Processing of Abdominal Fetal Electrocardiogram—A Review

REFERENCES

• M J Lamkee, H W Huntington & R R de Alvarez, Fetal electrocardiography, American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology, vol 83, pp 1622–1628, June 1962.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• B Kendall, D M Farrell & H A Kane, Fetal radio electrocardiography: a new method of fetal electrocardiography, American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology, vol 83, pp 1629–1636, June 1962.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S D Larks & G V Anderson, The abnormal fetal electrocardiogram, American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology, vol 84, pp 1893–1897, Dec 1962.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• E H Hon & S T Lee, The fetal electrocardiogram. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology, vol 87, pp 804–813, Nov 1963.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• E H Hon & S T Lee, The fetal electrocardiogram, Obstetrics & Gynecology, vol 24, pp 6–11, 1964.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S D Larks & G G Larks, Normal fetal electrocardiogram, statistical data and representative waveforms, American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology, vol 90, pp 1350–354, Dec 1964.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A G Favret & A A Marchetti, Fetal electrocardiographic waveforms from abdominal-wall recordings, Obstetrics & Gynecology, vol 27, pp 355–361, March 1966.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J G Figueroa-Longo, J J Poseiro, L O Alvarez & R Caldeyro-Barcia, Fetal electrocardiogram at term labour obtained with subcutaneous fetal electrodes, American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology, vol 96, pp 556–563, Oct 1966.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M R Behrer, D H Glaeser, J R Cox & R B Woolf, Quantification of the fetal electrocardiogram through LINC computer processing, American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology, vol 102, pp 537–548, 1968.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• E H Hon, An Atlas of Fetal Heart Rate Patterns, Harty, New Haven, CT, 1968.
   Google Scholar
• A F Khazin & E H Hon, Observations on fetal heart rate and fetal biochemistry, American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology, vol 109, pp 432–439, Feb 1971.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• E H Hon & R H Petrie, Clinical Value of fetal heart rate monitoring, Clin of Obstetrics & Gynecology, vol 18, pp 1–23, 1975.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• M W Trierweiler, R F Freeman & J James, Baseline fetal heart rate characteristics as an indicator of fetal status during the antepartum period, American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology, vol 125, pp 618–623, 1976.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• L A Cibils, Clinical significance of fetal heart rate patterns during labor, I, Baseline patterns, American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology, vol 125, pp 290–305, 1976.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A D Haverkamp, H E Thompson, J G McFee & C Cetrulo, The evaluation of continuous fetal heart rate monitoring in high-risk pregnancy, American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology, vol 125, pp 310–317, 1976.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R K Laros et al, A Comparison of methods for quantitating fetal heart rate variability, American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology, vol 128, pp 381–392, 1977.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R C Goodlin, History of fetal monitoring, American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology, vol 33, pp 323–352, 1979.
   Google Scholar
• E Millican, J R Urbach, E R Carrington & R L Lambert, The clinical value of fetal electrocardiography, phonocardiography and heart rate monitoring, American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology, vol 96, pp 565–575, Oct 1966.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• W Jarisch & J D Detwiler, Statistical Modeling of fetal heart rate variability, IEEE. Trans Biomedical Engg. vol 27. pp 582–589, Oct 1980.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• B Brambati & G Pardi. The intraventricular conduction time of fetal heart in uncomplicated pregnancies. British Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, vol 87. pp 941–948. Nov 1980.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• C Hernandez et al, An aid to the diagnosis of fetal brady cardias using the autocorrelation function, Proceedings IEE, Part A, vol 128, pp 571–576, Nov 1981.
   Google Scholar
• J T Parer, Hand book of Fetal Heart Rate Monitoring. W B Saunders, Philadelphia, 1983.
   Google Scholar
• W Busch, G Schaller & A Kohlrausch, Normal values for the R peak amplitude in the abdominal fetal ECG at term and their significance for the detection of fetal post maturity syndrome, Z Geburtshilfe perinatol. vol 190(1). pp 24–28, February-March 1986.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• M Murakami, T Kan/aki, M Utsu & Y Chiba, Changes in the umbilical venous blood flow of human fetus in labour. Nippon Sanka Fujinka Gakkai Zasslii. vol 37(5). pp 776–782, May 1985.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• S Cerutti, G Baselli, S Civardi, E Ferrazzi, A M Marconi, M Pagani & G Pardi, Variability analysis of fetal heart rate signals as obtained from abdominal electrocardiographic recordings. Journal Pcrinat Med, vol 14(6), pp 445–452. 1986.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• G Lingman, O N R Lundstr & S A K Mar, Clinical outcome and circulatory effects of fetal cardiac arrhythmia. Acta Paediatr Scand, vol 329. pp 120–126, 1986.
