An evaluation of the empirical basis for grazing management recommendations for rangeland in southern Africa

References

• Acocks , J.P.H. 1966 . Non‐selective grazing as a means of veld reclamation . Proc. Grassl. Soc. sth. Afr. , 1 : 33 – 39 .
   Google Scholar
• Anon. 1924 . Report on the drought investigation commission of South West Africa , Pretoria : Govt. Printer .
   Google Scholar
• Anon. 1926 . “ The great drought problem of South Africa ” . In J. Dept. Agric. , 26 Pretoria : Govt. Printer .
   Google Scholar
• Anon. 1980 . Ten years of animal production and range research in Botswana , Botswana : Anim. Prod. Res. Unit, Ministry of Agric., P/ Bag 0033, Gaberone .
   Google Scholar
• Anon. 1982 . Livestock and range research in Botswana 1981–1982 , Botswana : Anim. Prod. Res. Unit, Ministry of Agric., P/Bag 0033, Gaberone .
   Google Scholar
• Anon. 1984 . Livestock and range research in Botswana 1983–1984 , Botswana : Anim. Prod. Res. Unit, Ministry of Agric., P/Bag 0033, Gaberone .
   Google Scholar
• Anon. 1985 . Livestock and range research in Botswana 1985 , Botswana : Anim. Prod. Res. Unit, Ministry of Agric., P/Bag 0033, Gaberone .
   Google Scholar
• Anon. 1986 . Livestock and range research in Botswana 1986 , Botswana : Anim. Prod. Res. Unit, Ministry of Agric., P/Bag 0033, Gaberone .
   Google Scholar
• Anon. 1988 . Livestock and range research in Botswana 1988 , Botswana : Anim. Prod. Res. Unit, Ministry of Agric., P/Bag 0033, Gaberone .
   Google Scholar
• Aucamp , A.J. , Danckwerts , J.E. , Teague , W.R. and Venter , J.J. 1983 . The role of Acacia karroo in the False Thornveld of the eastern Cape . Proc. Grassl. Soc. sth. Afr. , 18 : 151 – 154 .
   Google Scholar
• Aucamp , A.J. , Danckwerts , J.E. and Venter , J.J. 1984 . The production potential of an Acacia karroo community utilized by cattle and goats . J. Grassl. Soc. South. Afr. , 1 : 29 – 32 .
   Google Scholar
• Barnes , D.L. 1965 . A stocking‐rate trial in the Rhodesian high‐altitude sandveld . Rhod. Zamb. Mal. J. agric. Res. , 3 : 101 – 107 .
   Google Scholar
• Barnes , D.L. 1977 . An analysis of rotational grazing on veld . Rhod. Agric. J. , 74 : 147 – 151 .
   Google Scholar
• Barnes , D.L. 1989 . Reaction of three veld grasses to different schedules of grazing and resting. 2. Residual effects on vigour . S. Afr. J. Plant Soil , 6 : 8 – 13 .
   Google Scholar
• Barnes , D.L. and Denny , R.P. 1991 . A comparison of continuous grazing and two rotational grazing systems on veld at two stocking rates . J. Grassl. Soc. South. Afr. , 4 : 168 – 173 .
   Google Scholar
• Barnes , D.L. , Rethman , N.F.G. , Beukes , B.H. and Kotzé , G.D. 1984 . Veld composition in relation to grazing capacity . J. Grassl. Soc. South Afr. , 1 : 16 – 19 .
   Google Scholar
• Bogdan , A.V. and Kidner , E.M. 1967 . Grazing natural grassland in western Kenya . E. Afr. agric. for. J. , 33 : 31 – 34 .
   Google Scholar
• Booysen , P. de V. 1964 . A grassveld management system for every farm . Farm. in S. Afr. , Sept. : 64 – 66 . 1964
   Google Scholar
• Booysen , P. de V. 1966 . A physiological approach to research in pasture utilization . Proc. Grassl. Soc. sth. Afr. , 1 : 77 – 85 .
   Google Scholar
• Booysen , P. de V. 1967 . Grazing and grazing management terminology in southern Africa . Proc. Grassl. Soc. sth. Afr. , 2 : 45 – 57 .
