. Magome. 2012. “SA’s Ticking Time Bomb.” IOL News, February 28. Accessed March 3, 2021. www.iol.co.za/news/politics/sa-s-ticking-time-bomb-1.1244433#.UZceiI5OsfQ
- Makhulu, A. M. 2015. Making Freedom: Apartheid, Squatter Politics, and the Struggle for Home. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
- Marais, H. 2011. South Africa Pushed to the Limit. The Political Economy of Change. London: Zed Books.
- Massey, D. 1984. The Spatial Division of Labour: Social Structures and Geography of Production. New York: Methuen.
- McDonald, D. A. 2012. World City Syndrome: Neoliberalism and Inequality in Cape Town. New York: Routledge.
- McDowell, L. 2012. “Post-Crisis, Post-Ford and Post-Gender? Youth Identities in an Era of Austerity.” Journal of Youth Studies 15 (5): 573–590. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/13676261.2012.671933.
- McGrath, S. A., A. Badroodien, A. Kraak, and L. Unwin, eds. 2004. Shifting Understandings of Skills in South Africa: Overcoming the Historical Imprint of a Low Regime. Cape Town: HSRC Press.
- Mlatsheni, C., and M. Leibbrandt. 2011. “Youth Unemployment in South Africa: Challenges, Concepts and Opportunities.” Journal of International Relations and Development 14 (1): 118–126. doi:https://doi.org/10.1057/jird.2010.24.
- Murray, M. J. 2011. City of Extremes: The Spatial Politics of Johannesburg. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
- National Development Plan. 2012. National Development Plan 2030: Our Future – Make it Work. Pretoria: National Planning Commission, The Presidency of South Africa. Accessed March 3, 2021. https://www.gov.za/sites/default/files/Executive%20Summary-NDP%202030%20-%20Our%20future%20-%20make%20it%20work.pdf
- Naude, W. 2008. “Is There a Spatial Mismatch in South Africa’s Metropolitan Labour Market?” Cities 25 (5): 268–276. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2008.04.004.
- Peck, J. 1989. “Reconceptualizing the Local Labour Market: Space, Segmentation and the State.” Progress in Human Geography 13 (1): 42–59. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/030913258901300102.
- Peck, J. 1996. Work-Place: The Social Regulation of Labour Markets. New York: Guilford Press.
- Posel, D., D. Casale, and C. Vermaak. 2013. “The Unemployed in South Africa: Why are so Many Not Counted.” Econ 3x3. Accessed March 3, 2021. http://us-cdn.creamermedia.co.za/assets/articles/attachments/43617_posel_et_al_feb_2013_measuring_unemployment_final.pdf
- Ramrathan, L. 2013. “Towards a Conceptual Framework for Understanding Student Dropout from HEIs.” South African Journal of Higher Education 27 (1): 209–220.
- Rospabe, S., and H. Selod. 2006. “Does City Structure Cause Unemployment? The Case of Cape Town.” In Poverty and Policy in Post-Apartheid South Africa, edited by H. Bhorat and R. Kanbur, 262–287. Cape Town: HSRC Press.
- Seekings, J. 2013. “Economy, Society and Municipal Services in Khayelitsha.” Report for the Commission of Inquiry into Allegations of Police Inefficiency in Khayelitsha.
- Seekings, J., and N. Nattrass. 2008. Class, Race, and Inequality in South Africa. New Haven, CN: Yale University Press.
- Smith, D. M. 1992. The Apartheid City and Beyond: Urbanization and Social Change in South Africa. Johannesburg: Routledge.
- StatsSA. 2019. “Youth Graduate Unemployment Rate Increases in Q1: 2019.” StatsSA.gov.za, May 15. http://www.statssa.gov.za/?p=12121
- Sulla, V., and P. Zikhali. 2018. Overcoming Poverty and Inequality in South Africa: An Assessment of Drivers, Constraints and Opportunities [In English]. Washington, DC: World Bank Group. Accessed March 3, 2021. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/530481521735906534/Overcoming-Poverty-and-Inequality-in-South-Africa-An-Assessment-of-Drivers-Constraints-and-Opportunities
- Swartz, S., A. Mahali, R. Moletsane, E. Arogundade, N. Khalema, A. Cooper, and C. Groenewald. 2018. Studying While Black: Race, Education and Emancipation in South African Universities. Cape Town: HSRC Press.
- Theron, J. 2008. “The Shift to Services and Triangular Employment: Implications for Labour Market Reform.” Industrial Law Journal 29: n.p.
- Turok, I. 2001. “Persistent Polarisation Post-Apartheid? Progress Towards Urban Integration in Cape Town.” Urban Studies 38 (13): 2349–2377. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/00420980120094551.
- Valentine, G., T. Skelton, and D. Chambers. 1996. Cool Places. London: Routledge.
- Van Blerk, L. 2013. “New Street Geographies: The Impact of Urban Governance on the Mobilities of Cape Town’s Street Youth.” Urban Studies 50 (3): 556–573. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098012468895.
- Visser, G., and N. Kotze. 2008. “The State and New-Build Gentrification in Central Cape Town, South Africa.” Urban Studies 45 (12): 2565–2593. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098008097104.
- Webb, C. 2019. “Liberating the Family: Education, Aspiration and Resistance Among South African University Students.” PhD diss., University of Toronto.
- Webster, E. 2005. “Making a Living, Earning a Living: Work and Employment in Southern Africa.” International Political Science Review 26 (1): 55–71. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0192512105047896.
- Weeks, K. 2011. The Problem with Work: Feminism, Marxism, Antiwork Politics, and Postwork Imaginaries. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
- Western, J. 1981. Outcast Cape Town. Cape Town: Human & Rousseau.
- Willis, P. 1977. Learning to Labour: How Working Class Kids Get Working Class Jobs. Westmead: Saxon house.
- Zizzamia, R. 2020. “Is Employment a Panacea for Poverty? A Mixed-Methods Investigation of Employment Decisions in South Africa.” World Development 130: 104938. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.104938.