   Google Scholar
• C Hernandez, J E Arias & L Gomez, A Perinatal monitoring display based on the fetal topogram. IEEE Trans Biomedical Engg, vol 33, pp 785–792. Aug 1986.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• T F Oostendrop, A Van Oosterom & H W Jongsma. The fetal ECG throughout the second half of gestation. Clin Phys Physiol Meas, vol 10(2), pp 147–160. May 1989
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• A Alonso-Betanzos, V Moret-Bonillo & C Hernandez-Scande, Foetos: An expert system for fetal assessment, IEEE Trans Biomedical Engg, vol 38. pp 199–211. Feb 1991.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S Newbold, T Wheeler & F Clewlow, The effect of uterine contractions on the T/QRS ratio of the fetal electrocardiogram, Journal Perinat Med, vol 23(66). pp 459–466. 1995.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• W J V Wijngaarden, D K James & E M Symonds, The fetal electrocardiogram, Balliers Clin Obstet Gynaecol, vol 10(2), pp 273–294, June 1996.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• E Drouin, V Gournay, J Calamel, A Mouzard & J C Roz, Assessment of spontaneous baroreflex sensitivity in neonates, Arch Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. vol 76(2). pp 108–112, March 1997.
   Google Scholar
• M Mongelli, R Dawkins, T Chung, D Sahota, J A Spencer & A M Chang, Computerised estimation of the baseline fetal heart rate in labour: the low frequency line. British Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, vol 104(10), pp 1128–1133, Oct 1997
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• E H Hon & O W Hess, Instrumentation of fetal electrocardiography, Science, vol 125, pp 553–554, March 1957.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• E H Hon, Noise reduction in fetal electrocardiography, III, Instrumentation problems, Med Arts and Sciences, vol 18, pp 63–66, 1964.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• J B Roche & E H Hon, The fetal electrocardiogram, V, Comparison of lead systems, American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology, vol 92, pp 1149–1159, Aug 1965.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• B A Godard, J A Newell, R L Edwards & R F Farr, A clinical foetal electrocardiograph, Med Biol Electronics, vol 4, p 159, March 1966.
   Google Scholar
• F Offner & B Moisand, A Coincidence technique for fetal electro-cardiography, American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology, vol 95, pp 676–680, July 1966.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• G Schuler, I H Glass & J C Whyte, A practical approach to fetal electrocardiography, American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology, vol 97, pp 546–552, Feb 1967.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• B Kendall, D C Amoss, H H Sun, A W Hahn & D M Farell, The noise-free fetal electrocardiogram recorded from the maternal abdomen, American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology, vol 24, pp 1129–1134, April 1967.
   Google Scholar
• A G Farvet, Computer matched filter location of fetal R-Waves, Med Biol Engg, vol 6, pp 467–475, 1968.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• J H Van Bemmel, L Peters & S J Hengeveld, Influence of the maternal ECG on the abdominal fetal ECG Complex, American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology, vol 102, pp 556–562, 1968.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• T A Reichert, R L Longini, J S Crowley & J M Yu, A noninvasive extraction of the fetal electrocardiogram, Comput Biomed Res, vol 10, pp 1–7, 1977.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• T Wheeler, A Murrills' & T Shelly, Measurement of the fetal heart rate during pregnancy by a new electrocardiographic technique, British Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, vol 85, pp 12–17, 1978.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• E H Hon & S T Lee, Noise reduction in fetal electrocardiography II, Averaging techniques, American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology, vol 87, pp 1086–1096, Dec 1963.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• E H Hon & S T Lee, Averaging techniques in fetal electrocardiography, Med Electronics Biol Engg, vol 2, pp 71–76, March 1964.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• J H Van Bemmel & H Van Der Weide, Detection procedure to represent the foetal heart rate and electrocardiogram, IEEE Trans Biomedical Engg, vol 13, pp 175–182, Oct 1966.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• V Thomas Rhyne, A digital system for enhancing the fetal electro-cardiogram, IEEE Trans Biomedical Engg, vol 16, pp 80–86, Jan 1969.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• J T Oldenburg & M Macklin, Processing of abdominal fetal ECG, IEEE Trans Biomedical Engg, vol 24, pp 501–507, Nov 1977.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• F Lippens, P Savard & M Shenasa, Performance degradation of the coherent averaging technique by molding effect, IEEE Trans Communication, pp 856–858, Aug 1989.