   Google Scholar
• Booysen , P. de V. 1969 . An analysis of the fundamentals of grazing management systems . Proc. Grassl. Soc. sth. Afr. , 4 : 84 – 91 .
   Google Scholar
• Booysen , P. de V. and Tainton , N.M. Grassland Management: principles and practice in South Africa . Proc. First Int. Rangel. Congr. Denver, Colorado. pp. 551 – 554 .
   Google Scholar
• Booysen , P. de V. , Klug , J.R. and York , B.S. 1974 . Number of camps for rotational grazing of veld . Proc. Grassl. Soc. sth. Afr. , 9 : 145 – 148 .
   Google Scholar
• Botha , J.P. 1953 . Veldbeheerstudies op die suurveld van die oos‐Transvaal , Univ. of Pretoria . D.Sc. Agric. thesis
   Google Scholar
• Botha , J.P. and Malherbe , C.E. 1945 . Sound systems of veld management give good results on sourveld . Farm, in S. Afr. , Nov. 1945
   Google Scholar
• Brockett , G.M. 1983 . The effect of defoliation on the persistence of Elionurus muticus (Spreng.) Kunth in the Highland Sourveld of Natal . Proc. Grassl. Soc. sth. Afr. , 18 : 81 – 83 .
   Google Scholar
• Burger , S.J. , Grunow , J.O. and Rabie , J.W. 1975 . The response of Anthephora pubescens to different intensities and frequencies of defoliation . Proc. Grassl. Soc. sth. Afr. , 10 : 29 – 34 .
   Google Scholar
• Camp , K.G. and Smith , J.M. 1991 . Veld management planning in Natal , Natal Region : Dept. Agric. Dev. .
   Google Scholar
• Campbell , Q.P. , Ebers&oumlhn , J.P. and Von Broembsen , H.H. 1962 . Browsing by goats and its effects on the vegetation . Herb. Astr. , 32 : 273 – 275 .
   Google Scholar
• Carew , G.W. 1980 . Veld management: some economic and practical considerations . Zimbabwe Rhodesia agric. J. , 77 : 37 – 39 .
   Google Scholar
• Coetsee , P.J.S. 1948 . Principles of grassland utilization . Farm, in S. Afr. , July : 486 – 494 . 1948
   Google Scholar
• Daines , T. 1980 . The use of grazing patterns in the management of Dohne Sourveld . Proc. Grassl. Soc. sth. Afr. , 15 : 185 – 188 .
   Google Scholar
• Danckwerts , J.E. 1984 . Towards improved livestock production off sweet grassveld , Univ. of Natal . Ph.D. thesis
   Google Scholar
• Danckwerts , J.E. 1989a . “ Management of veld types: sweet grassveld ” . In Veld management in the eastern Cape , Edited by: Danckwerts , J.E. and Teague , W.R. 140 – 149 . Pretoria : Govt. Printer .
   Google Scholar
• Danckwerts , J.E. 1989b . “ Grass growth and response to defoliation ” . In Veld management in the eastern Cape , Edited by: Danckwerts , J.E. and Teague , W.R. 8 – 19 . Pretoria : Govt. Printer .
   Google Scholar
• Danckwerts , J.E . 1989c . “ The effect of intensity of defoliation on animal performance ” . In Prog. Report, Facet D5411/41/1/2 , Dept. Agric. Dev., Eastern Cape Region .
   Google Scholar
• Danckwerts , J.E. and Stuart‐Hill , G.C. 1988 . The effect of severe drought and management after drought on the mortality and recovery of semi‐arid grassveld . J. Grassl. Soc. South. Afr. , 5 : 218 – 222 .
   Google Scholar
• Danckwerts , J.E. , Aucamp , A.J. and Barnard , H.J. 1983 . Herbaceous species preference by cattle in the False Thomveld of the eastern Cape . Proc. Grassl. Soc. sth. Afr. , 18 : 89 – 94 .
   Google Scholar
• Denny , R.P. and Steyn , J.S.H. 1977 . Trials of multi‐paddock grazing systems on veld: 2. A comparison of a 16‐paddocks‐to‐one‐herd system with a four‐paddocks‐to‐one‐herd system using breeding cows . Rhod. J. agric. Res. , 15 : 119 – 127 .
   Google Scholar
• Denny , R.P. , Barnes , D.L. and Franklin , M.F. 1974 . Some effects of varying the duration, frequency and intensity of grazing on the growth of steers on veld . Proc. Grassl. Soc. sth. Afr. , 9 : 133 – 137 .
   Google Scholar
• Denny , R.P. , Barnes , D.L. and Kennan , T.C.D. 1977 . Trials of multipaddock grazing systems on veld. 1. An explanatory trial of systems involving twelve paddocks and one herd . Rhod. J. agric. Res. , 15 : 11 – 16 .
   Google Scholar
• Donaldson , C.H. 1979 . Goats and/or cattle on Mopani veld . Proc. Grassl. Soc. sth. Afr. , 14 : 119 – 123 .
   Google Scholar
• Donaldson , C.H. 1986 . The camp No. 6 veld grazing trial: an important milestone in the development of pasture research at the Grootfontein College of Agriculture . Karoo Agric. , 3 : 1 – 6 .
   Google Scholar
• Donaldson , C.H. and Rootman , G.T. 1983 . “ Continuous grazing and fixed seasonal rotational grazing systems ” . Dept. Agric., Transvaal Region . Unpub. report: Facet T5411/41/1/1/
   Google Scholar
• Du Toit , C.A. 1978 . “ Factors influencing cattle ranching in the eastern Karoo ” . Dept. Agric., Karoo Region . Final Report K‐V1 14/1
   Google Scholar
• Du Toit , P.F. 1967 . “ The influence of the animal factor on Dohne Sourveld ” . In Final Report O‐K.Do 45 , Dept. Agric., Eastern Cape Region .
   Google Scholar
• Du Toit , P.F. 1969 . “ Studies of various grazing systems for Dohne Sourveld: continuous grazing by cattle and prolonged grazing with periodic spare ” . In Final Report O‐K.Do 50/1 , Dept. Agric., Eastern Cape Region .
   Google Scholar
• Du Toit , P.F. 1972 . The goat in a bush‐grass community . Proc. Grassl. Soc. sth. Afr. , 7 : 44 – 50 .
   Google Scholar
• Du Toit , P.F. and Aucamp , A.J. 1985 . Effect of continuous grazing in the Dohne Sourveld on species composition and basal cover . J. Grassl. Soc. South. Afr. , 2 : 41 – 45 .
   Google Scholar
• Ebers&oumlhn , J.P. 1961 . Ecology of xerophytic savanna , Johannesburg : Univ. of the Witwatersrand . Ph.D. thesis
   Google Scholar
• Edwards , P.J. 1981 . “ Grazing management ” . In Veld and pasture management in South Africa , Edited by: Tainton , N.M. 325 – 354 . Pietermaritzburg : Shuter & Shooter .
   Google Scholar
• Everson , C.S. , Everson Theresa , M. and Tainton , N.M. 1985 . The dynamics of Themeda triandra tillers in relation to burning in the Natal Drakensberg . J. Grassl. Soc. South. Afr. , 2 : 4 – 6 .
   Google Scholar
• Everson Theresa , M. and Yeaton , R.I. 1991 . “ Disturbance in Montane grasslands ” . In Meeting Rangeland Challenges in southern Africa in the 1990s , Pretoria : Programme Handbook & Abstracts. Grassland Society of southern Africa, P/Bag X05, Lynn East .
   Google Scholar
• Foran , B.D. , Tainton , N.M. and Booysen , P. de V. 1978 . The development of a method for assessing veld condition in three grassveld types in Natal . Proc. Grassl. Soc. sth. Afr. , 13 : 27 – 33 .