   Google Scholar
• A G Favret & A F Caputo, Evaluation of autocorrelation techniques for detection of the fetal electrocardiogram, IEEE Trans Biomedical Engineering, vol 13. pp 37–43, Jan 1966.
   Google Scholar
• J H Van Bemmel, Detection of weak fetal electrocardiograms by autocorrelation and crosscorrelation of envelopes, IEEE Trans Biomedical Engg, vol 15, pp 17–23, Jan 1968.
   Google Scholar
• R L Longini, T A Reichert, J M C Yu & J S Crowley, Near-Orthogonal basis functions: A real time fetal ECG technique, IEEE Trans Biomedical Engg, vol 24, pp 39–43, Jan 1977.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• P Bergveld & W J H Meijer, A new technique for the suppression of the MECG, IEEE Trans Biomedical Engg, vol 28, pp 348–354, April 1981.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• W J H Meijer & P Bergveld, The simulation of the abdominal MECG, IEEE Trans Biomedical Engg, vol 28, pp 354–357, April 1981.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• P Bergveld, A J Kolling & J H J Peuscher, Real-time fetal ECG recording, IEEE Trans Biomedical Engg, vol 23, pp 505–509, May 1996.
   Google Scholar
• A V Oosterom, Spatial filtering of the fetal electrocardiogram, Journal Perinat Med, vol 14(6), pp 411–419. 1986.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J Vanderschoot, D Callaerts, W Sansen, J Vandewalle, G Vantrappen & J Janssens, Two methods of Optimal MECG elimination and FECG detection from skin electrode signals, IEEE Trans Biomedical Engg, vol 34, pp 233–243, March 1987.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• V Zarzoso, A K Nandi & E Bacharakis, Maternal and foetal ECG separation using blind source separation methods, IMA Journal Math Appi Med Biol, vol 14(3), pp 207–225, Sep 1997.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J R Cox, Jr & L N Medgyesi-Mitschang, An algorithmic approach to signal estimation useful in fetal electrocardiography, IEEE Trans Biomedical Engg, vol 16, pp 215–219, July 1969.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• D Callaerts, J Vanderschoot, J Vandewalle, W Sansen, G Vantrappen & J J Janssens; An adaptive on-line method for the extraction of the complete fetal electrocardiogram from cutaneous multi-lead recordings, Journal Perinat Med, vol 14(6), pp 421–433, 1986.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• T H Frank, O R Blaumanis, R K Gibbs & R K Wells, Adaptive filtering in ECG monitoring of the fetal heart rate, Journal Electrocardiol, vol 20, pp 108–113, Oct 1987.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• E R Ferrara & B Widrow, Fetal Electrocardiogram enhancement by time sequenced adaptive filtering, IEEE Trans Biomedical Engg, vol 29, pp 458–460, June 1982.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S Azevedo & R L Longini, Abdominal lead fetal electrocardiographic R-wave enhancement for heart rate determination, IEEE Trans Biomedical Engg, vol 27. pp 255–260, May 1980.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Y C Park, K Y Lee, D H Youn, N H Kim, W K Kim & S H Park, On detecting the presence of fetal R-wave using the moving averaged magnitude difference algorithm, IEEE Trans Biomedical Engg, vol 39, pp 868–871, Aug 1982.
   Google Scholar
• P P Kanjilal, S Palit & G Saha, Fetal ECG extraction from single-channel maternal ECG using singular value decomposition, IEEE Trans Biomedical Engg, vol 44, pp 51–59, Jan 1997.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S Selvan & R Srinivasan, Adaptive Filtering of maternal EGG from foetal ECG using neural networks, Proc Int Conf Biomedical Engg, Coimbatore, India, pp VII 53–56, Dec 1996.
   Google Scholar
• T Y Young & W H Huggins, On the representation of electro-cardiogram, IEEE Trans Biomedical Engg, vol 10, pp 86–95, July 1963.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• S Haykin, Introduction to Adaptive Filters, Macmillan, New York, 1984.