   Google Scholar
• Fourie , J.H. 1983 . Karakterisering van die weidingskapasiteit van natuurlike welding in noord‐Kaapland , 391 Bloemfontein : University of the Orange Free State . Ph.D. thesis
   Google Scholar
• Fourie , J.H. , Redelinghuys , G.J. and Opperman , D.P.J. 1984 . The influence of stocking rate and grazing system on plant basal cover and botanical composition of veld in the northern Cape . J. Grassl. Soc. South. Afr. , 1 : 20 – 24 .
   Google Scholar
• Gammon , D.M. 1978 . A review of experiments comparing systems of grazing management on natural pastures . Proc. Grassl. Soc. sth. Afr. , 13 : 75 – 82 .
   Google Scholar
• Gammon , D.M. 1983a . Veld management; stocking rate and drought considerations . Zimbabwe agric. J. , 80 : 183 – 185 .
   Google Scholar
• Gammon , D.M. 1983b . Effects of bush clearing, stocking rates and grazing systems on vegetation and cattle gains in the south‐western lowveld of Zimbabwe . Zimbabwe agric. J. , 80 : 219 – 228 .
   Google Scholar
• Gammon , D.M. and Roberts , B.R. 1978a . Patterns of defoliation during continuous and rotational grazing of the Matopos Sandveld of Rhodesia: 1. Selectivity of grazing . Rhod. J. agric. Res. , 16 : 117 – 131 .
   Google Scholar
• Gammon , D.M. and Roberts , B.R. 1978b . Patterns of defoliation during continuous and rotational grazing of the Matopos Sandveld of Rhodesia: 2. Severity of defoliation . Rhod. J. agric. Res. , 16 : 133 – 145 .
   Google Scholar
• Gammon , D.M. and Roberts , B.R. 1978c . Patterns of defoliation during continuous and rotational grazing of the Matopos Sandveld of Rhodesia: 3. Frequency of defoliation . Rhod. J. agric. Res. , 16 : 147 – 164 .
   Google Scholar
• Gammon , D.M. and Twiddy , D.R. 1990 . Patterns of defoliation in four‐ and eight‐paddock grazing systems . J. Grassl. Soc. South. Afr. , 7 : 29 – 35 .
   Google Scholar
• Hildyard , P. 1962 . “ Studies of various grazing systems for Dohne Sourveld: continuous grazing by cattle and prolonged grazing with periodic spare ” . In Prog. Report O‐K.Do 50/1 , Dept. Agric., Eastern Cape Region .
   Google Scholar
• Hornby , H.E. 1936 . Overstocking in Tanganyika territory . E. Afr. agric. J. , 13 : 221 – 223 .
   Google Scholar
• Howell , L.N. 1976 . The development of multi‐camp systems on a farm in the southern Orange Free State . Proc. Grassl. Soc. slh. Afr. , 11 : 53 – 57 .
   Google Scholar
• Jones , R.I. , Theron , E.P. and Venter , A.D. 1967 . “ Comparison of 3‐and 4‐camp systems of rotational grazing and resting on mowable Ngongoni Sourveld ” . In Pasture management and soil conservation progress report for 1966/67 , Dept. Agric. Dev., Natal Region .
   Google Scholar
• Kennan , T.C.D. 1969 . A review of research into the cattle‐grass relationship in Rhodesia . Proc. of Veld Manage. Conf., Bulawayo , May : 5 – 26 . 1969
   Google Scholar
• Kreuter , V.P. , Brockett , G.M. , Lyle , A.D. , Tainton , N.M. and Bransby , D.I. 1984 . Evaluation of veld potential in East Griqualand using beef cattle under two management systems . J. Grassl. Soc. South. Afr. , 1 : 5 – 10 .
   Google Scholar
• Loehle , C. 1987 . Hypothesis testing in ecology: psychological aspects and the importance of theory maturation . Quart. Rev. Biol. , 62 : 397 – 409 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mace , R. 1991 . Overgrazing overstated . Nature , 349 : 280 – 281 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maddock , L. 1979 . “ The ‘Migration’ and grazing succession ” . In Serengeti — dynamics of an ecosystem , Edited by: Sinclair , A.R.E. and Norton‐Griffiths , N. 104 – 129 . London : Univ. Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Malherbe , C.E. 1963 . “ The results of the long‐term pasture management experiments at the Athole Experimental Station over the period 1936–61 ” . 69 Transvaal Region . Unpub. Final Report, Dept. Agric.