   Google Scholar
• B Widrow & S D Stearns, Adaptive Signal Processing, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N J, 1985.
   Google Scholar
• C F N Cowan & P M Grant, Adaptive Filters, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ 1985.
   Google Scholar
• S Haykin, Adaptive Filter Theory, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1991.
   Google Scholar
• B Widrow, J R Glover, J M McCool, J Kaunitz, C S Williams, R H Hearn, J R Zeidler, E Dong & R C Goodlin, Adaptive noise cancelling: Principles and applications, Proc IEEE, vol 63, pp 1692–1716, Dec 1975.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• E R Ferrara & B Widrow, Multichannel adaptive filtering for signal enhancement, IEEE Trans Acoust, Speech, Signal Process, vol 29, pp 766–770, June 1981.
   Google Scholar
• R K Mehra, Approaches to adaptive filtering, IEEE Trans Automatic Control, pp 693–698, Oct 1972.
   Google Scholar
• J P C De Weerd, Facts and fancies about a posteriori Wiener filtering, IEEE Trans Biomedical Engg, vol 28, pp 252–257, March 1981.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• B Widrow, J M McCool, M C Larimore & C R Johnson, Stationary and nonstationary learning characteristics of the LMS adaptive filter, Proc IEEE, vol 64, pp 1151–1162, Aug 1976.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J R Glover, Jr, Adaptive noise cancelling applied to sinusoidal interferences, IEEE Trans Acoust, Speech, Signal Process, vol 25, pp 484–491, Dec 1977.
   Google Scholar
• P O Borjesson, O Pahlm, L Sommo & M E Nygards, Adaptive QRS detection based on maximum a posteriori estimation, IEEE Trans Biomedical Engineering, vol 29, pp 341–351, May 1982
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• G S Fumo & W J Tompkins, A learning filter for removing noise interference, IEEE Trans Biomedical Engg, vol 30, pp 234–235, 1983.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A Sahakian & G F Furno, An adaptive filter for distorted line-frequency noise, Biomedical Science Instruin, vol 19, pp 47–52, 1983.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• M Yelderman. B Widrow, J M Cioffi, E Hesler & J A Leddy, ECG enhancement by adaptive cancellation of electrosurgical interference, IEEE Trans Biomedical Engg, vol 30, pp 392–398, July 1983.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• L Sornmo, O Pahlm & M E Nygards, Adaptive QRS detection: A study of performance, IEEE Trans Biomedical Engg, vol 32, pp 392–401, June 1985.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• V K Iyer, P A Ramamoorthy, H Fan & Y Ploysongsang, Reduction of heart sounds from lung sounds by adaptive filtering, IEEE Trans Biomedical Engg, vol 33, pp 1141–1148, Dec 1986.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• N V Thakor, Adaptive filtering of evoked potentials, IEEE Trans Biomedical Engg, vol 34, pp 6–12, Jan 1987.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• C A Vaz & N V Thakor, Adaptive Fourier estimation of time-varying evoked potentials, IEEE Trans Biomedical Engg, vol 36, pp 448–455, 1989.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J Chen, J Vandewalle, W Sansen, G Vantrappen & J Janssens, Multichannel adaptive enhancement of the electrogastrogram, IEEE Trans Biomedical Engg, vol 32, pp 285–294, March 1990.