   Google Scholar
• Malherbe , C.E. 1971 . The results of certain sheep to cattle ratio experiments conducted on sourveld . Proc. Grassl. Soc. sth. Afr. , 6 : 69 – 77 .
   Google Scholar
• McKay , A.D. 1968 . Rangeland and productivity in Botswana . E. Afr. Agric. & For. J. , 34 : 178 – 192 .
   Google Scholar
• Mentis , M.T. , Grossman , D. , Hardy , M.B. , O'Connor , T.G. and O'Reagain , P.J. 1989 . Paradigm shifts in South African range science, management and administration . SA. J. Sci. , 85 : 684 – 687 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monis , J.J. 1940 . The steekgras problem . Farm, in S. Afr. , Feb. : 71 – 72 . 1940
   Google Scholar
• Morris , J.J. 1944 . A sheep grazing experiment on natural veld at Glen . Farm, in S. Afr. , Sept : 591 – 597 . 1944
   Google Scholar
• Mostert , J.W.C. , Roberts , B.R. , Heslinga , C.F. and Coetzee , P.G.F. 1971 . Veldbestuur in die, O.V.S.‐streek , 98 Pretoria : Dept. Agric. Dev., Govt. Printer .
   Google Scholar
• Nel , L.O. 1983 . Elionurus muticus in the Dohne Sourveld . Proc. Grassl. Soc. sth. Afr. , 18 : 84 – 88 .
   Google Scholar
• Novellie , P. 1990 . Habitat use by indigenous grazing ungulates in relation to sward structure and veld condition . J. Grassl. Soc. South. Afr. , 7 : 16 – 23 .
   Google Scholar
• O'Connor , T.G. October 1985 . “ A synthesis of field experiments concerning the grass layer in the savanna regions of southern Africa ” . S.A. Nat. Sci. Prog. Report No. 114 October , 119 1985
   Google Scholar
• O'Reagain , P.J. and Mentis , M.T. 1989 . Sequence and process of species selection by cattle in relation to optimal foraging theory on an old land in the Natal Sour Sandveld . J. Grassl. Soc. South. Afr. , 6 : 71 – 76 .
   Google Scholar
• O'Reagain , P.J. and Mentis , M.T. 1990 . The effect of veld condition on the quality of diet selected by cattle grazing the Natal Sour Sandveld . J. Grassl. Soc. South. Afr. , 7 : 190 – 195 .
   Google Scholar
• Pienaar , C.J. 1952 . “ Weidingnavorsing en grondbenutting studies by die Dohne Landbounavorsingstasie, Stutterheim ” . Progress Report No. 3 Dept. Agric., Eastern Cape Region .
   Google Scholar
• Pienaar , C.J. 1956 . Grazing experiments at Dohne . Farm, in S. Afr. , Dec. : 8 – 9 . 1956
   Google Scholar
• Pienaar , A.J. 1968a . “ Veld control in the mixed and sourveld regions of South Africa ” . In The small stock industry in South Africa , Edited by: Hugo , W.J. 341 – 368 . Pretoria : Govt. Printer .
   Google Scholar
• Pienaar , A.J. 1968b . “ Weiveldbeheer op Soutpan: toepassing in die suur tot suuragtige gemengde Bosveld ” . In Proc. of a farmers’ day at Soutpan , Lecture Series No. 1 Pretoria : Govt. Printer .
   Google Scholar
• Preller , J.H. 1947 . Weiveld en weidingsgewasse proefresultate met beweidingstelsel vir natuurlike en aangeplante weldings , Pretoria : Govt. Printer .
   Google Scholar
• Pretorius , M.W. , Grunow , J.O. and Rabie , J.W. 1974 . Influence of frequency and intensity of defoliation on production and morphological development of Panicum maximum Jacq. cv. Sabi . Proc. Grassl. Soc. sth. Afr. , 9 : 111 – 115 .
   Google Scholar
• Richards , J.H. and Caldwell , M.M. 1985 . Soluble carbohydrates, concurrent photosynthesis and efficiency in regrowth following defoliation: a field study with Agropyron species . J. appl. Ecol. , 22 : 907 – 920 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts , B.R. 1967a . Non‐selective grazing — an evaluation: 2. A survey of farmers’ experiences . Farmer's Weekly , 26 July : 34 – 39 . 1967
   Google Scholar
• Roberts , B.R. 1967b . Non‐selective grazing — an evaluation: 3. Recommendations and conclusions . Farmer's Weekly , 3 Aug. : 34 – 37 . 1967
   Google Scholar
• Roberts , B.R. The multi‐camp controversy — a search for evidence . Proc. Veld Manage. Conf., Bulawayo . May 1969 . Salisbury : Dept. Conservation & Extension, P.O. Box 8117 . Rhodesia
   Google Scholar
• Roux , P.W. 1964a . “ Veld beweidingsproef: Seligman Ou Blok (Vlakteveld) ” . In Prog. Report, Facet K‐Gf2. Dept. Agric. Dev., P/Bag X529, Middelburg (Cape) 5900
   Google Scholar
• Roux , P.W. 1964b . “ Veld beweidingsproef: Bergkamp (Ranteveld) ” . In Prog. Report, Facet K‐Gf3 , 5900 Dept. Agric. Dev., P/Bag X529, Middelbuurg (Cape) .
   Google Scholar
• Roux , P.W. 1967 . Die onmiddellike uitwerking van intensiewe beweiding op gemengde karooveld . Proc. Grassl. Soc. sth. Afr. , 2 : 83 – 90 .
   Google Scholar
• Roux , P.W. 1968 . “ Principles of veld management in the Karoo and the adjacent dry sweet‐grass veld ” . In The small stock industry in South Africa , Edited by: Hugo , W.J. 318 – 325 . Pretoria : Govt. Printer .
   Google Scholar
• Roux , P.W. and Vorster , M. 1983 . Development of veld management research in the Karoo Region . Proc. Grassl. Soc. sth. Afr. , 18 : 30 – 34 .
   Google Scholar
• Rowland , J.W. 1937 . Grazing management , Bull. No. 168 Pretoria : Dept. Agric. Govt. Printer .
   Google Scholar
• Savory , A. A holistic approach to ranch management using short‐duration grazing . Proc. 1st Int. Rangel. Congr. Denver, Colorado. pp. 555 – 557 .
   Google Scholar
• Scott , J.D. 1947 . Veld management in South Africa , Dept. Agric., Bull. No. 278 Pretoria : Govt. Printer .
   Google Scholar
• Scott , J.D. 1955 . “ Principles of pasture management ” . In The grasses and pastures of South Africa , Edited by: Meredith , D. 601 – 623 . Johannesburg : Central News Agency .
   Google Scholar
• Senft , R.L. , Rittenhouse , L.R. and Woodmansee , R.G. 1985 . Factors influencing patterns of cattle grazing behaviour on shortgrass steppe . J. Range Manage. , 38 : 82 – 87 .
   Google Scholar
• Simpson , J. 1968 . Non‐selective grazing symposium at Grootfontein . Farmer's Weekly , 3 Apr. : 85 1968
   Google Scholar
• Skinner , T.E. 1972 . “ Die uitwerking en produksie van Merino‐ en Angorabokooie op Sentrale Laer Karooveld ” . In Final Rep. Project K‐Gf 84 , Dept. Agric., Karoo Region .
   Google Scholar
• Skinner , T.E. 1976 . A comparison between the effects of continuous grazing by Angora goats and Merino sheep on veld in the central lower karoo . Proc. Grassl. Soc. sth. Afr. , 11 : 131 – 134 .
   Google Scholar
• Stuart‐Hill , G.C. 1989 . “ Adaptive management: the only practicable method of veld management ” . In Veld management in the eastern Cape , Edited by: Danckwerts , J.E. and Teague , W.R. 4 – 6 . Pretoria : Govt. Printer .
   Google Scholar
• Tainton , N.M. 1972 . The relative contribution of overstocking and selective grazing to the degeneration of tall grassveld in Natal . Proc. Grassl. Soc. sth. Afr. , 7 : 39 – 43 .
   Google Scholar
• Tainton , N.M. Dec. 1984 . “ A guide to the literature on research in the grassland biome of South Africa ” . S.A. Nat. Sci. Prog. Report No. 96 Dec. , 77 1984
   Google Scholar
• Tainton , N.M. 1985 . Recent trends in grazing management philosophy in South Africa . J. Grassl. Soc. South. Afr. , 2 : 4 – 6 .
   Google Scholar
• Tainton , N.M. and Danckwerts , J.R. 1989 . “ Resting ” . In Veld management in the eastern Cape , Edited by: Danckwerts , J.E. and Teague , W.R. 63 – 67 . Pretoria : Govt. Printer .
   Google Scholar
• Tainton , N.M. , Booysen , P. de V. and Nash , R.C. 1977 . The grazing rotation: effects of different combinations of presence and absence . Proc. Grassl. Soc. sth. Afr. , 12 : 103 – 104 .
   Google Scholar
• Teague , W.R.T. 1989 . “ Management of veld types: grass/bush communities ” . In Veld management in the eastern Cape , Edited by: Danckwerts , J.E. and Teague , W.R. 155 – 165 . Pretoria : Govt. Printer .
   Google Scholar
• Tidmarsh , C.E.M. 1951 . “ Veld management studies at the Grootfontein College of Agriculture: 1934–1950 ” . In Pasture Research in South Africa , Prog. Report No. III, Part 1 Dept. Agric., Karoo Region .
   Google Scholar
• Tidmarsh , C.E.M. 1967 . “ Veld management in the karoo and adjacent sweet grassveld region ” . In Handbook for farmers in South Africa III , Pretoria : Govt. Printer .
   Google Scholar
• Turner , J.R. 1990 . The development of stocking rate models for three veld types in Natal , Pietermaritzburg : University of Natal . Ph.D. thesis
   Google Scholar
• Van den Berg , J.A. , Roberts , B.R. and Vorster , L.F. 1975 . The effect of seasonal grazing on the cover and composition of Cymbopogon‐Themeda veld . Proc. Grassl. Soc. sth. Afr. , 10 : 103 – 109 .
   Google Scholar
• Van Niekerk , A. , Hardy , M.B. , Mappledoram , B.D. and Lesch , S.F. 1984 . The effect of stocking rate and lick supplementation on the performance of lactating beef cows and its impact on highland sourveld . J. Grassl. Soc. South. Afr. , 1 : 18 – 21 .
   Google Scholar
• Vorster , L.F. , Herbst , S.N. and Visagie , A.F.J. 1976 . Defoliation of . Cymbopogon‐Themeda , veld by cattle and sheep. Final Report O‐G1 72/1 and O‐G1 72/3. Dept. Agric. Dev., Orange Free State Region
   Google Scholar
• Vorster , M. , Botha , P. and Hobson , F.O. 1983 . The utilization of karoo veld by livestock . Proc. Grassl. Soc. sth. Afr. , 18 : 35 – 39 .
   Google Scholar
• Walker , B. and Scott , G.D. 1968a . Grazing experiments at Ukiriguru: 1. Comparisons of rotational and continuous grazing on natural pastures of hardpan soils . E. Afr. agric., for. J. , 34 : 228 – 234 .
   Google Scholar
• Walker , B. and Scott , G.D. 1968b . Grazing experiments at Ukiriguru, Tanzania. 3. A comparison of three stocking rates on the productivity and botanical composition of hardpan soils . E. Afr. agric. for. J. , 34 : 245 – 255 .
   Google Scholar
• West , O. 1952 . “ Plant succession and veld burning considered particularly in relation to the management of Bushveld grazing ” . In Veld Gold: a South African book of grassland farming , Johannesburg : Nat. Veld Trust .
   Google Scholar
• Westoby , M. , Walker , B. and Noy‐Meir , I. 1989 . Opportunistic management for rangelands not at equilibrium . J. Range Manage. , 42 : 266 – 274 .
   Google Scholar