   Google Scholar
• N V Thakor & Y S Zhu, Applications of adaptive filtering to ECG Analysis: Noise cancellation and arrhythmia detection, IEEE Trans Biomedical Engg, vol 38, pp 785–794, Aug 1991.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• P Laguna, R Jane, O Meste, P W Poon, P Caminal, H Rix & N V Thakor, Adaptive filter for event-related bioelectric signals using an impulse correlated reference input: Comparison with signal averaging techniques, IEEE Trans. Biomedical Engg, vol 39, pp 1032–1043, Oct 1992.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• P Strobach, K A Fuchs & W Harer, Event-synchronous cancellation of the heart interference in biomedical signals, IEEE Trans Biomedical Engg, vol 41, pp 343–350, April 1994.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• V Parsa & P A Parker, Multireference adaptive noise cancellation applied to somatosensory evoked potentials, IEEE Trans Biomedical Engg, vol 41, pp 792–800, Aug 1994.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• X H Yu, Z Y He & Y S Zhang, Time-varying adaptive filters for evoked potential estimation, IEEE Trans Biomedical Engg, vol 41, pp 1062–1071, Nov 1994.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• W Philips, Adaptive noise removal from biomedical signals using warped polynomials, IEEE Trans Biomedical Engg, vol 43, pp 480–492, May 1996.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J C Huhta & J G Webster, 60-Hz interference in electrocardiography, IEEE Trans Biomedical Engg, vol 20, pp 91–101, 1973.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Y Z Idler & H Koymen, A new technique for line interference monitoring and reduction in biopotential amplifiers, IEEE Trans Biomedical Engg, vol 37, pp 624–631, 1990.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M Ferdjallah & R E Barr, Adaptive digital notch filter design on the unit circle for the removal of powerline noise from Biomedical signals, IEEE Trans Biomedical Engg, vol 41, pp 529–536, June 1994.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• P S Hamilton, A comparison of adaptive and nonadaptive filter for reduction of power line interference in the ECG, IEEE Trans Biomedical Engg, vol 43, pp 1.05–109, Jan 1996.
   Google Scholar
• P G Amazeen el al, Phase detection of R waves in noisy electrocardiograms, IEEE Trans Biomedical Engg, vol 19, pp 63–66, Jan 1972.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• E R Ferrara & B Widrow, The time-sequenced adaptive filter, IEEE Trans Circuits and Systems, vol 28, pp 519–523, June 1981.
   Google Scholar
• A R Hambley, R L Moruzzi & C L Feldman, The use of intrinsic components in an ECG filter, IEEE Trans Biomedical Engg, vol 21, pp 469–473, Nov 1974.
   Google Scholar
• R P Lippmann, An introduction to computing with neural nets, IEEE Trans Acoust Speech Signal Processing Mag, pp 4–22, April 1987.
   Google Scholar
• R J Williams & D Zipser, A learning algorithm for continually running fully recurrent neural networks, Neural Compulation, vol 1, pp 270–280, 1989
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• B Widrow & M A Lehr, 30 years of adaptive neural networks: Perceptron, Madaline and Backpropagation, Proc IEEE, vol 78, pp 1416–1442, Sep 1990.
   Google Scholar
• D R Rush & B G Home, Progress in supervised neural networks, IEEE Signal Processing Mag, pp 8–39, Jan 1993.
   Google Scholar
• P D Wasserman, Advanced Methods in Neural Computing, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1993.
   Google Scholar
• K Hornik, Some new results on neural network approximation, Neural Networks, vol 6, pp 1069–1072, 1993.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S Haykin, Neural Networks: A Comprehensive Foundation, MacMillan, New York, 1994.
   Google Scholar
• A Cichocki & R Unbehauen, Neural Networks for Optimization and Signal Processing, J Wiley-Teubner Verlag, 1993.
   Google Scholar
• S Haykin, Neural Networks Expand SP's Horizons, IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, vol 13, No 2, pp 24–49, 1996
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• F L Luo & R Unbehauen, Applied Neural Networks for Signal Processing, Cambridge University Press, New York, 1997.
   Google Scholar
• J N Hwang, S Y Kung, M Niranjan & J C Principe, The Past, Present and Future of Neural Networks for Signal Processing, IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, pp 28–48, Nov 1997.
   Google Scholar
• M F Kelly, P A Parker & R N Scott, The application of neural networks to myoelectric signal analysis: A Preliminary Study, IEEE Trans Biomedical Engineering. vol 37, pp 221–230, March 1990.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Q Xue, Y H Hu & W J Tompkins, Neural-Network-based adaptive matched filtering for QRS detection, IEEE Trans Biomedical Engineering, vol 39. pp 317–329. April 1992.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A Materka & S Mizushina, Parametric signal restoration using artificial neural networks, IEEE Trans Biomedical Engineering, vol 43, pp 357–372, April 1996.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• C J James, M T Hagan, R D Jones, P J Bones & G J Carrol, Multireference adaptive noise cancelling applied to the EEG, IEEE Trans Biomedical Engineering, vol 44. pp 775–779, Aug 1997.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• H G Goovaerts, H R Henk, T J Van den Akker & H Scheilder, A digital QRS detector based on the principle of contour limiting, IEEE Trans Biomedical Engg, vol 23, pp 154–160, 1976.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar